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PREFACE. 



The Latin Reader, now offered to the public, forms part of a 
work well known in Germany, under the title of " Lateinisches 
Elementarbuch zum offentlichen und Privat-Gebrauche von 
Friedrich Jacobs und Friedrich Wilhelm Doring." The Ger- 
man edition consists of six parts, of which the 1st and 2nd are 
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struction on the Continent would render unnecessary there. 

It is hoped that this little work may be found serviceable to 
those who use it, and contribute in some degree to the advance- 
ment of sound elementary education. 

Grammar School, Columbia College. 
New York, Jan. 1830. 



CONTENTS OF PART FIRST. 



First Division. 


Second 


do. 


Third 


do. 


Fourth 


do. 


Fifth 


do. 


Sixth 


do. 


Seventh do. 


Eighth 


do. 



Pag© 
Introductory Exercises, ----- i 

Fables from M sop, - ^ • - 14 

Mythological Extracts, 25 

Anecdotes of Eminent Persons of Antiquity, 31 

Roman History, ------ 39 

The Geography and Nations of Antiquity, - 58 

Notes, - - - - • - • - 77 

Dictionary, - 113 






FIRST DIVISION. 



INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 

SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 

Bed. I. Lingua Graeca. Silva umbrosa. Hora ultima. 
Divitiae incertae. Tenebrae spissae. Latebrae tutae. 

Po eta bonus. Agricola laboriosus. Auriga peritus. Col- 
legae optimi. 

Boreas violentus Pyrites durus. Cometes rutilus. Pla^ 
netae vagi. 

Crambe recocta. Epitome accurata, brevis. 

Bed. II. Amicus carus. Servus infidus. Liber bonus. 
Vir generosus. Ager fructuosus. Silentium altum. Vincu- 
lum rlrmum. Verba vera. 

Humus humida. Dialectus Attica. Diphthongus longa. 
Periodus concinna. Methodus optima. 

Bed. III. Sermo Latinus. Sermones prudentissimi. Pa- 
vo pictus. Pavones splendidi. Pugio cruentus. Pudor inge- 
nuus. Flos cadticus. Ros matutmus. Mores antiqui. Pes 
claudus. Pedes graciles. Frater germanus. Anser tardus. 
Mus parvus. Mures albi. Lepus timidus. Lepores pavidi. 
Paries proximus. Parietes picti. 

Origo incerta. Consuetudo optima. Gens barbara. Gentes 
remotae. 

Ordo primus. Ordines densi. Cardo ferreus. Marmor can- 
didum. Marmora maculosa. Iter longum. Itinera longinqua. 
Rus amoenum. Rura jucundissima. Crus dextrum. Papa- 
ver rubrum. Ver jucundum. 

Seges laeta. Merces larga. Quies exoptata. Lex divina. 
Leges severae. Faex sordida. 

Aestas calida. Aetas aurea. Laus jucunda. Fraus im- 
proba. Turris alta. Vulpes astuta. Fames dira. Mors cita. 
Nox longa. Noctes gelidae. Plebs infima. 

Amnis limpidus. Axis ferreus. Cinis tepidus. Crinis fla- 



2 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 

vus. Crines rutili. Finis optatus. Ignis lucidus. Lapis du- 
rus. Lapldes asperi. Mensis ultimus. Piscis mutus. Vec- 
tis robustus. 

Grex magnus. Apex summus. Rex potentissimus. 

Mons altissimus. Fons clarus. Fontes frigidi. Pons lig- 
neus. Dens acutus. Dentes validi. Rudens crassus. 

Mare vastum. Maria alta. Poema longum. Aenigma 
inexplicabile. Nomen infaustum. Nomina illustria. Caput 
crassum. Capita cana. Corpus obesum. Corpora formosa. 
Vas aureum. 

Senectus morosa. Salus insperata. Palus profunda. Pa- 
ludes vastae. Incus dura. Incudes ferreae. Virtus eximia. 

Decl. IV. Gradus tardus. Casus insolitus. Sensus acerri- 
mus. Fructus matnrus. 

Cornu rigldum. Cornua alta. Tonitru raucum. Gelu sae- 
vum. 

Manus sinistra. Manus validae. Porticus spatiosa. Mag- 
nificae porticus. Acus acuta. Domus ampla. 

Decl. V. Res magna. Spes certa. Species venusta. Gla- 
cies lubrlca. Dies serena. Dies longissimi. 

A Substantive depending upon another Substantive. 

Coruscum lumen stellarum. Motus continuus siderum. 
Magna vis consuetudinis. Suavis recordatio praeteriti tempo- 
ris. Scientia utilissimarum rerum. Hostilium armorum stre- 
pitus. Summa altissimorum montium cacumina. Altae pro- 
cerarum arborum radices. Acutissimus dentium molarium 
dolor. Fabrlca vasorum fictilium. Romulus primus Romano- 
rum rex. Antiquissimae decern virorum leges. Acerrimum lit- 
terarum studium. 

A Substantive depending upon an Adjective. 

Dux belli peritissimus. Gens artium rudis. Puer praecep- 
torum immemor. Regio fecunda pecorum. Ingenium sum- 
marum rerum capax. Cista librorum plena. Homines labo- 
ris patientes. 

Canis similis lupo. Lex omnibus utilis. Mediclna corpori 
salutaris. Disciplina pueris necessaria. Terra apta vitibus. 
Labor accommodatus viribus. Sermo omnibus auditoribus 
gratus. Patria mihi gratissima. Verba honestati contraria. 
Domus nostrae domui proxima. Mors omnibus communis. 
Vita periculis obnoxia. 



L EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. 

Subject and Predicate* 

Terra est rotunda. Vera amicitia est sempiterna. Euro* 
pa est peninsula. Fames et sitis sunt molestae. Plurimae 
stellae soles sunt. Ebrietas est vitanda. 1 Nemo semper fe- 
lix est. Non omnes milites sunt fortes. Maximum animal 
terrestre est elephas. 

Tarquinius Superbus fuit ultimus rex Romanorum. Roma 
aliquamdiu fait caput orbis terrarum. Athenae 2 olim illustres 
fuerunt. Avarus nunquam erit contentus. Ubi fuisti, cessa- 
tor ? quare nee 3 tu nee frater adfuistis pompae ? Estote at- 
tend, tranquilli, diligentes. 

Bonus laudatur, improbus vituperatur. Oves non ublque 
tondentur. In India gignuntur maxima animalia. Hyaenae 
plurimae gignuntur in Africa. In Africa nee cervi, nee apri, 
nee ursi inveniuntur. In Syria nigri leones reperiuntur. 
Apud Romanos mortui 4 plerumque cremabantur. Fortes 
laudabantur, ignavi vituperabuntur. Litterae 5 a Phoenicibus 
inventae sunt. Carthago, Corinthus, Numantia, et multae 
aliae urbes a Romanis eversae sunt. 

Innocentia mea me consolabitur. Multa polliceris, nihil ex- 
sequeris. Aliter psittacus loquitur, aliter homo. Omnes mo- 
riemur ; alii citius, alii 6 serius. Oculi saepe mentiuntur. 

Usage of Prepositions. 

Propero ad rlnem. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. 
Nulla est rlrma amicitia inter malos. Galli 7 habitant trans 
Rhenum. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. Cometae ob ra- 

* Three things are required to constitute a proposition, I e. the subject, the 
predicate, and the copula. 

The subject is that concerning which any thing is affirmed or denied ; so in the 
proposition, Terra est rotunda, Terra is the subject 

The predicate (praedico, are,) is that which is affirmed or denied of the sub- 
ject : so rotunda is the predicate of the above-mentioned proposition, since it is 
declared or affirmed of the earth that it is round. 

The copula is the form of a proposition; it represents the act of the mind af- 
firming, or denying, and accordingly joins or disjoins the terms or ideas which 
constitute the proposition, or, in other words, the subject and predicate: so, in 
the phrase quoted, est is the copula, since it joins the subject, terra, with the 
predicate, rotunda. In the phrase. Vera amicitia est sempiterna, vera amicitia 
is the subject, sempiterna the predicate, and est the copula. Maximum animal 
terrestre est elephas ; elephas is the subject, maximum animal terrestre. the pre- 
dicate, and est the copula. 



4 EXERCISES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

ritatem et speciem sunt mirabiles. Servi parent propter me- 
turn, boni propter ofricium. Navigatio juxta litus saepe est 
periculosa. 

Imperium populorumest^ewes regeset magistratus. Pisces 
extra aquam exspirant. Res praeter opinionem cecidit. 1 

Aquilae nidiflcant in rupibus et arboribus. Coccyx semper 
parit in alienis nidis. In senectute hebescunt sensus ; visus, 
auditus debilitatur. Qui dam homines nati sunt cum dentibus. 
Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex Graecia aufugit. L, 
Metellus 2 primus elephantos ex primo Punico bello duxit in 
triumpho. Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. Sidera ah 
ortu ad occasum commeant. Britannia a Phoenicibus 3 in- 
venta est. Apes sine rege esse non possunt. Infans nihil sine 
aliena ope potest. Dulce est pro patria mori. Venenum ali- 
quando pro remedio fuit. 

The Accusative governed by Verbs. 

Crocodilus ova parit. Elephantus odit 4 murem et suem. 
Cameli diu sitim tolerant. Accipitres non edunt cor da avium. 
Lanae nigrae nullum colorem bibunt. Senes minime sentiunt 
morbos contagiosos. Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. Ceres 
frumentum invenit ; Bacchus vinum ; Mercurius litter as. Ca- 
nes soli domino s suos bene novere ; 5 soli nomina sua agnos- 
cunt. Culices acida 6 petunt, ad dulcia 1 non advolant. Hys- 
trix aculeos longe jaculatur. Crocodilus dies in terra agit, 
nodes in aqua. 

The Accusative of Measure. 

Rhinoceros cornu habet in naso saepe tres pedes longum. 
Elephas altus est duodecim vel quatuordecim pedes. Quae- 
dam bestiolae nonnisi unum diem vivunt. Quaedam anima- 
lia totam hiemem dormiunt. Alexander Magnus tredecim 
annos regnavit. 

The Genitive depending upon Substantives. 

Infinita est multitudo morborum. "Litter arum usus est anti- 
quissimus. Asia et Africa greges ferorum asinorum alit. 
Magna est linguarum inter homines varietas. Innumerabilia 
sunt mortis signa, salutis paucissima. Cyrus omnium in ex- 
ercitu suo militum nomina tenebat. Canis vestigia ferarum 
diligentissime scrutatur et persequitur. Nemo non 8 benignus 
est sui judex. Leonum animi index cauda. 9 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 5 

The Genitive depending upon Adjectives. 

Mens criminis conscia tranquilla esse non potest. Inter ve- 
teres belli duces Caesar rei militaris peritissimus fuit. Germa- 
nia frugum et vim fertilissima est. Non semper veritaiis satis 
amantes sumus. Veteres Romani gloriae fuerunt cupidissimi. 

The Genitive depending upon Verbs, and answering to the 
question, where ? 

In omni officio maximi 1 aestimatur dantis voluntas. 

Pergdmi 2 quot annis publicum spectaculum gallorum pug- 
nantium edebatur. 

Pausanias, rex Spartae, proditionis accusabatur. Cur tarn 
probum virum insimulas furti? Alcibiades absens capitis est 
damnatus. Nemo se timoris prorsus absolvere poterit. 

The Dative answering to the question, to whom ? and to what? 

Antiquissimus hominibus specus erant 3 pro domibus. Nulli 
animali memoria major est quam cani. Gallinacei leonibus 
terrori sunt. 4 Homini plurima ex homine fiunt mala. Avaro 
omnia desunt, inopi pauca, sapienti nihil. Ira insaniae est 
simillima. 

The Dative answering to the question, for ivhat ? 

Non nobis 5 tantum vivimus, sed patriae etiam et amicis. 
Prospicite patriae, consulite amicis, parcite hostibus. Homo 
furiosus ne liberis quidem 6 parcit suis. Nee sacris nee pro- 
fanis 1 milites pepercerunt. 8 Deus rebus humanis consulit. 
Vir sapiens et probus invidet 9 nemini. 

The Ablative answering to the question, by what means ? 
w herewith ? 

Apri in morbis sibi medentur 10 hedera. Pyrrhus rex tactu 
pollicis in dextro pede lienosis medebatur. Oleo insecta exani- 
mantur. Ferae domdnatu.! fame atque verberibus. Anacreon 
poeta acino uvae passae exstinctus est. Crocodilus pelle 
durissima contra omnes ictus munitur. In Africa elephanti 
capiuntur foveis. Elephanti spirant, bibunt, odorantur probos- 
tide. Populi quidam vescuntur 11 locustis. Dentes usu atte- 
runtur, sed igne non cremantur. Mures alpmi binis pedibus 
gradiuntur, prioribus, 12 ut manibus, utuntur. 13 

PART I. B 



6 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

The Ablative answering to the question, wherein? 

Leaenae juba carent. 1 Leones facile per triduum cibo ca- 
rent. Elephanti maxime amnions gaudent. Apes tinnitu 
aeris gaudent, eoque convocantur. 

The Ablative of time answering to the question, when ? 

Gtuibusdam in 1 ocis anseres bis anno velluntur. Color lusci- 
niarum autumno mutatur. Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. Ne- 
mo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. Primores dentes septimo 
mense gigrmntur; septimo anno iidem decldunt. Antipater 
Sidonius, poeta, quotannis, die natali suo, febre corripiebatur. 

The Ablative of Quality. 

Reperiuntur interdum cervi candido colore. Hippopotamus 
in Nilo habitat, magna bellua, ungulis binis, dorso, juba, hin- 
nltu, ut equus, rostro reslmo, cauda et dentibus, ut aper. 
Halcyon est colore cyaneo, collo gracili et procero. Genus 
quoddam earum magnitudine distinguitur et cantu. 

The Ablative of price answering to the question, for what ? 

Isocrates orator unam orationem viginti talentis vendidit. 
Luscinia Candida sex sestertiis Romae venit. 2 Multo plerum- 
que sanguine constat victoria. Victi saepe pacem ingenti 
pecunia emunt. Tranquillitas animi neque auro neque gem- 
mis est venalis. 

The Ablative of names of towns answering to the question, 
where ? 

Carthagine 3 interdum pueri diis immolabantur ; Spartae 
pueri ad aram Dianae loris caedebantur. Aulide Iphigenia, 
Agamemnonis filia, Dianae caesa est. Alexander Babylone 
mortuus est. Athenis eloquentia et philosophia nata est. 
Thebis Pindarus floruit, Syracusis Theocritus. Sardibus 
regnavit Croesus. Gadibus in Hispama antiquissimis tem- 
poribus Phoenlces habitabant. 

The Infinitive as the subject. 

Errare est humanum. Turpe est, beneficium repetere} 
Beneficiis gratiam non referre etiam turpius est. Parentes 
non amare est impium. Laus est, bonis placere. Melius est, 
sero discere quam nunquam. 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 



The Infinitive as the complement of the Predicates. 

Malo tacere quam temere loqui. Non poenae metus, sed 
virtutis amor nos ab injuria prohibere debet. Et prodesse 1 vo- 
lunt et delectare poetae. Vir prudens nihil solet temere 
neque dicer e neque facer e. 

The Infinitive as an Accusative governed by a Verb. 

Equo vein 1 Bellerophon invenit ; ex equo pugnare 3 Thes- 
sali. Aurum vestibus intezere, invenit rex Attalus. Romae 
elephantes docebantur per funes incedere. 

The Nominative of the Gerund, or the Gerund of necessity. 

Semper pugnandum est contra cupiditates et lubidinem. 
Juveni 4 parandum est, seni utendum. Apud Pythagoram 
discipulis per quinque annos tacendum erat. Sembus quoque 
discendum est. 

The Genitive of the Gerund. 

Honestissima est contentio benencia beneficiis vincendi. 5 
Parsimonia est scientia vitandi sumtus supervacuos, et re fa- 
miliari recte utendi. 6 Justitia est constans et perpetua volun- 
tas suum cuique tribuendi. 

Homo natura 7 est cupidus nova 8 semper videndi et audien- 
di. Ut equus 9 equitandi imperito ita libri sunt inutiles igna- 
ro legendi. 

The Dative of the Gerund. 

Olim calamus adhibebatur scribendo, hodie pennae 10 anse- 
rum. Aqua marina inutilis est bibendo. Culex habet telum 
et 11 fodiendo et sorbendo idoneum. 

The Accusative of the Gerund. 

Non omnes aequaliter ad discendum propensi sumus. Ut 
equus ad cursum, bos ad arandum, canis ad indagandum, sic 
homo natus est ad intelligendum et ad agendum. Puerorum 
ingenium primum se inter ludendum aperit. 

The Ablative of the Gerund. 

Funem abrumpes nimium tendendo. Docendo discimus. 
Mens alitur discendo et cogitando. Lacedaemonii exerce- 



8 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

bant juvenes venando, currendo, esuriendo, sitiendo, algendo % 
aestuando. 

In jocando adhibenda est moderatio. Virtus cernitur in 
agendo. Poenis mali a peccando absterrentur. In legendo 
apum prudentiam imitari debemus. 

Exercises upon the Verbs, Miscellaneous Sentences. 

Festina lente. Ne temere jurato. Sapere aude. Pueri 
parento majoribus. Nosce te ipsum. Ne repellite salubria 
consilia. Fatere si quid 1 peccavisti. Loquere rarius, Imi- 
tare bonos. Obsequere prudentibus. Ne quasvis injurias 
ulciscimini. 

Si probitatem amabis, et ipse 2 a probis amaberis. Mox 
nabis sine cortice. In quibus sedibus habitabimus post mor- 
tem ? Sequere me, nee errabis. Qui se ipsum non coercet, 
carcere et vinculis coercebitur. Virtus neque incendio, ne- 
que naufragio amittetur. Tempus ruit, et cito ultima hora 
superveniet. Improbum et scelestum mala conscientia nun- 
quam non comitabitur et cruciabit. Bonus bonos imitabitur, 
eorumque vestigia sequetur. 

Surdum et stupidum docendo operam perdidisti. Recte ju- 
dicas, et, ut veteres loquuntur, rem acu tetigisti. Stultos arti- 
bus tuis fefellisti, prudentes non falles. Romani antiquissi- 
mis temporibus foedera cum Carthaginiensibus pepigerunt. 
Res male cedidit, non vestra culpa, sed fortunae casu. 

Catihna ausus est consulatum vi et armis petere. Alexan- 
der nunquam non fortunae et fortitudini suae confisus est. 
Frustra inimici caede gavisus es. Captivi apud Romanos 
sub hasta 3 venierunt. Pueri non morigeri vapulant. Gigan- 
tes coelum armis petere ausi sunt. 

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

By Comparison. 

Canes Indici grandiores sunt, quam caeteri. Nullum ma- 
lum est vehementius et importunius quam invidia. Praestat 
mori quam servire. In montibus aer purior est et tenuior 
quam in vallibus. Aestate dies sunt longiores quam hieme. 
Margaritarum Indicarum color est purior, quam reliquarum 
omnium. 

Abridged Comparison. 
Nihil est dementia* divinius. Aurum gravius est argento 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 9 

Adamas durior est ferro ; ferrum durius caeteris metallis. 
Ut animus corpore est nobilior, ita virtus praestantior est robore 
et externa specie. Gluanto honesta mors turpi vita est potior! 

Apposition. 

Carthago atque Corinthus, opulentissimae urbes, 1 eodem an- 
no a Romanis eversae sunt. Q,uam brevi tempore populi Ro- 
mani, omnium gentium victoris, libertas fracta est! Lacedae- 
monios, fortissimos mortalium, non ferrum sed aurum vicit. 
Athenas, artium olim et litterarum domicilium, philosophiae 
et eloquentiae altrices, 2 barbari everterunt. Pythagoras dis- 
cipulis suis nullam aliam rem magis commendabat, quam 
frugalitatem, caeterarum virtutum genitricem. Thebae, 3 
Boeotiae caput, sub monte Cithaerone sitae sunt. 

Sentences subjoined by means of the relative Pronoun. 

Non omnis ager, qui seritur, fert fruges. Psittacus, quern 
India mittit, reddit verba, quae accepit. Achilles, cujus res 
gestas Homeri carmina celebrant, ad Hellespontum sepultus 
est. Myrmecides quidam quadrigam fecit ex ebore, quam 
musca alis integebat. Qui bonis non recte utitur, 4 ei bona ma- 
la flunt. Qui non facit, quod 5 spopondit, mendax vocatur et 
perfidus. 

By Adverbs of time. 

Ager, quum plures annos quievit, uberiores fructus efferre 
solet. Gaudemus, quum res videmus insolitas, quas antea non 
videramus. Nunquam non doleo, quando horam inani ser- 
mone perdidi. Ceres frumenta invenit, quum antea homines 
glandibus vescerentur. Nave primus in Graeciam Danaus 
advenit, quum antea ratibus navigaretur. Alexander, rex 
Macedoniae, quum Thebas cepisset, Pindari vatis familiae pe- 
percit. Magna debemus suscipere, dum vires suppetunt. Cer- 
vi, quamdiu cornibus carent, 7 noctu ad pabula procedunt 

By Conjunctions denoting a cause or reason. 

Frustra tibi vires elephanti optas, quum ratione sis praeditus, 
qua veP elephantus domatur. Quum sit in hominibus ratio et 
prudentia, deus haec 9 procul dubio etiam majora habet. Pla- 
to Socratis sermones litteris mandavit, quum ipse Socrates lit- 
teram reliquisset nullam. 

b2 



10 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 



By Conjunctions denoting a purpose and a consequence. 

Tanta est in India ubertas soli, ut sub una ficu turmae equi- 
tum condantur. 1 Ursi per hiemem tarn gravi somno premun- 
tur, ut ne vulneribus quidem 2 excitentur. Delphini tanta in- 
terdum vi e mari exsiliunt, ut vela naviurn transvolent. In 
India serpentes ad tantam magnitudinem adolescunt, ut inte- 
gros hauriant cervos taurosque. Fac, ut homines animum 
tuum pluris faciant, quam omnia, quae 3 illis tribuere possis. 
Unde factum est, ut tantas divitias tarn cito amiseris ? Nemo 
unquam tarn potens fuit, ut nullius auxilio egeret. 

Note. — The relative pronoun is also used in the 
following manner, as a substitute for ut. Nulla terra 
tarn fertilis est, quae omnia largiatur. Nulla gens 
tarn fera est, tamque barbara, quae non habeat sen- 
sum religionis. Bestiis deus motum et sensum de- 
dit, quo vitam tuerentur ; hominibus rationem addi- 
dit, qua regerentur appetltus. 

Alexander edixit, ne quis 4 ipsum praeter Apellem pingeret 
Pythagoreis interdictum fuit, ne fabis vescerentur. Oculi pal- 
pebris sunt muniti, ne quid incidat. Nihil fere tarn reconditum 
est, qui?i 5 quaerendo inveniri possit. Nunquam tarn mane 
egredior, neque tarn vesperi domum revertor, quin* te in fundo 
consplcer fodere, aut arare, aut aliquid facere. Xerxes non 
dubitabat, quin 1 copiis suis Graecos facile superaturus esset. 

By interrogatives. 

duaeritur unus^e 8 sit mundus, an plures. Disputabant ve- 
teres philosophi, casune factus sit mundus, an mente divina. 
Augustus cum amicis suis consultabat, utrum imperium ser- 
varet, an deponeret. Quis numerare potest, quoties per totam 
vitam lacrymas fuderit ; aut quot morbis homo sit obnoxius ? 

Fortunae munera, honores, divitiae, forma, quamdiu nobis 
adfutura sint, nullo modo sciri potest. Moriendum certe est; 
sed quo te loco mors exspectet, incertum. Gentes, quae igno- 
rant, qua de caussa, 9 Sol Lunaque deficiat, defectum horum lu- 
minum pro malo omine habent. 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 11 

By the Accusative with the Infinitive. 

Aristoteles tradit, in Latmo, Cariae monte, hospites a scor- 
pionibus non laedi, indigenas interimi. M. Varro narrat, a 
cuniculis suffossum 1 in Hispania oppidum, a talpis in Thessa- 
lia ; ab ranis incolas urbis in Gallia pulsos, ab locustis in 
Africa ; ex Gyaro insula incolas a mxiribus fug at os, in Italia 
Amyclas a serpentibus deletas esse. 

Homerus Pygmaeos populum ad Oceanum, a gruibus in- 
festari prodidit ; Aristoteles eosdem in cavernis vivere narrat. 
Virgiiius per testamentum jusserat carmina sua cremari; 2 id 
Augustus fieri vetuit. Aristippus philosophus, quum per de- 
serta Libyae iter faceret, servos, qui pecuniam aegre porta- 
bant, earn abjicere jussit. Pythagoras discipulos jubebat, un- 
umquemque diem precibus ad deos incipere. Darius rex Nito- 
cridis reginae sepulcrum aperiri jusserat, quod speraverat, se 
multum ibi auri inventurum esse. 

Sertorius cervain alebat candidam, quam z Hispaniae gentes 
fatidicam esse credebant. Illustre est inter philosophos nomen 
Anaxagorae, quern veteres nunquam in vita risisse ferunt. No- 
li 4 facere quidquam, quod dubites justumne sit, an inlquum. 

Note. — Some passive verbs are accompanied by a 
nominative with the infinitive. Perperam Homerus 5 a 
quibusdam Lycurgitemporibus vixisse traditur. Tha- 
les Milesius primus defectionem Solis praedixisse fer- 
tur. Romulus ad deos transiisse dicitur. Noli mirari, 
sapientes stultis stultos videri Multa, quae stulti ad- 
mirantur, sapientibus absurda esse videntur. Contem- 
nere videmini, quae nobis laude videntur dignissima. 

Use of Participles. 

Exempla fortunae variantis sunt innumera. Galli galli- 
nacei diem venientem cantu nuntiant. Cecrops urbem a se 
conditam appellabat Cecropiam. Augustus primus Romae 
tigrin ostendit momsuefactam. 

The union of several Propositions by Participles. 

Gymnosophistae in India totos dies 6 ferventibus arenis in- 
sistunt, Solem intuentes. Epimenides puer, aestu et itinere 
fessus? septem et quinquaginta annos in specu dormivisse di- 
citur. Julius Caesar simuldictare, et legentem* audire solebat 
Leo prostratis parcit. 

Aves aduncos ungues habentef came vescuntur, nee unquam 



12 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

congregantur. Canis venatieus venatorem comitantem loro 
ad ferarum lustra trahit. Beneficium non in eo consistit, quod 
datur, sed in ipso dantis animo. Struthiocameli Africi alti- 
tudinem equitis equo insidentis excedunt. Interdum delphini 
conspecti sunt, defunctum delphinum port antes, et quasi funus 
agentes. 

Multa, quae de infantibus ferarum lacte nutritis produntur, 
fabulosa videntur. Homo quidam, lapide ictus, oblitus est 
litteras ; alius ex praealto tecto lapsus, matris et afrmium no- 
mina dicere non potuit. L. Siccius Dentatus, centies vicies 
proeliatus, 1 quinquaginta quinque cicatrices adverso corpore 5 
habebat, nullam in tergo. 

Leones satiati 3 innoxii sunt. Elephantes amnem transituri 4 
minimos praemittunt. Pavo laudatus gemmatam pandit cau- 
dam. Gallus, ab adversario victus, occultatur silens et ser- 
vitium patitur. Leo vulneratus percussorem intelligit, et in 
quantalibet multitudine appetit. Olores iter facientes colla im- 
ponunt praecedentibus, fessos duces ad terga recipiunt. 5 Tes- 
tudines in mari degentes conchyliis vivunt; in terram egressae, 
herbis. Sarmatae longinqua itinera, facturi, media pridie prae- 
parant equos, potum exiguum impertientes, atque ita longissi- 
mam viam continuo cursu conficiunt. Elephanti, equitatu 
circumventi, infirmos aut fessos aut vulneratos in medium ag- 
men recipiunt. Multos morientes cura sepulturae angit. 

Danaus ex Aegypto in Graeciam advectus, rex Argivorum 
factus est. Alexander Bucephalo equo defuncto duxit exse- 
quias, urbemque Bucephalon appellatam ejus tumulo circum- 
dedit. 6 P. Catienus Plotinus patronum 7 adeo dilexit, ut, heres 
omnibus ejus bonis institutus, 8 in rogum ejus se conjiceret et 
concremaretur. Erinacei volutati super poma, humi jacen- 
tia, ilia spinis affixa in cavas arbores portant. 

Beneficia non in vulgus effundenda sunt. Indicum mare 
testu dines tantae magnitudinis 9 alit, ut singulae tugurio te gen- 
do 10 sufficiant. Leones, senes facti, appetunt homines, quo- 
niam ad persequendas feras vires non suppetunt. Struthioca- 
melis ungulae sunt cervlnis similes, comprehendendis lapidibus 
utiles, quos in fuga contra sequentes jaculantur. 

Ablative absolute. 

Senescente Luna, ostrea, tabescere dicuntur, crescente eadem 
gliscunt. Caepe contra, Luna deficiente, revirescere, adoles- 
cente, inarescere dicitur. Geryone interemto, Hercules in Ita- 
liam venit. Sabinis debellatis, Tarquinius iriumphans Romam 
rediit. Jasone Lycio interfecto, canis, quern habebat, cibum 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 13 

capere noluit, inediaque confectus est. Regis Lysimachi ea- 
rns, corjpore domini accensae pyrae impesito, in flammas se 
conjecit. Nicomede rege intcrfecto, equus ejus vitam finivit 
media. Chilo, unus e septem sapientibus^Zio victor e x Olym- 
piae, prae gaudio expiravit. Apes, aculeo amisso, statim 
emori existimantur. Eaedam, rege interfecto aut morbo con 
sumto, fame luctuque moriuntur. Pavo, cauaa amissa pu- 
dibundus ac moerens quaerit latebram. Erinacei, ubi sen- 
sere venantem, contracto ore pedibusque convolvuntur 2 in for 
mam pilae. ne quid comprehendi possit praeter aculeos. 
Anaxagoram nuntiata morte fllii dixisse ferunt : sciebam me 
genuisse mortalem. 



IL FABLES FROM JESOP. 



1. Accipiter et Columbae. 

Columbae milvii metu 1 accipitrem rogaverunt, ut eas defen- 
deret. Ille annuit. At in columbare receptus, 2 uno die ma- 
jorem stragem edidit, quam milvius longo tempore potuisset 
edere. — Fabula docet, malorum patrocinium vitandum esse. 

2. Mus et Milvius. 

Milvius laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit, 3 ut eum corro- 
sis plagis 4 liberaret. Quo facto, 5 milvius liberatus murem ar- 
ripuit et devoravit. — Haec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali 
pro beneficiis reddere soleant. 6 

3. Hoedus et Lupus. 

Hoedus stans in tecto domus lupo praetereunti 7 maledixit. 
Cui 8 lupus, nan tu, inquit, sed tectum mihi maledicit. 9 — Saepe 
Jocus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. 

4. Grus et Pavo. 

Pavo coram grue pennas suas explicans, quanta est, inquit, 
formositas mea et tua deformitas ! At grus evolans, et quanta 
est, inquit, levitas mea et tua tarditas 1 — Monet haec fabula, 
ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contem- 
namus, quibus natura alia et fortasse majora dedit. 

5. Pavo. 

Pavo graviter conquerebatur apud Junonem, 10 dommam su- 
am, quod 11 vocis suavitas sibi negata esset, 12 dum luscinia, avis 
tarn parum decora, cantu excellat. 12 Cui Juno, et merito, in- 
quit ; non enim™ omnia bona in unum conferri oportuit. 

6. Anseres et Grues. 

In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. Ad- 
veniente domino prati, 14 grues facile avolabant ; sed anseres, im- 



II. FABLES FROM JESOF. 15 

pediti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mactati sunt. — Sic sae- 
pe pauperes cum potentioribus in eodem crimine deprehensi, 
soli dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt. 

7. Capra et Lupus. 

Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus, cur non, 
inquit, relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca, et hue descendis in 
herbidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum offerunt ? Cui 1 res- 
ponds capra: mihi non est in animo? dulcia tutis 3 praeponere. 

8. Venter et Membra. 

Membra quondam dicebant ventri: nosne* te semper mimste- 
rio nostro alemus, dum ipse summo otiofrueris? 5 Non faciemus. 
Dum igitur ventri cibum subducunt, corpus debilitatur, et 
membra sero invidiae suae poenituit. 6 

9. Canis et Boxes. 

Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando 7 a pabulo arce- 
bat. Cui unus bourn, quanta ista, inquit, invidia est, quod? 
non pateris, ut eo cibo vescamur? quern tu ipse capere nee velis 
nee possis! 10 — Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat. 

10. Vulpes et Leo. 

Vulpes, quae nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei forte occur- 
risset leo, ita est perterrita, ut paene moreretur formidine. 
Eundem 11 conspicata 12 iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam 
ut antea. Tertio illi obviam facta, 12 ausa est 13 etiam propius 
accedere, eumque alloqui. 

11. Cancri. 

Cancer dicebat filio : mifili, ne sic obliquis semper gressibus 
incede, sed recta via u perge. Cui 15 ille, mi pater, respondit, 
libenter tuis praeceptis obsequar, si te prius idem facientem 16 
videro. 11 — Docet haec fabula, adolescentiam nulla re magis ; 
quam exemplis, instrui. 

12. Boves. 

In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima Concor- 
dia, et sic 18 ab omni ferarum incur sione tuti erant. Sed dissi- 
dio inter illos orto, 19 singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. — Fa- 
bula docet, quantum boni 20 sit 21 concordia. 



16 II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 



13. Asinus. 

Asinus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias, 
tanquam leo esset. 1 Sed forte, dum se celerius movet, aures 
eminebant : unde agnitus, 2 in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poe- 
nas petulantiae dedit. — Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui imrne- 
ritis honoribus superbiunt. 

14. Mulier et Gallina. 

Mulier quaedam habebat gallmam, quae ei quotidie ovum 
pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit, illam 3 auri massam 
intus celare, et gallinam occidit. Sed nihil in ea reperit, nisi 
quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majoribus 
divitiis inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. 

15. Viator es et Asinus. 

Duo qui una 4 iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitu- 
dine conspicati, accurrunt laeti, 5 et uterque eum sibi vindicare 
coepit, quod eum prior 5 conspexisset. 6 Dum vero conten- 
dunt 7 et rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufugit, 
et neuter eo potitur. 

16. Corvus et Lupi. 

Corvus partem praedae petebat a lupis, quod eos totum di- 
em comitatus esset. 8 Cui illi, non tu nos, inquiunt, sed prae- 
dam sectatus es, idque 9 eo animo ut ne nostris quidem corpo- 
ribus 10 parceres, si exanimarentur. 

Merito in actionibus non spectatur, quid flat, 11 sed quo ani- 
mo flat. 

17. Pastor es et Lupus. 

Pastores caesa ove convivium celebrabant. Quod quum 12 
lupus cerneret, ego, inquit, si agnum rapuissem, quantus tw 
multus fieret ! At isti impune ovem comedunt ! Turn unus 
illorum, nos enim n inquit, nostra, non aliena ove epulamur. 

18. Carbonarius et Fullo. 

Carbonarius, qui spatiosam habebat domum, invitavit fullo- 
nem, ut ad se commigraret. Ille respondit : quaenam inter 
nos esse possit societas? quum tu vestes, quas ego nitidas li red- 



II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 17 

didissem, 1 fuligine et maculis inquinaturus esses. — Haec fa- 
bula docet, dissimilia non debere conjungi. 

19. Tubzcen. 

Tubicen ab hostibus captus, ne me, inquit, inter -ficite ; 2 nam 
inermis sum, neque quidquam habeo praeter hanc tubam. At 
hostes, propter hoc ipsum? inquiunt, te int e rim emus ; quod % 
quum ipse pugnandi sis imperitus* alios ad pugnam incitare 
soles. — Fabula docet, non solum maleficos esse puniendos* 
sed etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum irritent. 5 

20. Accipitres et Columbae. 

Accipitres quondam acerrime inter se belligerabant. Hos 
columbae in gratiam reducere conatae effecerunt, ut illi pacem 
inter se facerent. Qua firmata, accipitres vim suam in ipsas 
columbas converterunt. — Haec fabula docet, potentiorum dis- 
cordias imbecillioribus saepe prodesse. 

21. Mulier et Gallina. 

Mulier vidua gallinam habebat, quae ei quotidie unum 
ovum pariebat. Ilia existimabat, si gallinam diligentius sa- 
ginaret, fore, ut ilia bina aut terna 6 ova quotidie pareret. 7 
Q,uum autem cibo superfluo gallina pinguis esset facta, plana 
ova parere desiit. — Haec fabula docet, avaritiam saepe dam- 
nosam esse. 

22. Vulpes et Uva. 

Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata, ad illam subsiliit omnium 
virium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset. 
Tandem defatigata inani labore, discedens dixit: at nunc 
etiam 9 acerbae sunt, nee eas in via repertas tollerem. Haec 
fabula docet, multos ea contemn ere, quae 10 se assequi posse 
desperent. 11 

23. Vulpes et Leaena. 

Vulpes leaenam exprobrabat, quod non nisi unum catulum 
pareret. Huic dicitur respondisse, 12 unum, sed leonem. — 
Haec fabula, non copiam, sed bonitatem rerum aestimandam 
esse, docet. 

PART I. C 



18 II. FABLES FROM jESOP. 



24. Mures. 



Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quomodo a fele ca- 
verent. 1 Multis aliis propositis, 2 omnibus placuit, ut ei tintin- 
nabulum annecteretur : sic enim ipsos, 3 sonitu admonitos, 
earn fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, 
qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. — Fabula 
docet, in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo 
timidos. 

25. Canis Mordax. 

Cani mordaci paterfamilias jussit tintinnabulum ex aere ap* 
pendi, 4 ut omnes eum cavere possent. Ille vero aeris tinnitu 
gaudebat, et quasi virtutjs suae praemium esset, 5 alios canes 
prae se contemnere coepit. Cui unus senior, o te stolidum* 
inquit, qui ignorare videris, 1 isto tinnitu pravitatem morum 
tuorum indicari I — Haec fabula scripta est in eos, qui sibi in- 
signibus flagitiorum suorum placent. 8 

26. Canis et Lupis. 

Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, quanta est, inquit, fe* 
licitas tual Tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. 
Turn canis, licet, inquit, mecumin urbem venias et eadem feli- 
citate fruaris. 9 Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una eunt, 
animadvertit lupus in collo canis attritos pilos. Quid hoc 
est ? inquit. Num jugum sustines ? cervix enim tua tola est 
glabra. Nihil est, canis respondit. Sed interdiu me allxgant, 
ut noctu sim vigilantior ; atque haec sunt vestigia collaris y 
quod cervlci circumddri solet. Turn lupus, vale, inquit, 
amice ! nihil moror l<) felicitatem servitute emtam ! — Haec fa- 
bula docet, liberis nullum commodum tanti esse, 11 quod servi- 
tutis calamitatem compensare possit. 12 



27. Lupus et Grus, 

In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit 13 
gruem, qui illud extrahat. 14 Hoc grus longitudine colli facile 
effecit. Quum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus 
et dentibus infrendens, num tibi, inquit, parva merces vtdetur, 
quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti 1 



II. FABLES FROM JBSOP. 19 



28. Agricola et Anguis. 

Agricola anguem reperit, frigore paene exstinctum. Mise- 
ricordia motus, 1 eum fovit sinu et subter alas recondidit. Mox 
anguis recreatus vires recepit, et agricolae, pro beneficio, le- 
tale vulnus inflixit. — Haec fabula docet, qualem mercedem 
mali pro beneficiis reddere soleant. 2 

29. Asinus et JEquus. 

Asinus equum beatum praedicabat, qui tarn copiose pasce- 
retur, 3 quum sibi post molestissimos labores ne paleae quidem 
satis 4 praeberetur. Forte autem bello exorto, equus in proe- 
lium agitur, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles la- 
bores tandem, multis vulneribus confossus, 5 collabitur. Haec 
omnia asinus conspicatus, o me stolidum* inquit, qui beatitudi- 
nem ex praesentis temporis fortuna aestimaverim P 

30. Agricola et Filii. 

Agricola senex, quum mortem sibi appropmquare sentiret, 
filios convocavit, quos, ut fieri solet, interdum discordare no- 
verat, 8 et fascem virgularum afferri jubet. 9 Q,uibus allatis, 10 
filios hortabatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent. Quod quum 11 
facere non possent, distribuit singulis singulas virgas, iisque 
celeriter fractis, docuit illos, quam firma res esset concordia, 
quamque imbecillis discordia. 

31. JEquus et Asinus. 

Asinus, onustus sarcmis, equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte 12 
oneris se levaret, 13 si se vivum videre vellet. Sed ille asini 
preces repudiavit. Paulo post igitur asinus labore consumtus 
in via corruit et efflavit animam. Turn agitator omnes sar- 
cinas, quas asinus portaverat, atque insuper etiam pellem asino 
detractam, in equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero prior em super* 
biam deplorans, o me miseru?n, u inquit, qui parvulum onus in 
me recipere noluerim, 15 quum nunc cogar tantas sarcinas fer- 
re, una cum pelle comitis mei, cujus preces tarn superbs con- 
temseram. 

32. Mulier et Ancillae. 

Mulier vidua, quae texendo 16 vitam sustentabat, solebat ancil- 
las suas de nocte 17 excitare ad opus, 18 quum primum galli cantum 



20 II. FABLES FROM -flESOP. 

audivisset. At illae, diuturno labore fatigatae, statuerunt gal- 
lum interficere. duo facto, 1 deteriore conditione 2 quam prius 
esse coeperunt. Nam domina, de hora noctis incerta, 3 nunc 
famulas saepe jam prima nocte 4 excitabat. 

33. Testudo et Aquila. 

Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese 5 volare 6 do- 
ceret. Aquila ei ostendebat quidem, earn rem petere naturae 
suae contrariam ; sed ilia nihilo minus instabat, et obsecrabat 
aquilam, ut se volucrem facer e vellet. Itaque ungulis arrep- 
tam aquila sustulit 7 in sublime, et demisit illam, ut per aerem 
ferretur. Turn in saxa incidens comminuta interiit. 8 Haec 
fabula docet, multos cupiditatibus suis occoecatos consilia pru- 
dentiorum respuere, et in exitium ruere stultitia sua. 

34. Luscinia et Accipiter. 

Accipiter esuriens rapuit lusciniam. Quae quum 9 intelli- 
gent, sibi mortem impendere, ad preces conversa, orat accipi- 
trem, ne se 10 perdat sine causa. Se enim avidissimum ventrem 
illius non posse explere, et suadere adeo, ut grandiores aliquas 
volucres venetur. 11 Cui accipiter, 12 insanirem, inquit, si par- 
tam praedam 1 * amittere, et incerta pro certis sectari vellem. 

35. Senex et Mors. 

Senex in silva ligna ceciderat, iisque sublatis 14 domum 15 re- 
dire coepit. Gtuum aliquantum viae 16 progressus esset, et 
onere et 17 via defatigatus, 18 fascem deposuit, et secum aetatis 
et inopiae mala contemplatus, Mortem clara voce invocat, 
quae ipsum ab omnibus his malis liberet. 19 Turn Mors, senis 
precibus auditis subito adstitit, et quid vellet, percunctatur. 
At Senex, quern jam votorum suorum poenitebat, 5 ' nihil, inquit, 
sed requiro? 1 qui onus paululum allevet^- dumego rursus subeo. 

36. Inimici. 



In eadam navi vehebantur duo, qui inter se capitalia odia 
exercebant. Unus eorum in prora, alter in puppi residebat. 
Orta tempestate ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, 
interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat, gubernatorem, utram par* 



II. FABLES FROM ^ESOP. 21 

tern navis prius submersum iri 1 exist imaret. 2 Cui guberna- 
tor, proram, respondit. Turn ille, jam mors mihi non moles- 
ta est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim. 

37. Hinnuleus et Cervus. 

Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis mterrogasse 
dicitur : Mi pater, quum multo sis major canibus* et tarn ar- 
dua cornua habeas, quibus a te vim propulsare possis* qui 
Jit, 5 ut canes tantopere metuas ? Ibi cervus ridens, mi nate, 
inquit, vera memoras ; mihi tamen, nescio quo pacto, semper 
accidit, ut, audita canum voce, in fug am statim convertar. — 
Haec fabula docet, natura formidolosos 6 nullis rationibus for- 
tes reddi posse. 

38. Hoedus et Lupus. 

Quum hoedus evasisset lupum et confugisset in caulam 
ovium, quid tu, stulte, inquit ille, 7 hie te salvum futurum* 
speras, ubi 9 quotidie pecudes rapi et diis mactari videas ? 
Non euro, inquit hoedus; nam si moriendum sit, 10 quanto 
praeclarius mihi erit, meo cruore aspergi 11 aras deorum im- 
mortalium, quam irrigari siccas lupi fauces. — Haec fabula 
docet, bonos mortem, quae omnibus imminet, non timere, si 
cum honestate et laude conjuncta sit. 

39. Corvus et Vulpes. 

Corvus alicunde caseum rapuerat, et cum illo in altam 
arborem subvolarat. Vulpecula, ilium caseum appetens, 
corvum blandis verbis adoritur ; quumque primum formam 
ejus pennarumque nitorem laudasset, pol, 12 inquit, te avium 
regem esse dicerem, si cantus pulchritudini tuae responderet. 
Turn ille, laudibus vulpis inflatus, etiam cantu se valere de- 
monstrare voluit. Ita vero e rostro aperto caseus delapsus 
est, quern vulpes arreptum devoravit. 13 — Haec fabula docet, 
vitandas esse adulator am voces, qui blanditiis suis nobis in- 
sidiantur. 

40. Leo. 

Societatem junxerant Leo, Juvenca, Capra, Ovis. Prae- 
da autem, quam ceperant, in quatuor partes aequales divisa, 14 
leo, prima, ait, mea est; debet ur enim haec praestantiae 
meae. Tollam et secundam, quam meretur robur meunx 

c 2 



22 II. FABLES FROM ^ESOP. 

Tertiam vindicat sibi egregius labor mens. 1 Gluartam qui 
sibi arrogare voluerit, 2 is sciat, se habiturum me inimicum 
sibi. Quid facerent imbeciiles bestiae, aut quae 3 sibi leonem 
infestum habere vellet 1 

41. Mus et Rusticus. 

Mus a Rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus, tarn acn 
morsu ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille eum dimitteret, die ens : 
nihil, mehereule, tarn pusillum est, quod de salute desperare 
debeat, 4 modo 5 se defendere et vim depulsare velit. 

42. Vultur et Aviculae. 

Vultur aliquando aviculas invitavit ad convivium, quod lJ- 
lis daturus esset 6 die natali suo. Quae 7 quum ad tempus 
adessent, eas carpere et occidere, epulasque sibi de invitatis 
instruere eoepit. 

43. Ranae, 

Ranae laetabantur, quum nuntiatum esset, Solem uxorem 
duxisse. Sed una caeteris 8 prudentior, O vos stolidos / 9 in- 
quit ; nonne meminisiis, quantopere vos saepe unius Solis aes- 
tus excruciet ? 10 Quid igitur fiet, quum liberos etiam pro- 
creaverit? 

44. Ranae et Jupiter. 

Ranae aliquando regem sibi a Jove petivisse dicuntur. 11 
Quarum 12 ille precibus exoratus trabem ingentem in lacum 
dejeeit. Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere, deinde 
vero, trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae, magno cum con- 
temtu in ea consederunt aliumque sibi no vis clamoribus re- 
gem expetiverunt. Turn Jupiter, earum stultitiam punitu- 
rus, 13 hydrum illis misit, a quo 14 quum plurimae captae peri- 
rent, sero eas stolidarum precum poenitur. 15 

45. Lupi et Pastores. 

Gluum Philippus, rex Macedoniae, cum Atheniensibus foe- 
dus initurus esset, ea conuitione, ut oratores suos 16 ipsi tra 
derent, Demosthenes 17 populo narravit fabulam, qua 18 iis cal- 
lidum regis consilium ante oculos poneret. Dixit enim, lu- 
pos quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse, se nunquam in 
posterum greges esse impugnaturos, si canes ipsis dederen- 



II. FABLES FROM ^ESOP. 23 

tur. Placuisse stultis pastoribus conditionem ; sed quum lupi 
caulas excubiis nudatas vidissent, eos impetu facto 1 omnem 
gregem dilaniasse. 



46. Puer mendax. 

Puer oves pascens crebro per lusum magnis clamoribus 
opem rusticorum imploraveret, ]upos gregem suum aggressos 
esse fingens. Saepe autem frustratus* eos, qui auxilium latu- 
ri advenerant, tandem lupo revera irruente 3 mu]tis cum lacry- 
mis vicinos orare coepit, 4 ut sibi et gregi subvenirent. At 
illi eum pariter ut antea ludere existimantes, preces ejus et 
lacrymas neglexerunt, ita ut lupus libere in oves grassaretur, 
plurimasque earum dilaniaret. 

47. Corvus. 

Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat, gaudium alta voce sig- 
nificavit. Quo sono 5 allecti 6 plures corvi famelici advola- 
verunt, impetuque in ilium facto, 7 oplmam ei dapem eripue- 
runt. 



48. Comix et Columba. 

Cornix columbae gratulabatur foecunditatem, quod singulis 
mensibus pullos excluderet. At ilia, ne mei, inquit, doloris 
causam commemores. Nam quos pullos educo, eos 8 dominus 
raptos aut ipse comedit, aut aliis comedendos 9 vendit. Ita 
mihi mea foecunditas novum semper luctum parit. 

49. Leo, Asi?ius et Vulpes. 

Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum 10 iverant. Ampla praeda 
facta, leo asinum illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis sin- 
gulas partes poneret aequales, leo eum correptum 11 dilaniavit, 
et vulpeculae partiendi negotium 12 tribuit. Ilia astutior, 13 leoni 
partem maximam apposuit, sibi vix minimam reservans parti- 
culars Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, 14 et unde 
hoc didicerit, 15 interrogare coepit. Et vulpes, Hujus 16 me, in- 
quit, calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant. 



24 II. FABLES FROM ^SOP. 



50. Muscae. 

Effusa mellis copia est : Muscae advolant 
Pascuntur. At Mox impeditis cruribus 
Revolare nequeunt. Heu miseram, inquiunt, vicem ! l 
Cibus jste blandus, qui pellexit suaviter, 
Nunc fraudulentus' 2 quam crudeliter necat ! 
Perf ida voluptas 3 fabula hac depingitur. 

51. Cancer. 

Mare cancer olim deseruit, in littore 
Pascendi cupidus. 4 Vulpes hunc simul 5 adspici 
Jejuna, simul 5 accurrit, et praedam capit. 
Nae, dixit ille, jure plector, qui, 6 salo 7 
Quurn fuerim natus, voluerim solo 7 ingredi ! 

Suus unicuique praefinitus est locus, 
Cluem praeterire sine periclo non licet. 

52. Culex et Taurus. 

In cornu tauri parvulus quondam culex 
Consedit ; seque 8 dixit, mole si sua 
Eum gravaret, avolaturum illico. 
At ille : 9 nee 10 te considentem 11 senseram. 



IIL MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 



1. Cadmus, Agenoris films, quod draconem, 1 Martis filium, 
fontis cujusdam in Boeotia custodem, occiderat, omnem suam 
prolem 2 interemtam vidit, et ipse cum Harmonia, uxore sua, 
in Illyriam 3 fugit, ubi ambo in dracones conversi sunt. 

2. Amycus, Neptuni filius, rex Bebryciae, 4 omnes, qui in 
ejus regna venissent, cogebat caestibus secum contendere, et 
victos occidebat. Hie quum Argonautas 5 ad certamen provo- 
casset, Pollux 6 cum eo contendit et eum interfecit. 

3. Otos et Ephialtes, Aloei rllii, mira magnitudine 7 fuisse 
dicuntur. Nam singulis mensibus novem digitis 8 crescebant. 
Itaque quum essent annorum 9 novem, in coelum ascendere 
sunt conati. Hue sioi aditum sic faciebant, ut montem Ossam 
super Pelion 10 ponerent, aliosque praeterea montes exstrue- 
rent. Sed Apollinis sagittis interemti sunt. 

4. Daedalus Euphemi filius, artifex peritissimus, ob cae- 
dem Athenis 11 commissam, in Cretam abiit ad regem Minoem. 
Ibi labyrinthum 12 exstruxit. A Minoe aliquando in custodiam 
conjectus, sibi et Icaro filio alas cera aptavit, et cum eo avola- 
vit. Dum Icarus altius evolabat, cera solis calore liquefacta, 
in mare decidit, quod ex eo Icarium pelagus 13 est appellatum ; 
Daedalus autem in Siciliam pervenit. 

5. Aesculapius, Apollinis filius, medicus praestantissimus, 
Hippolyto, Thesei filio, vitam reddidisse dicitur. Ob id faci- 
nus Jupiter eum fulmine percussit. Turn Apollo, quod filii 
mortem in Jove ulcisci non poterat, Cyclopes, 14 qui fulmina 
fecerant, interemit. Ob hoc factum, Apollinem Jupiter Ad- 
meto, regi Thessaliae, 15 in servitutem dedit. 

6. Alcestim, Peliae filiam, quum multi in matrimonium pe- 
terent, Pelias promisit, se filiam ei esse daturum, qui feras cur- 
rui junxisset Admetus, qui earn perdite amabat, Apollinem 
rogavit, ut se in hoc negotio adjuvaret. Is quum ab Admeto, 
dum ei serviebat. liberal iter esset tractatus, aprum ei et leo- 
nem currui junxit, quibus ille Alcestim avexit. Idem gravi 
morbo implicitus, 16 munus ab Apolline accepit, ut praesens peri- 



26 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

culum effugeret, si quis 1 sponte pro eo moreretur. Jam quum 
neque pater, neque mater Admeti pro eo mori voluissent, uxor 
se Alcestis morti obtulit, quam Hercules, 2 forte adveniens, 
Orci 3 manibus eripuit et Admeto reddidit. 

7. Cassiope 4 filiae suae Andromedae formam Nereidum 6 
formae anteposuit. Ob hoc crimen illae a Neptuno postulave- 
runt, ut Andromeda ceto immani, quod oras populabatur, obji- 
ceretur. Quae quum ad saxum alligata esset, Petseus 6 ex 
Libya, ubi Medusam 7 occiderat, advolavit, et, bellua devicta 
et interemta, Andromedam liberavit. 

8. Quam quum abducere vellet victor, 8 Agenor, cui antea 
desponsata fuerat, Perseo msidias struxit, ut eum interficeret, 
sponsamque eriperet. Ille, re cognita, 9 caput Medusae insidi- 
antibus ostendit, quo viso, 10 omnes in saxa mutati sunt. Perse- 
us autem cum Andromeda in patriam 11 rediit. 

9. Ceyx, Hesperi films, quum in naufragio periisset, Alcy- 
6ne, conjugis morte audita, se in mare praecipitavit. Turn 
deorum misericordia ambo in aves sunt mutati, quae Alcy- 
ones appellantur. Hae aves pariunt hiberno tempore. Per 
illos dies mare tranquillum esse dicitur ; unde nautae tran- 
quillos et serenos dies Alcyonios appellare solent. 

10. Tantalus, Jo vis filius, tarn carus fuit Diis, ut Jupiter ei 
consilia sua concrederet eumque ad epulas Deorum admitte- 
ret. At ille, quae apud Jovem audiverat, cum mortalibus 
communicabat. Ob id crimen dicitur apud inferos in aqua 
collocatus esse, semperque sitire. Nam quoties haustum 
aquae sumturus est, aqua recedit. Turn etiam poma ei super 
caput pendent ; sed quoties ea decerpere conatur, rami vento 
moti 12 recedunt. Alii saxum ejus capiti impendere dicunt, 
cujus ruinam timens, perpetuo metu cruciatur. 

11. In nuptiis Pelei 13 et Thetidis 14 omnes Dii invitati erant 
praeter Discordiam. Haec ira commota malum 15 mi sit 16 in me- 
dium, 17 cui inscripta erant verba; Pulckerrima me habeto. Turn 
Juno, Venus et Minerva illud simul appetebant ; magnaque 
inter eas discordia exorta, Jupiter Mercurio 18 imperat, ut Deas 
ad Par id em, 19 Priami filium, duceret, qui in monte Ida 20 greges 
pascebat ; hunc earum litem diremturum esse. 21 Huic Juno, 
si se pulcherrimam judicasset, omnium terrarum regnum est 
pollicita; Minerva ei splendidam inter homines famam pro- 
misit ; Venus autem Helenam, Ledae et Jovis filiam, se ei in 
conjugium dare spopondit. 22 Paris, hoc dono prioribus ante- 
posito, 23 Venerem pulcherrimam esse judicavit. Postea, Ve- 
neris hortatu, Lacedoemonem profectus, Helenam conjugi suo 
Menelao 24 eripuit. Hinc bellum Trojanum originem cepit, ad 



III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 27 

quod tota fere Graecia, duce Agamemnone, Menelai fratre, 
profecta est. 

12. Thetis, Pelei conjux, quum sciret, Achillem, filium su- 
urn, cito periturum esse, 1 si Graecorum exercitum ad Trojam 
sequeretur, eum misit in insulam Scyron 2 regique Lycomedi 
commendavit. Iile eum muliebri habitu inter filias suas ser- 
vabat. Graeci autem quum audivissent, Achillem ibi occul- 
tari, Ulysses, rex Ithacae, 3 in regio vestibulo munera feminea 
in calathiscis ponebat, simulque clypeum et hastam, mulieres- 
que advocari 4 jussit. Quae dum omnia contemplabantur, su- 
bito tubicen cecinit ; quo sono audito, Achilles arma arripuit. 
Unde 5 eum virum esse intellectum est. 

13. Quum totus Graecorum exercitus Aulide 6 convenisset, 
adversa tempestas eos ob iram Dianae retinebat. Agamem- 
non 7 enim, dux illius expeditionis, cervam Deae sacram vul- 
neraverat, superbiusque 8 in Dianam loquutus erat. Is quum 
haruspices convocasset, hi responderunt, iram Deae expiari 
non posse, nisi filiam suam Iphigeniam ei immolasset. Hanc 
ob causam Ulysses Argos profectus, mentitur, Agamemnonem 
filiam Achilli in matrimonium promisisse. Sic earn Aulidem 
abduxit. 9 Ubi quum pater earn immolare vellet, Diana, virgi- 
nem miserata, cervam ei supposuit. Iphigeniam ipsam per 
nubes in terram Tauricam 10 detulit, ibique templi sui sacerdo- 
tem fecit. 

14. Troja eversa quum Graeci domum redire vellent, ex 
Achillis 11 tumulo vox dicitur fuisse audita, quae Graecos mo- 
nebat, ne fortissimum virum sine honore relinquerent. Quare 
Graeci Polyxenam, Priami filiam, quae virgo fuit formosissi- 
ma, ad sepulcrum ejus immolaverunt. 

15. Prometheus, Japeti films, primus homines ex luto 
finxit, iisque ignem e coelo in ferula attulit, monstravitque, 
quomodo cinere obrutum servarent. Ob hanc rem Vulcanus 
eum in monte Caucaso 12 Jovis jussu clavis ferreis alligavit ad 
saxum; aquila ei apposita, quae 13 cor exederet. Quantum 
vero interdiu exederat, tantum nocte crescebat. Hanc aqui- 
lam insequenti tempore Hercules transfixit sagittis, Prome- 
theumque liberavit. 

16. Pluto, 14 inferorum Deus, a Jove fratre petebat, ut sibi 
Proserpinam, Jovis et Cereris filiam, in matrimonium daret. 
Jupiter negavit 15 quidem, Cererem passuram esse, ut filia in 
tenebris Tartari moraretur; sed fratri permisit, ut earn, si 
posset, raperet. Quare Proserpinam, in nemore Ennae in 
Sicilia flores legentem, Pluto, quadrigis ex terrae hiatu pro- 
veniens, rapuit 



28 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

17. Ceres quum nesciret, ubi filia esset, earn per totum 
orbem terrarum quaesivit. In quo itinere ad Celeum venit, 
regem Eleusimorum, 1 cujus uxor Metanira puerum Tripto- 
lemum pepererat, rogavitque, ut se tanquam nutricem in do- 
mum reciperent. Quo facto, quum Ceres alumnum suum 
immortalem reddere vellet, eum interdiu lacte divino alebat, 
noctu clam igne obruebat. 2 Itaque mirum in modum cresce- 
bat. Quod quum mirarentur parentes, earn observaverunt 
Qui quum viderent, Cererem puerum in ignem mittere. pater 
exclamavit. Turn Dea Celeum exanimavit ; Triptolemo au- 
tem currum draconibus junctum tribuit, frugesque mandavit, 
quas 3 per orbem terrarum vectus disseminaret. 

18. Althaea, Thestii filia, ex Oeneo peperit Meleagrum 
Ei Parcae 4 ardentem titionem dederunt, praefantes, Melea- 
grum tarn diu victurum, 5 quam diu is titio foret incolumis. 
Hunc itaque Althaea diligenter in area clausum servavit. 
Interim Diana, Oeneo irata, quia ei sacra annua non fecerat, 
aprum mira magnitudine misit, qui agrum Calydonium 6 vas- 
taret. Quern Meleager cum juvenibus ex omni Graecia 
delectis interfecit, pellemque ejus Atalantae 7 donavit. Cui 
quum Althaeae fratres earn eripere vellent, ilia Meleagri aux- 
ilium imploravit, qui avunculos occidit. Turn Althaea, gravi 
ira in filium commota, titionem ilium fatalem in ignem conje- 
cit. Sic Meleager periit. At sorores ejus, dum fratrem inso- 
labiliter lugent, in aves 8 mutatae sunt. 

19. Europam, Agenoris filiam Sidoniam, Jupiter, in tau- 
rum mutatus, Sidone 9 Cretam 10 transvexit, et ex ea procrea- 
vit Minoem, Sarpedonem et Rhadamanthum. Hanc ut re- 
ducerent, Agenor filios suos misit, conditione addita, 11 ut nee 
ipsi redirent, nisi sororem invenissent. Horum unus, Cad- 
mus 12 nomine, quum erraret, Delphos 13 venit, ibique responsum 
accepit, bovem praecedentem sequeretur ; 14 ubi ille decubuis- 
set, ibi urbem conderet. Quod quum faceret, in Boeotiam 15 
venit. Ibi aquam quaerens, ad fontem Castalium draconem 16 
invenit, Martis filium, qui aquam custodiebat. Hunc Cadmus 
interfecit, dentesque ejus spar sit et aravit. 17 Unde Sparti 18 
enati sunt. Pugna inter illos exorta, quinque superfuerunt, 
ex quibus quinque nobiles Thebanorum 19 stirpes originem 
duxerunt. 

20. Quum Bacchus, Jovis ex Semele filius, exercitum in 
Indiam duceret, Silenus 50 ab agmine aberravit. Quern Mi- 
das, rex Mygdoniae, 21 hospitio liberaliter accepit, eique du- 
cem dedit, qui eum ad Bacchum reduceret. Ob hoc bene- 
ficium Bacchus Midae optionem dedit, ut, quidquid vellet, a 



III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 29 

se peteret. Ille petiit, ut quidquid tetigisset, 1 aurum fieret. 
Quod quum impetrasset, quidquid tetigerat, aurum fiebat. 
Primo gavisus est hac virtute sua ; mox intellexit, nihil ipsi 
hoc munere pemiciosius esse. Nam etiam cibus et potio in 
aurum mutabatur. Quum jam fame cruciaretur, petit a Bac- 
cho, ut donum suum revocaret. Quern 2 Bacchus jussit in 
fiumine Pactolo se abluere, quumque aquam tetigisset, facta 
est colore aureo. 3 

21. Schceneus 4 Atalantam flliam formosissimam dicitur 
habuisse, quae cursu viros superabat. Haec quum a pluri- 
bus in conjugium peteretur, pater ejus conditionem propo- 
suit, ut, qui earn due ere vellet, prius cursu cum ea contende- 
ret; si victus esset, occideretur. Multos quum superasset 
et interfecisset, tandem ab Hippomene victa est. Hie enim 
a Venere tria mala aurea acceperat. Dum currebant, rio- 
rum 5 unum post alterum projecit, iisque Atalantae cursum 
tardavit. Nam dum mala colligit, Hippomenes ad metam 
pervenit. Huic itaque Schoeneus flliam uxorem dedit. 
Quam quum in patriam duceret, oblitus Veneris beneficio se 
vicisse, grates ei non egit. Hanc ob causam Hippomenes 
mutatus est in leonem, Atalanta in leaenam. 

22. Nisus, rex Megarensium, in capite crinem purpureum 
habuisse dicitur, eique praedictum fuit, tarn diu eum regna- 
turum, quam diu eum crinem custodisset. Hunc Minos, rex 
Cretensium, bello aggressus est. Qui quum urbem Mega- 
ram 6 oppugnaret, Scylla, Nisi filia, amore ejus correpta est, 
et, ut ei victoriam pararet, patri dormienti fatalem crinem 
praecidit. Ita Nisus a Minoe victus et occisus est. Quum 
autem Minos in Cretam rediret, Scylla eum rogavit, ut earn 
secum aveheret. Sed ille negavit, 7 Cretam tantum scelus 8 
esse recepturam. Turn ilia se in mare praecipitat, 9 navem- 
que persequitur. Nisus in aquilam marinam conversus est, 
Scylla in piscem, quern Cirim vocant. Hodieque, si quando 
ilia avis nunc piscem conspexerit, mittit se in aquam rap- 
tumque unguibus dHaniat. 

23. Amphion, Jovis et Antiopes filius, qui Thebas muris 
cinxit, 10 Nioben, Tantali flliam, in matrimonium duxit. Ex qua 
procreavit Alios septem, totidemque fllias. Quern partum 11 Nio- 
be Latonae liberie anteposuit, superbiusque 12 loquuta est in 
Apollinem et Dianam. Ob id Apollo filios ejus venantes sa- 
gittis interfecit, Diana autem fllias. Niobe, liberis orbata, in 
saxum mutata esse dicitur, 13 ejusque lacrymae hodieque ma- 
nare narrantur. 13 Amphion autem, quum templum Apollinis 
expugnare vellet, a-b Apolline sagittis est interfectus. 

PART I. D 



30 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

24. Phineus, Agendris films, ab Apolline futurarum re 
mm scientiam acceperat. Q,uum vero hominibus deorum 
consilia emmtiaret, Jupiter eum excoecavit, et immisit ei Har- 
pyias, 1 quae Jovis canes 2 esse dicuntur, ut cibum ab ore ei au- 
ferrent. Ad quern quum Argonautae 3 venissent, ut eum iter 
rogarent, 4 dixit, se illis iter demonstraturum esse, si eum poena 
liberarent. Turn Zetes et Calais, Aquilonis filii, qui pennas 
in capite et in pedibus habuisse dicuntur, Harpyias fiigave- 
runt in insula s Strophadas, 5 et Phineum poena liberarunt. 6 



31 



IV. ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS OP 
ANTIQUITY. 



1. Thales interrogates, an facta hominum deos laterent, 1 
respondit, ne cogitata quidem. 

2. Solon, qui Atheniensibus leges scripsit, dicebat, nemi- 
nem, dum viveret, 2 beatum haberi posse, quod omnes ad ulti- 
mum usque diem ancipiti 3 fortunae obnoxii essent 

3. Pythagorae philosophi tanta fuit apud discipulos suos 
auctoritas, ut, quae ab eo 4 audivissent, ea in dubitationem ad- 
ducere non auderent. Rogati autem, ut causam redderent eo- 
rum, quae dixissent, respondebant, Ipsum dixisse. Ipse autem 
erat Pythagoras. 

4. Bias, unus ex septem Sapientibus, quum patriam Prie- 
nen 5 ab hostibus expugnatam et eversam fugeret, interrogates, 
cur nihil ex bonis suis secum ferret ; ego veto, 6 respondit, bona 
mea mecum porto omnia. 

5. Democritus, cui pater ingentes divitias reliquerat, omne 
fere patrimonium suum civibus donavit, ne domesticarum re- 
rum cura a philosophiae studio avocaretur. 

6. Etiam Crates Thebanus bona sua inter Thebanos divi- 
sit, nihil sibi servans praeter peram et baculum. Haec enim 
Cynicorum 7 instrumenta erant A. quo consilio quum amici 
et propinqui eum avocare studerent, eos correpto baculo fu> 
gavit, nihil puichrius esse arbitratus, quam ab omnibus curis 
vacuum uni philosophiae operam dare. 

7. Anaxagoras quum a longinqua peregrin atione, scientiae 
augendae causa suscepta, in patriam rediisset, agrosque suos 
neglectos et desertos videret, 8 non essem, inquit, salvus, nisi 
ista periissent. 9 

8. Carneades usque ad extremam senectam nunquam ces- 
savit a philosophiae studio. Saepe ei accidit, ut, quum cibi 
capiendi causa accubuisset, 10 cogitationibus inhaerens, 11 ma* 
num ad cibos appositos porrigere oblivisceretur. 

9. Idem adversus Zenonem Stoicum scripturus, caput hel- 
leboro purgabat, ne corrupti humores sollertiam et acumen 
mentis impedirent. 



32 IV. ANECDOTES. 

10. Anaxagoras, philosophus, morte filii audita, vultu nihil 
immutato dixit: Sciebanrme mortalem geimisse. 

11. Archytas Tarentinus, 1 quum ab itinere reversus, agros 
suos villici 2 socordia neglectos videiet, graviter te castigarem, 
inquit, nisi iratus essem. 

12. Plato quoque quum in servum vehementius 3 exarsisset, 4 
veritus 5 ne vindictae modum excederet, Speusippo adstanti 
mandavit, ut de illius poena statueret. 

13. Idem, discendi cupiditate ductus, 6 Aegyptum peragra- 
vit, et a sacerdotibus illius regionis geometriam et astronomiam 
didicit. Idem in Italiam trajecit, ut ubi Pythagorae 7 philoso- 
phiam et instituta disceret. 

14. Athenienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos 
introducere videbatur. Protagoram quoque philosophum, qui 
ausus fuerat scribere, se ignorare, an dii essent, Athenienses 
ex urbe pepulerunt. 

15. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fuisse fer- 
tur. 8 Gluam ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades, So- 
cratem interrogavit, quid esset, quod 9 mulierem tarn acerbam 
et jurgiosam non exigeret domo. Turn ille, quoniam, inquit, 
dum Mam domi perpetior, insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque foris 
petulantiam et injur ias facilius fer am. 

16. Xenocrates philosophus quum maledicorum quorun- 
dam sermoni interesset, 10 neque quidquam ipse loqueretur, in- 
terrogatus, cur solus taceret, respondit : quia dixisse me ali- 
quando poenituit 11 tacuisse nunquam. 

17. Hegeslas philosophus in disputationibus suis mala et 
cruciatus vitae tarn vividis coloribus repraesentabat, ut multi, 
qui eum audiverant, sponte se occiderent. Quare a Ptole- 
maeo 12 rege ulterius his de rebus disserere est prohibitus. 

18. Gorglae Leontino 13 qui eloquentia et erudition e om- 
nes suae aetatis homines superare existimabatur, 14 universa 
Graecia in templo Apollinis Delphici 15 statuam auream col- 
locavit. 

19. Idem quum annum centesimum septimum ageret, in- 
terrogatus, quapropter tarn din vellet in vita remanere ? res- 
pondit : quia nihil habeo, quod 16 senectutem meam accusem. 

20. Illustrissimi saepe viri humili loco nati fuerunt. So- 
crates, quern oraculum Apollinis sapientissimum omnium ho 
minum judicavit, obstetrlcis Alius fuit. Euripides, poeta, 
tragicus, matrem habuit, quae olera venditabat; et Demos- 
thenis, oratoris eloquentissimi, patrem cultellos vendidisse 
narrant. 

21. Homerus, princeps poetarum Graecorum, dolore ab- 



IV. ANECDOTES. 33 

sumtus esse creditur, 1 quod quaestionem 2 a piscatoribus ipsi 
propositam solvere non posset. 

22. Simonldes, poeta praestantissimus, gloriatur in quo- 
dam poemate, se octoginta annos natum 3 in certamen musi- 
cum 4 descendisse, et victoriam inde retulisse. Idem ali- 
quamdiu vixit apud Hipparchum, Pisistrati filium, Athenarum 
tyrannum. Inde Syracusas se contulit ad Hieronem regem, 
cum quo familiariter vixisse dicitur. Primus carmina statu- 
te pretio scripsit ; quare eum Musam venalem reddidisse di- 
cunt. 5 

23. Quum Aeschylus Atheniensis, qui parens tragoediae 
dicitur, in Sicilia versaretur, ibique in loco aprlco sederet, 
aquila testudinem glabro eius capiti immisit, quod pro saxo 
habuit. Quo ictu ille exstinctus est. 

24. Euripides, qui et ipse 6 magnum inter poetas tragicos 
nomen habet, a coena domum rediens 7 a canibus laceratus 
est. 

25. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex 
tragoedia sententiam 8 quandam tolleret. Ille autem in sce- 
nam progressus dixit : se fabulas componere solere, ut popu- 
lum doceret, non ut a populo disceret. 

26. Philippldes, comoediarum scriptor, quum in poetarum 
certamine praeter spem vicisset, et ilia victoria impense gau- 
deret, eo ipso gaudio repente exstinctus est. 

27. Pindams, poeta Thebanus, Apollini gratissimus fuisse 
dicitur. Quare saepe a sacerdotibus in templum Delphicum 
ad coenam vocabatur, parsque ei tribuebatur donorum, quae 
sacrificantes deo obtulerant. Ferunt etiam Pana 9 Pindari 
hymnis tantopere fuisse laetatum, ut eos in montibus et silvis 
caneret. Quum Alexander, rex Macedoniae, Thebas diripe- 
ret, unius Pindari domo et familiae pepercit. 10 

28. Diogenes Cynic us Myndum 11 profectus, quum videret 
magnificas portas et urbem exiguam, Myndios monuit, ut 
portas clauderent, ne urbs egrederetur. 

29. Demosthenes, Atheniensis, incredibili studio et labore 
eo pervenit, ut, quum 12 multi eum ingenio parum valere ex- 
istimarent, omnes aetatis suae oratores superaret eloquentia. 
Numquam tamen ex tempore dicebat, neque in concione vo- 
lebat assurgere, nisi rem, de qua ageretur, 13 accurate antea 
meditatus esset. Unde plerique eum timidum esse existima- 
bant. Sed in hac re Periclis 14 consuetudinem imitabatur, qui 
non facile de quaque re dicere, nee existimationem suam for- 
tunae committere solebat. 

30. Pericles in concionem iturus, 15 quum animo perpen de- 
ret, quantum periculi inconsiderate dicta hominibus affer- 

d2 



34 IV. ANECDOTES. 

rent, solebat precari a diis, ne quod 1 ipsi verbum imprudenti 
excideret, quod reipublicae officere posset. 

31. Minos, Cretensium rex, saepe se in speluncam quan* 
dam conferebat, ibique se cum Jove colloqui legesque ab eo 
accipere dicebat. Etiam Lycurgus 2 Lacedaemoniis persua- 
sit, 3 se leges suas ab Apolline didicisse. 

32. Quum Lycurgus, Lacedaemoniorum legislator, Del- 
pbis in templum Apollinis intrasset, ut a deo oraculum pete- 
ret, Pythia 4 eum his verbis allocuta est : nescio, utrum Deus 
an homo appellandus sis ; sed deus potius videris esse. 

33. Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, quum Persae 5 dice- 
rentur sagittarum multitudine solem obscuraturi, 6 respondisse 
fertur : melius itaque in umbra pugnabimus. 

34. Cyrus 7 omnium suorum militum nomina memoria te- 
nebat. Mithridates autem, rex Ponti, 8 duarum et viginti gen- 
tium, quae sub regno ejus erant, linguas ita didicerat, ut cum 
omnibus, quibus imperabat, sine interprete loqui posset. 

35. Themistocles interroganti, utrum Achilles 9 esse mallet, 
an Homerus, respondit : T u vero mallesne te in Olympico 
certamine 10 victorem renunuan, an praeco esse, qui victorum 
nomina proclamat ? 

36. Epaminondas, 11 Tliebanorum imperator, in belloadver- 
sus Lacedaemonios, anirros suorum religione excitandos ratus, 
arma in templis affixa 12 nocte detraxit, persuasitque militibus, 
quum ilia abesse viderent, deos iter suum sequi, ut ipsis proe- 
liantibus adessent. 

37. Idem in pugna ad Mantineam 13 graviter vulneratus est. 
Quum animam recepisset, interrogavit circumstantes amicos, 
an clypeus li salvus esset ? deinde, an hostes fusi essent ? Ilh 
utrumque affirmaverunt. Turn demum hastam e corpore 
educi jussit. Quo facto statim exspiravit. 

38. Epaminondas tanta fuit abstinentia 15 et integritate, ut 
post plurima bella, quibus Thebanorum potentiam incredibi- 
liter auxerat, nihil in supellectili haberet praeter ahenum et 
veru. 

39. Lysander, 16 dux Lacedaemoniorum, militem quendam, 
via egressum, castigabat. Cui dicenti, ad nullius rei rapinam 
se ab agmine recessisse, respondit : ne speciem quidem rap- 
turi praebeas volo. 11 

40. Iphicrates, dux Atheniensium, quum praesidio teneret 
Corinthum, et sub adventum hostium ipse vigilias circumiret, 
vigilem, quern dormientem invenerat hasta transfixit. Quod 
fectum 18 quibusdam ei, ut saevum, exprobrantibus, qualem inve- 
ni, inquit, talem rehqui. 

41. Gluum quidam Thrasybulo, 19 qui civitatem Atheniensium 



IV. ANECDOTES. 35 

a tyrannorum dominatione liberavit, dixisset : quantas tibi 
gratias Athenae debent ! ille respondit : Dii faciant, ut quan- 
tas 1 ipse patriae debeo gratias, taut as ei videar retulisse. 2 

42. Philippus, rex Macedonum, monentibus eum quibus- 
dam, ut Pythiam quendam caveret, fortem militem, sed ipsi 
alienatum, quod tres filias aegre aleret, nee a rege adjuvare- 
tur, dixisse fertur : Quid ? si partem corporis haberem aegram, 
abscindercm z potius an cur a rem ? Deinde Pythiam ad se vo- 
catum, 4 accepta difficultate rei domesticae, pecunia instruxit. 
Quo facto, nullum rex militem Pythia 5 fideliorem habuit. 

43. Mulier quaedam ab eodem Philippo, quum a convivio 
temulentus recederet, damnata, 6 a Philippo, inquit, temulento 
ad PJtilippum sobrium provoco. 

44. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, praedicare solebat, se ora- 
toribus Atheniensium maximam gratiam habere. Nam con- 
viciis suis, inquit, efficiunt, ut quotidie melior evadam, dum 
eos dictis factisque mendacii arg uere conor. 

45. Ejusdem regis epistola fertur scripta ad Aristotelem 
philosophum, qua filium 7 sibi natum esse nuntiavit. Erat ilia 
epistola verbis concepta fere his : Filium mihi genitum esse 
scito. Quod 3 equidem diis habeo gratiam : non tarn quod 
natus est, quam quod ei contigit nasci temporibus vitae tuae. 
Spero enim fore, utf a te educatus et eruditus dignus evadat 
et nobis et rebus,™ quas ipsi relicturi sumus. 

46. Alexander, Macedo, Philippi Alius, quum puer a prae- 
ceptore suo audivisset, innumerabiles mundos esse, heu me 
miserum, inquit, qui ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum ! 

47. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorundam 
benevolentiam largitionibus sibi conciliare conatus esset, 
Philippus eum his verbis increpuit: Sperasne 11 eos 12 tibifideles 
esse futuros, quos pecunia tibi conciliaveris ? Scito, amorem 
non auro e??ii, sed virtutibus. 

48. Alexandro Macedoni, Asia debellata, 13 Corinthii per 
legatos gratulati sunt, regemque civitate sua 14 donaverunt. 
Gluod officii 15 genus quum Alexander risisset, unus ex lega- 
tis, nulli unquam, inquit, civitatem dedimus alii, quam tibi et 
Her cull Q,uo audito Alexander honorem sibi delatum lu- 
bentissime 16 accepit. 

49. Quum Alexander Graeciae populis imperasset, ut di- 
vinos ipsi honores decernerent, Lacedaemonii his verbis ute- 
bantur: 17 quoniam Alexander deus esse xoluit, esto deus; La- 
conica brevitate 13 regis notantes vecordiam. 

50. Lysimachus, 19 rex Thraciae, Theodorum Cyrenaeum, 20 
virum libertatis amantissimum et regiae dominationi infestum, 
cruci affigi jussit, Cui ille, hujusmodi minis, inquit, purpu 



36 IV. ANECDOTES. 

ratos tuos terreas. Meet, quidem nihil interest, 1 humine 2 an sub* 
lime 3 putrescam. 

51. Mausolus, rex Cariae, 4 Artemisiam habuit conjugem. 
Haec, Mausolo defuncto, ossa cineremque mariti contusa et 
odoribus mixta cum aqua potabat. Exstruxit quoque, ad con- 
servandam ejus memoriam, sepulcrum 5 illud nobilissimum, ab 
ejus nomine appellatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum mi- 
racula 6 numeratur. Quod quum Mausoli manibus 7 dicaret, 
certamen instituit, praemiis amplissimis ei propositis, 8 qui de- 
functum regem optime laudasset. 

52. Dionysius, 9 qui a patre Syracusarum et paene totius 
Siciliae tyrannidem acceperat, senex, patria pulsus, Corinthi 
pueros litteras docuit. 

53. Mithridates, rex Ponti, saepe venenum hauserat, ut 
sibi a clandestinis caveret insidiis. Hinc factum est, ut, qumn 
a Pompejo superatus mortem sibi consciscere vellet, ne velo- 
cissima quidem venena ei nocerent. 

54. Quum Gyges, rex Lydiae 10 ditissimus, oraculum Apol- 
linis interrogaret, an quisquam mortalium se esset felicior, 11 
deus Aglaum quendam Psophidium 12 feliciorem praedicavit. 
Is autem erat Arcadum pauperrimus, parvuli agelli possessor, 
cujus terminos, quamvis senex, nunquam excesserat, fructibus 
et voluptatibus angusti ruris contentus. 

55. Pyrrhus, 13 rex Epiri, quum in Italia esset, audivit, Ta- 
rentinos quosdam juvenes in convivio parum honorifice de se 
loquutos esse. Eos igitur ad se arcessitos percunctatus est, 
an dixissent ea, quae ad aures suas pervenissent. Turn unus 
ex his, nisi, inquit, vinum nobis defecisset, multo etiam plura 
et graviora in ie loquuturi eramus. 1 * Haec criminis excusa- 
tio iram regis in risum convertit. 

56. Marsyas, frater Antigoni, 15 regis Macedoniae, quum 
causam haberet cum privato quodam, fratrem rogavit, ut de 
ea domi cognosceret. At ille, in foro potius, 16 inquit. Nam 
si culpa vacas, innocentia tua ibi melius apparebit; sin dam- 
nandus es, nostra justitia. 

57. Clara sunt apud Catanenses 17 nomina fratrum Anapi 
et Amphinomi, qui patrem et matrem humeris per medios 
ignes Aetnae portarunt, eosque cum vitae suae periculo e 
flammis eripuerunt. 

58. Spartanus quidam quum rideretur, quod claudus in pug- 
nam iret, at 18 mihi, inquit, pugnare, non fugere est propositum. 

59. Spartanus quidam in magistratus petitione ab aemulis 
victus, mazimae sibi laetitiae esse, 19 dixit, quod patria sua se 
meliores™ cives haberet. 

60. Quum homo quidam, qui diu in uno pede stare didice 



IV. ANECDOTES. 37 

rat, Lacedaemonio cuidam dixisset, se non arbitrary Lacedae- 
moniorum quemquam tamdiu idem facere posse, ille respon- 
ds : at anseres 1 te diutius. 

61. Diagoras Rhodius, 2 quum tres ejus filii in ludis Olym- 
picis 3 victores renuntiati essent, tanto affectus est gaudio, ut in 
ipso stadio, inspectante populo, 4 in filiorum manibus animam 
redderet. 

62. Scipio Africanus 5 nunquam ad negotia publica accede- 
bat, ante quam in templo Jovis precatus esset. 

63. Scipio dicere solebat, hosti non solum dandam esse 
viam fugiendi, sed etiam muniendam. Similiter Pyrrhus, rex 
Epiri, 6 fugienti hosti pertinaciter instandum esse negabat; 7 
non solum, ne fortius 8 ex necessitate 9 resisteret, sed ut postea 
quoque facilius acie cederet, ratus, victores fugientibus non 
usque ad perniciem instaturos esse. 

64. Metellus Pius, in Hispania bellum gerens, interrogatus, 
quid postero die facturus esset ? tunicam meam, inquit, si id 
eloqui posset, comburerem. 

65. L. Mummius, qui, Corintho 10 capta, totam Italiam ta- 
bulis statuisque exornavit, ex tantis manubiis nihil in suum 
usum convertit, ita ut, eo defuncto, non esset unde 11 ejus filia 
dotem acciperet. Quare senatus ei ex publico dotem decre- 
vit. 

66. Scipio Africanus major 12 Ennii poetae imaginem in se- 
pulcro gentis Corneliae 13 collocari jussit, quod Scipionum res 
gestas carminibus suis illustraverat. 

67. M. Cato, Catonis Censorii filius, in acie, cadente 
equo prolapsus, quum se recollegisset, animadvertissetque 
gladium excidisse vagina, rediit in hostem : acceptisque ali- 
quot vulneribus, recuperato demum gladio 14 ad suos reversus 
est. 

68. Q,. Metellus Macedonicus in Hispania quinque cohor- 
tes, quae hostibus cesserant testamentum facere jussas, ad 
locum 15 recuperandum misit ; minatus, eos 16 non nisi post vic- 
toriam receptum iri. 

69. Publius Decius consul, quum in bello contra Latinos 
Romanorum aciem cedentem videret, 17 capite pro reipublicae 
salute devoto, ,b in medium hostium agmen irruit, et magna 
strage edita plurimis telis obriitus cecidit. Haec ejus mors 
Romanorum aciem restituit iisque victoriam paravit. 

70. L. Junius Brutus, qui Romam a regibus liberavit, 19 fi- 
lios suos, qui Tarquinium regem expulsum restituere conati 
erant, ipse capitis damnavit, eosque virgis caesos' 20 securi per- 
cuti jussit. 

71. Gt Marcius Rex, consul, quum nlium unicum, juve- 



38 IV. ANECDOTES. 

nem summae pietatis et magnae spei, morte amisisset, dolo- 
rem suum ita eoercuit, ut a rogo adolescentis protenus curi- 
am peteret, ibique muneris sui negotia strenue obiret. 

72. In bello Romanorum cum Perseo, 1 ultimo Macedo- 
niae rege, accidit, ut serena nocte subito luna deficeret. 
Haec res ingentem apud milites terrorem excitavit, qui exis- 
timabant, hoc omine 2 futuram cladem portendi. Turn vero 
Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat in eo exercitu, in concione militum 
causam hujus rei tarn diserte exposuit, ut postero die omnes 
intrepido animo pugnam committerent. 

73. L. Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem appel- 
latus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnasse is dicitur centum et 
viginti proeliis ; cicatrlcem aversam 3 nullam, adversas quin- 
que et quadraginta tulisse ; coronis 4 esse donatus aureis duo- 
deviginti, obsidionali una, muralibus tribus, civicis quatuor- 
decim, torquibus tribus et octoginta, armillis plus centum 
sexaginta, hastis duode viginti. Phaleris idem donatus est 
quinquies viciesque. Triumphavit cum imperatoribus suis 
triumphos novem. 

74. Hannibal em in Italiam proficiscentem tria millia Car- 
petanorum 5 reliquerent. Quorum exemplum ne caeteri quo- 
que barbari 6 sequerentur, edixit, eos a se esse dimissos, et in- 
super in fidem ejus rei 7 alios etiam, quorum fides ipsi suspec- 
ta erat, domum remisit. 

75. Hannibal quum elephantos compellere non posset, ut 
praealtum flumen transirent, neque rates haberet, quibus eos 
trajiceret, 8 jussit ferocissimum elephantorum sub aure vulne- 
rari, 9 et eum, qui vulnerasset, se in flumen conjicere illudque 
tranare. Turn elephantus exasperatus ad persequendum 
doloris sui auctorem tranavit amnem, et reliqui quoque eum 
secuti sunt. 



SECOND DIVISION. 



AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY, 

PROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE TIME OF THE 
EMPERORS. 



LIBER PRIMUS. 

1. Antiquissimis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisse 
dicitur. Ibi haud procul a Janiculo 1 arcem condidit, eamque 
Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agriculturam docuit 

2. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc 
rege Troja 2 in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae 
filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum peper- 
cerat, 3 aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei be- 
nigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aene- 
as urbem condidit, quam in honorem conjugis Lavinium ap- 
pellavit. 

3. Post Aeneae mortem, Ascanius, Aeneae iilius, regnum 
accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, urbem- 
que condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam longam 4 nun- 
cupavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem 
a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus posteri omnes, usque ad Ro- 
mam conditam, Albae regnaverunt. 

4. Unus horum regum, Romulus Silvius, se Jove majorem 
esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clypeos 
hastis percuterent, dicebatque, hunc sonum multo clariorem 
esse quam tonitru. Fulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum 
praecipitatus est. 

5. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, Nu- 
mitorem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri 
optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae 
pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetulit ; Amulius 
regnum obtinuit. 



40 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

6. Amulius, ut regimm firmissime possideret, Numitoris 
nlium per insidias interemit, et filiam fratris, Rheam Silvi- 
am, Vestalem virginem fecit. Nam his Vestae sacerdotibus 1 
non licet viro nubere. 2 Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, 
Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc quum Amulius compe- 
risset, matrem in vincula conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim 
abjici jussit. 

7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam 3 se effuderat, et quum 
pueri in vado essent positi, aqua renuens eos in sicco reliquit. 
Ad eorum vagltum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. 
Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros 
sustulit, et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos 4 dedit. 

8. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- 
gerunt. Quum adolevissent, et forte comperissent, quis ipso- 

rum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium inter fee erunt, 
™*e e t Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem con- 
754 ' diderunt in monte Aventino, quam Romulus a suo no- 
mine Romam vocavit. Haec quum moenibus circum- 
daretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia 
transiliebat. 

9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum 5 pate- 
fecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi 6 accurrerunt. 
Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Festum itaque 
Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ab hos quum multi ex finitimis 
populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Romani, inter 
ipsos ludos, spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 

10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum ad- 
versus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae appropinqua- 
rent, forte in Tarpejam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce 7 sa- 
cra procurabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstra- 
ret, eique permiserunt ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut 
sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, annulos au- 
reos et armillas signiflcans. At hostes, in arcem ab ea per- 
ducti, scutis Tarpejam obruerunt; nam et haec in sinistris 
manibus gerebant. 

1 1. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpejum tene- 
bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum 
est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres, hinc 
conjuges et soceros complectebantur et rogabant, ut caedis 
finem facerent. Utrique his precibus commoti sunt. Romu- 
lus foedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit. 8 

12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, 
eosque cum ob aetatem, turn ob reverentiam iis debitam, Pa- 
tres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque 



LIBER I. 41 

raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regni tricesimo 
septimo, quum exercitum lustraret, 1 inter tempestatem p-X* 
ortam, repente oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc alii 
eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum 2 esse ex- 
istimaverunt. 

13. Post Romuli mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. 
Quo elapso Numa Pompilius, Curibus, urbe in agro Sabino- 
rum, natus, rex creatus est. Hie \ r ir bellum quidem nullum 
gessit ; nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, 
et sacra plurima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores 
molliret. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, 
conjugis suae, jussu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit, quadra- 
gesimo tertio imperii anno. 

14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se 

in bello ad versus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum gj 
praestiterat. Rex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, idque 
trigeminorum, Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, certamine finivit. 
Albam propter perfidiam Metii Fuffetii 3 diruit. Q,uum trigin- 
ta duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit, 

15. Post hunc Ancus xMarcius, Numae ex filia nepos, 
suscepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo \\Y° 
similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei 
moenia circumdedit. 4 Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad Tibe- 
ris ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quar- 
to anno imperii morbo obiit. 

16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquini us Priscus acce- 

pit, Damarati films, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi 5 fu- ^ ' 
giens in Etruriam 6 venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui no- 
men ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam profectus 
erat. Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et postquam alte 
evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier augu- 
riorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 

17. Q,uum Romae commoraretur, Anci regis familiarita- 
tem consequutus est, qui eum flliorum suorum tutorem reli- 
quit. Sed is pupillis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos 
Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gen- 
tium 7 sunt appellati. Plura bella feliciter gessit, nee paucos 
agros, hostibus ademtos, 8 urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus 
triumphans urbem intra vit. Cloacas fecit ; Capitolium 9 in- 
choavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci fllios, qui- 
bus regnum eripuerat, occisus est. 

18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, „ 
genitus ex nobili femina, captiva tamen et famula. ^ ' 
Quum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, flamma in 
ejus capite visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei summam 

PART I. E 



42 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

dignitatem portendi intellexit, et conjugi persuasit, ut eum 
sicuti liberos suos educaret. Quum adolevisset, rex ei filiam 
in matrimonium dedit. 

19. Quum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil de 
superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens : regem 
grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; eum peter e, ut 
populus, dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio obediret. Sic Ser- 
vius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Mon- 
tes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum 1 ordinavit. 
Sub eo Roma habuit capitum octoginta tria millia civium 
Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 

20. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et 
220 Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui Servius succes- 
serat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus Curiae 2 de- 
jectus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum 
properavit et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Quum domum 
rediret, aurigam super patris corpus, in via jacens, carpentum 3 
agerejussit. 

21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello 
tamen strenuus plures flnitimorum populorum vicit. Tem- 
plum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam 
oppugnabat, urbem Etruriae, imperium perdidit. Nam quum 
films ejus Lucretiae, nobilissimae feminae, conjugi Tarquinii 
Collatini, vim fecisset, haec se ipsa occldit in conspectu ma- 
riti, patris et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, ut 
hanc injuriam 4 ulciscerentur. 

. 22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique 

2^ 3 ' nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque per- 
suaserunt, ut ei portas Urbis clauderet Exercitus 
quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum 
reliquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Homae 
regnatum est per septem reges, annos ducentos quadraginta 
tres. 

23. Hinc consules eoepere pro uno rege duo creari, ut, si 
unus malus esset, alter eum coerceret. Annuum iis imperium 
tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores 
redderentur. Fuerunt igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, 
consules L. Junius Brutus acerrimus libertatis vindex, et Tar- 
quinius Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Collatino paulo 
post dignitas sublata est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tar- 
quiniorum familia Romae maneret. Ergo cum omni patri- 
monio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publi- 
cola consul factus est. 

24. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima 
pugna Brutus, consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii Alius, sese invi- 



LIBER I. 43 

cem occiderunt. Romani tamen ex ea pugna victores reces* 
serunt. Brutum Romanae matronae, quasi communem pa- 
ttern, per annum luxerunt. 1 Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucre- 
tium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit ; qui quum morbo 
exstinctus esset, Horatium Pulvillum sibi collegam sumsit. 
Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit. 

25. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius bellum 
Romanis intulit, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium ei ih- 
ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus Pontem 
ligneum 2 defendit et hostes cohibuit, donee pons a tergo rup- 
lus esset. Turn se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit et ad suos 
transnavit. 

26. Dum Porsena urbem obsidebat, Q,u. Mucius Scaevo- 
la, juvenis fortis animi, in castra hostis se contulit, eo consilio, 
ut regem occideret. At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege inter- 
fecit. Turn a regiis satellitibus comprehensus et ad regem 
deductus, quum Porsena eum ignibus allatis 3 terreret, dextram 
arae accensae imposuit, donee flammis consumta esset. Hoc 
facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. Turn hie, 
quasi beneflcium referens, ait, trecentos alios juvenes in eum 
conjurasse. Hac re territus Porsena pacem cum Romanis fe- 
cit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum se contulit, ibique privatus 
cum uxore consenuit. 

27. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, populus 
Romae seditionem fecit, questus, quod tributis et mili- ^g 
tia a senatu exhauriretur. Magna pars plebis urbem 
reliquit et in montem trans Anienem 4 amnem secessit. Turn 
patres turbati Menenium Aprippam miserunt ad plebem, qui 
earn senatui conciliaret. 5 Hie iis inter alia fabulam 6 nar- 
ravit de ventre et membris humani corporis ; qua populus 
commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. Turn primum tribuni 
plebis 7 creati sunt, qui plebem adversum nobilitatis superbiam 
defenderent. 8 

28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos reges, Q,u. 
Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab urbe Volscorum 9 Corio- oc^ 
li, quam bello ceperat, plebi invisis fieri coepit. Q,uare 
urbe expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, 
contendit, et ab iis dux exercitus factus Romanos saepe vi 
cit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium 10 Urbis accesserat, 
nee ullis civium suorum legationibus flecti poterat, ut patriae 
parceret. Denique Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe 
ad eum venerunt ; quarum flectu et precibus commotus est, 
ut exercitum removeret. Quo facto a Volscis ut proditor oc- 
cisus esse dicitur. 

29. Romani quum adversum Vejentes 11 bellum gererent, 



44 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

familia Fabiorum sola hoe bellum suscepit. Profecti sunt 
trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce Fabio consule. 
^' 7 Y* Quum saepe hostes vicissent, apud Cremeram 1 fiuvium 
castra posuerunt. Ibi Vejentes, dolo usi, eos in insi- 
dias pellexerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes perierunt. Unus 
superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci 
non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Q,u. Fa- 
bium Maximum, ilium, qui Hannibalem 2 prudenti cunctatione 
debilitavit. 3 

30. Anno trecentesimo et alter o ab Urbe condita 
"^02p Decemviri 4 creati sunt, qui civitati lrges scriberent. 

Hi primo anno bene egerunt ; secundo autem domina- 
tionem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum Appius 
Claudius virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis 
filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater earn occidit. Turn ad milites 
profugit, eosque ad seditionem commovit. Sublata est de- 
cemviris potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut exilio puniti 
sunt. 

31. In be] lo contra Vejentanos Furius Camillus ur- 
■ 358' Dem Falerios 5 obsidebat. In quo obsidione quum ludi 

literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hos- 
tium duxisset, Camillus hoc donum non accepit, sed sceles- 
tum hominem, manibus post tergum vinctis, pueris Falerios 
reducendum tradidit ; 6 virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem 
in urbem agerent. 

32. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci urbem Ro- 
manis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud Romanos crimini 
datum est, quod albis equis 7 triumphasset, et praedam inique 
divisisset ; damnatusque ob earn causam et civitate expulsus 

est. Paulo post Galli Senones 8 ad Urbem venerunt, 
364 Romanos apud flumen Alliam 9 vicerunt, et Urbem etiam 

occuparunt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defendi po- 
tuit. Et jam praesidium fame laborabat, et in eo erant, 10 ut 
pacem a Gallis auro emerent, quum Camillus cum manu mi- 
litum superveniens hostes magno proelio superaret. 

LIBER SECUNDUS. 

1. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post Ur- 
394 ^ em con ^ am Galli iterum ad Urbem accedebant, et 
quarto milliario trans Anienem 11 fiuvium consederant 
Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam, exi- 
mia corporis magnitudine, fortissimum Romanorum ad cer- 
camen singular e provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilissimus juve- 
nis, provocationem accepit, Galium occidit, eumque torque 



LIBER II. 45 

aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc el ipse et posteri ejus 
Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. 

2. Novo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno Urbis quad- 
ringentesimo sexto, iterum Gallus processit, robore at- A^Y * 
que armis insignis, et provocavit unum ex Romanis, ut 
secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus mi- 
litum, 1 obtulit ; et quum processisset armatus, eorvus ei su- 
pra dextrum brachium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, hie 
eorvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. Ita factum 
est, ut Gallus facili negotio a Valerio inter fleer etur, qui hinc 
Corvini nomen accepit. 

3. Postea Romani bellum gesserunt cum Samniti- 
bus. 2 ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictato- 43^* 
ris 3 profectus est. Qui, quum negotii cujusdam causa 
Romam ivisset, praecepit Q,. Fabio Rulliano, magistro equi- 
tum, quern apud exercitum reliquit, ne pugnam cum hoste 
committeret. Sed ille, occasionem nactus, felicissime dimiea- 
vit et Samnites delevit. Ob hanc rem a dictatore capius dam- 
natus est. At ille in Urbem confugit, et ingenti favore militum 
et populi liberatus est ; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est se- 
ditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. 

4. Duobus annis post T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius 
consules bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio 
Thelesino, duce hostium, in insidias inducti sunt. Nam ad 
Furculas Caudinas 1 Romanos pellexit in angustias, 
unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem 433 
suum Herennium rogavit, quid faciendum putaret. Ille 

ait, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frangeren- 
tur, aut omnes dimittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur. Pontius 
utrumque consilium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum 5 misit. 
Samnites denique post bellum undequinquaginta annorum su* 
perati sunt. 

5. Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentinis 6 bellum indictum 

est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi 473 
Pyrrhum, Epiri 7 regem, contra Romanos auxilio po- 
poscerunt. 8 Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Roma- 
ni cum transmarino hoste pugnaverunt. Missus est contra 
eum consul P. Valerius Laevinus. Hie, quum exploratores 
Pyrrhi cepisset, jussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem exer- 
citum, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaecunque a 
Romanis agerentur. 

6. Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantorum 9 vicit. 
Nox proelio flnem dedit. Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit, 
Pyrrhus Romanos mille octingentos cepit, eosque summo ho* 
nore tractavit. Gtuum eos, qui in proelio interfecti fueraut, 

e2 



46 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

omnes adversis vulneribus 1 et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere 
videret, tulisse ad coelum manus dicitui> cum hac voce : Ego 
cum talibus viris brevi* orbem terrarum subigerem. 

7. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit ; omnia ferro igneque 
vastavit ; Campaniam 3 depopulates est, atque ad Praeneste 4 ve- 
nit, milliario ab Urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus, 
qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati, 
ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis missi, honorifice ab eo sus- 
cepti sunt ; captivos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, 
Fabricium, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui 
promitteret, si ad se transiret ; sed a Fabricio contemtus est. 

8. Quum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admiratione 
teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum, qui 
pacem peteret, ea conditione, ut Pyrrhus earn partem Italiae 
quam arm is occupaverat, obtineret. Romani responderunt, 
eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia re- 
cessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho, eum inter roganti, 
quails ipsi Roma visa esset ; respondit, se regum patriam vi- 
disse. 

9. In altero proelio cum rege Epiri commisso, 5 Pyrrhus vul- 
neratus est, elephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa 
sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Interjecto anno Fabricius 
contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medic us Pyrrhi nocte venit, 
promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi da- 
retur. Hunc Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum. 
Tunc rex, generosum viri animum admiratus, dixisse fertur ; 
llle est Fabricius, qui difficilius ob honestate, quam sol a cursu 

suo aver tip ot est. Paulo post Pyrrhus, tertio etiam proe- 
4gl lio fusus, a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam re- 
diisset, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. 

10. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post Urbem 
4qa ' conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Siciliam tra- 

jecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenos- 

que, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupaverant, su- 

49 5 * peraverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poe- 

nos gerebatur, primum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cor- 

nelio Asina Coss., in mari dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthagi- 

nienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mer- 

sit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occldit. Nulla 

victoria Romanis gratior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut, quum 

a coena rediret, pueri funalia gestantes et tibicen eum comita- 

rentur. 6 

11. Paucis annis interjectis bellum in Africam trans- 
4 g 9 • latum est. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna 

navali superatur ; nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navi- 



LIBER III. 47 

bus, se recepit ; Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Quum in 
Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proeliis vicerunt, mag- 
nam vim hominum ceperunt, septuaginta quatuor civitates in 
fidem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Ro- 
manis petierunt. Q,uam quum M. Atilius Regulus, Romano- 
rum dux, dare nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus, Carthagi- 
nienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis. Hi Xanthippum 
miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vicit. Re- 
gulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 

12. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. 
Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum rogaverunt, ut 
Romam proficisceretur, et pacem captivorumque permuta- 
tionem a Romanis obtineret. Ille quum Romam venisset, 
inductus in senatum, dixit, se desiisse 1 Romanum esse ex ilia 
die, qua in potestaAem Poenorum venisset. Turn Romanis sua- 
sit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facer ent ; illos enim tot 
casibus fractos, spem nullam nisi in pace habere ; tanti non 
esse, ut tot millia^ captivorum propter se unum et paucos, qui 
ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obti- 
nuit. Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissimis suppliciis 
exstinctus est. 

13. Tandem C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio Coss., 
anno belli Punici vicesimo tertio, magnum proelium £o 
navale commissum est contra Lilybaeum, 3 promonto- 
rium Siciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Carthaginien- 
sium naves captae, centum viginti quinque demersae, trigin- 
ta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. 
Statim Carthaginienses pacem petierunt, eisque pax tributa 
est. Captivi Romanorum, qui tenebantur, a Carthaginiensi- 
bus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia, Sardinia et ceteris insulis, 
quae intra Italiam Africamque jacent decesserunt, omnem- 
que Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum 4 est, Romanis permise- 
runt. 



LIBER TERTIUS. 

1. Anno quingentesimo undetricesimo ingentes Gal- 
lorum copiae Alpes transierunt. Sed pro Romanis to- gSg 
ta Italia consensit: traditumque est, octingenta millia 
hominum ad id bellum parata fuisse. Res prospere g?sta 
est apud Clusium : 5 quadraginta millia hominum interfecta 
sunt. Aliquot annis post pugnatum est contra Gallos in agro 
Insubrum, 6 finitumque est bellum M. Claudio Marcello, Cn. 
Cornelio Scipione Coss. Turn Marcellus regem Gallorum, 



48 V. ROMAN HISTORY, 

Viridomarum, manu sua occidit et triumphans spolia 1 Galli, 
stipiti imposita, humeris suis vexit. 

2. Paulo post Punicum bellum removatum est per Hanni 
balem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar, no 

vem annos natum, aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in 
gog^' Romanos juraret. Hie annum agens vicesimum ae- 

tatis, Saguntum, 2 Hispaniae civitatem, Romanis ami- 
cam, oppugnare aggressus est. Huic Romani per legatos 
denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Qui quum legatos ad- 
mittere nollet, Romani Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretur 3 
Hannibal i, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. 
Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus reddita. Saguntinis in- 
terea fame victis, Romani Carthaginiensibus bellum indixe- 
runt. 

3. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyre 
naeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam octoginta millia 
peditum, et viginti millia equitum, septem et triginta ele- 
phantos adduxisse. Interea multi Ligures 4 et Galli Hanni- 
bali se conjunxerunt. Primus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Sci- 
pio, qui proelio ad Ticinum 5 commisso, superatus est, et, vul- 
nere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus 
conflixit ad Trebiam 6 amnem. Is quoque vincitur." Multi 
populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam 7 progres- 
sus Flaminium Cos. ad Trasimenum 8 lacum superat. Ipse 
Flaminius interemtus, Romanorum viginti quinque millia cae- 
sa sunt. 

4. Quingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post Urbem 
£ conditum L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varro 
contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Quamquam intellectum 
erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse, quam mora, 9 Varro 
tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, 
in Apulia 10 pugnavit ; ambo consules victi, Paulus interemtus 
est. In ea pugna consulares aut praetorii viginti, senatores 
triginta capti aut occisi, militum quadraginta millia, equitum 
tria millia et quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo 
tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod nun- 
quam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt. 

5. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Ro- 
manis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal 
Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent; responsumque est 
a senatu, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui armati 11 capi po- 
tuissent. Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, 
et tres modios aureorum annulorum 12 Carthaginem misit, quos 
manibus equitum Romanorum, senatorum et militum detrax- 
erat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal, qui 



LIBER III. 49 

ibi remanserat cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipionibus 1 
vincitur, perditque in pugna triginta quinque millia hominum. 

6. Anno quarto post quam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, 
M. Claudius Marcellus Cos. apud Nolam,* civitatem Cam- 
paniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. Illo tempore 
Philippus, Demetrii filius, rex Macedoniae, ad Hannibalem 
legatos mittit, eique auxilia contra Romanos pollicetur. Qui 
legati quum a Romanis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevinus 
cum navibus missus est, qui regem impediret, quo minus co- 
pias in Italiam trajiceret. 3 Idem in Macedoniam penetrans 
regem Philippum vicit. 

7. In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Marcellus 
magnam hujus insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni 4 occupa- 
verantj Syracusas, 5 nobilissimam urbem, expugnavit, et in- 
gentem inde praedam Romam misit. Laevinus in Macedonia 
cum Philippo et multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit ; et in 
Siciliam profectus, Hannonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agri- 
gentum cepit ; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, vi- 
ginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta cum ingenti 
gloria Romam regressus est. 

8. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones 6 ab Hasdrubale 
interfecti erant, missus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Romanorum 
omnium fere primus. Hie puer duodeviginti annorum in pug- 
na ad Ticinum 7 patrem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post 
cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum juvenum, Italiam 
deserere cupientium, 8 auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. 
Viginti quatuor annorum juvenis in Hispaniam missus, die, qua 
venit, Carthaginem novam 9 cepit, in qua omne aurum et argen- 
tum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, nobilissimos quoque 
obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Hos obsides parentibus 
suis reddidit. Gtuare omnes Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno 
animo transierunt. 

9. Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum in dies laetiores fac- 
tae sunt. Hasdrubal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus, 
apud Senam, 10 Piceni 11 civitatem, in insidias incidit, et strenue 
pugnans occisus est. Plurimae autem civitates, quae in Brut- 
tiis ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis se tradiderunt. 

10. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Han- 
nibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus et in Africam mis- ^'Jf' 
sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginien- 
sium prospere pugnat totumque ejus exercitum delet. Se- 
cundo proelio undecim millia hominum occidit, et castra ce- 
pit cum quatuor millibus et quingentis militibus. Syphacem, 
Numidiae 13 regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit, 



50 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

eumque cum nobilissimis Numidis et infinitis spoliis Romam 
misit. Qua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem dese- 

rit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam redire jube- 
5^3 " tur. Ita anno decimo septimo Italia ab Hannibale li- 

berata est. 
11. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tenta- 
tam, pugna ad Zamam 1 committitur, in qua peritissimi duces 
copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit ; Han- 
nibale cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax 
cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam re- 
diisset, mgenti gloria triumphavit, atque Africanus appellatus 
est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum 
undevicesimum quam coeperat. 2 

LIBER QUARTUS. 

1. Finito Punico bello, secutum est Macedonicum 
556 contra Pbilippum 3 regem. Superatus est rex a T. 

Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas, 4 paxque ei da- 
ta est his legibus : ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Romani con- 
tra eum defenderant, bellum infer r et ; ut captivos et transfu- 
gas redder et ; quinquaginta solum naves haberet ; reliquas 
Romanis daret; mille talenta praestaret, et obsidem daret 
filium Demetrium. T. Q,uinctius etiam Lacedaemoniis intu- 
lit bellum, et ducem eorum Nabidem 5 vicit. 

2. Finito bello Macedonico, secutum est bellum Syria- 
5g3 cum 6 contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hannibal se 

junxerat. Missus est contra eum L. Cornelius Scipio 
Cos., cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus 7 est additus. 
Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magne- 
siam, 8 Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Scipione Cos. ingenti proe- 
lio fusus est. Turn rex Antiochus pacem petit. Data est 
ei hac lege, ut ex Europa et Asia 9 recederet, atque intra Tau- 
rum 10 se contineret, decern millia talentorum et viginti obsides 
praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio Ro- 
mam rediit et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse ad 
imitationem fratris Asiatic] accepit. 

3. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Perseus 
rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Romanorum, P. 
Licinius Cos. contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus 
est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Romani earn prae- 
stare noluerunt, nisi his condicionibus, ut se et suos Romanis 

dederet. Mox Aemilius Paulus Cos. regem ad Pyd- 
4^Y" nam 11 superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occi- 

dit. Equitatus cum rege fugit. Urbes Macedoniae 



LIBER IV. 51 

omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Ipse 
Perseus ab amicis desertus in Pauli potestatem venit. Hie, 
multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, cum ingenti pompa Romam 
rediit in nave Persei, inusitatae magnitudinis; namsexdecim 
remorum or dines 1 habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnifi- 
centissime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstan- 
tibus. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Per- 
seus ducti sunt. 

4. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem sus- 
ceptum est, sexcentesimo et altero anno ab Urbe condi- q™' 
ta, anno quinquagesimo primo, postquam secundum bel- 
lum Punicum transactum erat. L. Manlius Censorinus et M. 
Manlius Coss. in Africam trajecerunt et oppugnaverunt Car- 
thaginem. Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt per Scipionem, 
Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus 2 in Africa militabat. 
Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque 
quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam con- 
tra eum proelium committere. 

5. Quum jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, tertio anno 
postquam Romani in Africam trajecerant, consul est creatus 
et contra Carthaginem missus. Is hanc urbem, a civi- 

bus acerrime defensam, cepit ac diruit. Ingens ibi qqq ' 
praeda facta, plurimaque 3 inventa sunt, quae multarum 
civitatum Italiae, Siciliae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recog- 
noscebant. Ita Carthago, septingentesimo anno postquam 
condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani junioris ac- 
cepit. 

6. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus 4 arma 
movit, et P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad internecio- 
nem vicit. Post eum Q,. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanis 
contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et viginti quinque milli- 
bus ex militibus ejus occisis, Macedoniam recepit ; ipsum 
etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corin- 
thiis 5 quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae ci- 
vitati, propter injuriam 6 Romanis legatis illatam. Hanc 
Mummius consul cepit ac diruit. Tres igitur Romae gAo 
simul celeberrimi triumphi fuerunt : Scipionis ex Africa, 
ante cujus currum ductus est Hasdrubal; Metelli ex Macedo- 
nia, cujus currum praecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophilip- 
pus dicitur ; Mummii ex Corintho, ante quern signa aenea et 
pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae ornamenta praelata 
sunt. 

7. Anno sexcentesimo decimo post urbem conditam A. V. 
Viriathus in Lusitania 7 bellum contra Romanos exci-610. 



52 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

tavit. Pastor primo fuit, mox latronum dux ; postremo tan- 
tos ad bellum populos concitavit, ut vindex libertatis Hispa- 
niae existimaretur. Denique a suis interfectus est. Q,uum in- 
terfectores ejus praemium a Caepione Cos. peterent, respon- 
sum est, nunquam Romanis placuisse, imperatorem a militi- 
bus suis interfici. 

8. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantinis, 1 civitate 
Hispaniae. Victus ab his Q,u. Pompejus, et post eum C. 
Hostilius Mancinus Cos., qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem, 
quam populus et senatus jussit infringi, atque ipsum Manci- 
num hostibus tradi. 2 Turn P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam 
missus est. Is primum militem ignavum et corruptum cor- 

rexit : 3 turn multas Hispaniae civitates partim bello cepit, 
621 P artml m deditionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Numan- 
tiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit ; reli- 
quam provinciam in fidem accepit. 

9. P. Scipione Nasica et L. Calpurnio Bestia Coss. Ju- 
gurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Adher- 
balem et Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, patrueles suos, intere- 
misset. Missus adversus eum Cos. Calpurnius Bestia, cor- 
ruptus regis pecunia, pacem cum eo flagitiosissimam fecit, 
quae a senatu improbata est. Denique Q.u. CaeciKus Me- 
tellus Cos. Jugurtliam variis proeliis vicit, elephantos ejus 
occidit vel cepit, multas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. 

Ei successit C. Marius, qui bello terminum posuit, ip- 

648 sum 5 ue Jugurtham cepit. Ante currum triumphantis 

' Marii Jugurtha cum duobus flliis ductus est vinctus, 4 et 

mox jussu consulis in carcere strangulatus. 

LIBER QUINTUS. 

1. Dum bellum in Numidia contra Jugurtham geritur, 
Cimbri et Teutones 5 aliaeque Germanorum et Gallorum gen- 
tes Italiae minabantur, pluresque Romanorum exercitus fu- 
derunt. Ingens fuit Romae timor, ne iterum 6 Galli Urbem 
occuparent. Ergo Marius Cos. creatus, eique bellum contra 
Cimbros et Teutones 7 decretum est ; belloque protracto, 8 ter- 
tius ei et quartus consulatus delatus est. In duobus proeliis 
cum Cimbris ducenta millia hostium cecidit, octoginta millia 
cepit, eorumque regem Theutobochum ; propter quod meri- 
tum absens quinto consul creatus est. Interea Cimbri et 

Teutones, quorum copia adhuc infinita erat, in Italiam 
5g3 transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Q,u. Catulo contra 

eos dimicatum est ad Veronam. Centum et quadra- 



LIBER V. 53 

gmta millia aut in pugna aut in fuga caesa sunt ; sexaginta 
millia capta. Tria et triginta Cimbris signa sublata sunt. 

2. Sexcentesimo quinquagesimo nono anno ab Urbe 
condita in Italia gravissimum bellum 1 exarsit. Nam 4^' 
Picentes, Marsi Pelignique, qui multos annos populo 
Romano obedierant, aequa cum illis jura 2 sibi dari postulabant. 
Perniciosum admodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius Cos. in 
eo occisus est ; plures exercitus fusi fugatique. Tandem L. 
Cornelius Sulla cum alia egregie gessit, turn Cluentium, hos- 
tium ducem, cum magnis copiis fudit. Per quadriennium cum 
gravi utriusque partis calamitate hoc bellum tractum est. 
Gluinto demum anno L. Cornelius Sulla ei imposuit finem. 
Romani tamen, id quod prius negaverant, jus civitatis, 3 bello 
finito sociis tribuerunt. 

3. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto pri- 
mum Romae bellum civile exortum est; eodem anno 
etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius ggg 
dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mithridatem, 
regem Ponti, 4 decretum esset, Marius ei hunc honorem eripere 
conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui ad hue cum legionibus suis in Ita- 
lia morabatur, cum exercitu Romam venit, et adversarios cum 
interfecit, turn fugavit. Turn rebus Romae utcunque compo- 
sitis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mithridatem 
coegit, ut pacem a Romanis peteret, et Asia, quam invaserat, 
relicta, regni suis finibus contentus esset. 

4. Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, 
Marius, qui fugatus fuerat, 5 et Cornelius Cinna, unus ex con- 
sulibus, bellum in Italia repararunt ; et ingressi Romam, no- 
bilissimos ex senatu, et consulares viros interficerunt ; multos 
proscripserunt ; 6 ipsius Sullae domo eversa, filios et uxorem ad 
fugam compulerunt. Universus reliquus senatus, ex Urbe 
fugiens, ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans, ut patriae sub- 
veniret. Sulla in Italiam trajecit, hostium exercitus vicit, mox 
etiam Urbem ingressus est, quam caede et sanguine civium 
replevit. Quatuor millia inermium, qui se dediderant, interfici 
jussit ; duo millia equitum et senatorum proscripsit. Turn de 
Mithridate triumphavit. Duo haec bella funestissima, Itali- 
cum, quod et Sociale 7 dictum est, et Civile, consumserunt ultra 
centum et quinquaginta millia hominum, viros consulares vi- 
ginti quatuor, praetorios septem, aedilitios sexaginta, senatores 
fere ducentos. 



PART I. 



54 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 



LIBER SEXTUS. 



1. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo septuagesimo 
^* J* sexto, L. Licinio Lucullo et M. Aureiio Cotta Coss. mor- 

tuus est Nicomedes, rex Bithyniae, et testamento popu- 
lum Romanum fecit heredem. Mithridates, pace rupta, Asiam 
rursus voluit invadere. Adversus eum ambo consules missi 
variam habuere fortunam. Cotta apud Chalcedonem 1 victus 
proeiio, a rege etiam intra oppidum obsessus est. Sed quum 
se inde Mithridates Cyzicum' 2 transtulisset, ut hac urbe capta 
totam Asiam invaderet, Lucullus ei alter consul occurrit, ac 
dum Mithridates in obsidione Cyzici commoratur, ipse eum a 
tergo obsedit, fameque consumtum multis proeliis vicit. Pos- 
tremo Byzantium 3 fugavit ; navali quoque proeiio ejus duces 
oppressit. Ita una hieme et aestate a Lucullo centum fere 
millia militum regis exstincta sunt. 

2. Anno Urbis sexcentesimo septuagesimo octavo 
p'Y* novum in Italia bellum 4 commotum est. Septuaginta 

enim quatuor gladiatores, 5 ducibus Spartaco, Crixo et 
Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuae erat, efTiigerunt, et 
per Italiam vagantes paene non levius bellum, quam Hanni- 
bal, moverunt. Nam contraxerunt exercitum fere sexaginta 
millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanos con- 
sules vicerunt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso 
proconsule, et post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno huic 
bello finis est impositus. 

3. Interim L. Lucullus bellum Mithridaticum persequu- 
tus, regnum Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Ca- 
blra 6 civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex omni regno adduxe- 
rat Mithridates, ingenti proeiio superatum fugavit, et castra 
ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque minor, quam tenebat, eidem 
erepta est. Susceptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Armeniae 
rege, qui turn ingenti gloria imperabat; sed hujus quoque 
regnum Lucullus est ingressus ; Tigranocerta nobilissimam 
Armeniae civitatem, cepit ; ipsum regem, cum magno exer- 
citu venientem, ita vicit, ut robur militum Armeniorum deleret 
Sed quum Lucullus finem bello imponere pararet, successor 7 
ei missus est. 

4. Per ilia tempora piratae 8 omnia maria infestabant ita, 
ut Romanis, toto orbe terrarum victoribus, sola navigatio tuta 

non esset. Q,uare id bellum Cn. Pompejo decretum 

gQ^* est, quod intra paucos menses incredibili felicitate et 

celeritat' 3 confecit. Mox ei delatum bellum contra re- 



LIBER VI. 55 

gem Mithridatem et Tigranem. Quo suscepto, Mithridatem 
in Armenia minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, et 
quadraginta millibus ejus occisis, viginti tantum de exercitu 
suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit cum ux- 
ore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Pharnacis filii sui 
seditione coactus, venenum hausit. 1 Hunc vitae finem habuit 
Mithridates, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Regnavit 
annis sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus ; contra Romanos 
bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 

5. Tigrani deinde Pompejus belium intulit. Ille se ei de- 
didit, et in castra Pompeji venit, ac diadema suum in ejus ma- 
nibus collocavit, quod ei Pompejus reposuit. Parte regni 
eum multavit et grandi pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et 
populos superavit. Armeniam minorem Dejotaro, Galatiae 5 
regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. Se- 

euciam, vicinam Antiochiae civitatem, libertate donavit, 
quod regem Tigranem non recepisset. 3 Inde in Judaeam 4 
transgressus, Hierosolymam, caput gentis, tertio mense ce- 
pit, duodecim millibus Judaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidem re- 
ceptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante 
triumphantis currum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, Alius Tigra- 
nis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Praelata ingens pecunia, 
auri atque argenti infinitum. 5 Hoc tempore nullum per or- 
bem terrarum grave bellum erat. 

6. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio Coss. 
anno ab Urbe condita sexcentesimo undenonagesimo, 4Aq ' 
L. Sergius Catilina, 6 nobilissimi generis vir, sed inge- 

nii pravissimi, ad delendam patriam conjuravit cum quibus- 
dam, claris quidem, sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe 
expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in carcere strangulati 
sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catilina ipse proelio vic- 
tus est et interfectus. 

7. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo 
tertio C. Julius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul est factus. qq% 
Quum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vincendo usque 

ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit autem annis 
novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flumen Rho- 
danum, Rhenum et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum in- 
tulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cogni- 
tum erat : Germanos quoque trans Rhenum aggressus, ingen- 
tibus proeliis vicit. 

8. Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus contra Par- 
thos 7 missus est. Et quum circa Carras s contra omi- 

na et auspicia 9 proelium commisisset, a Surena, Oro- ^ " 
dis regis duce, victus et interfectus est cum filio, claris- 



56 ROMAN HISTORY. 

simo et praestantissimo juvene. Reliquiae exercitus per C. 
Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt. 

9. Hinc jam bellum civile suecessit, quo Romani 
^t* Y* nominis 1 fortuna mutata est. Caesar enim victor e 
Gallia rediens, absens 2 coepit poscere alterum consu- 
latum; quern quum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent, contra- 
dictum est a Pompejo et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exerciti- 
bus, in urbem redire. Propter hanc injuriam ab Arimino, 3 
ubi milites congregates habebat infesto exercitu Romam con 
tendit. Consules cum Pompejo, senatusque omnis atque uni- 
versa nobilitas ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit ; et, dum 
senatus bellum contra Caesarem parabat, hie, vacuam urbem 
ingressus, dictatorem 4 se fecit. 

10. Inde Hispanias 5 petit, ibique Pompeji legiones supe- 
ravit ; turn in Graecia adversum Pompejum ipsum dimicavit. 
Primo proelio 6 victus est et fugatus ; evasit tamen, quia nocte 
interveniente Pompejus sequi noluit; dixitque Caesar, nee 
Pompejum scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse supe- 
rari. Deinde in Thessalia apud Pharsalum 7 ingentibus utrin- 
que copiis commissis dimicaverunt. Nunquam adhuc Roma- 
nae copiae majores, neque melioribus ducibus convenerant. 
Pugnatum est ingenti contentione, vict usque ad postremum 
Pompejus, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexan- 
driam 8 petiit, ut a rege Aegypti, 9 cui tutor a senatu datus 
fuerat, acciperet auxilia. At hie fortunam magis, quam ami- 
citiam, secutus, occldit Pompejum, caput ejus et annulum 
Caesari misit. Quo conspecto, Caesar lacrymas fudisse dici- 
tur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi 10 quondam sui. 

11. Quum ad Alexandriam venisset Caesar, Ptolemaeusei 
insidias parare voluit ; qua de causa regi bellum illatum est. 
Rex victus in Nilo periit, inventumque est corpus ejus cum 
lorica aurea. Caesar Alexandria potitus, regnum Cleopa- 
trae 11 dedit. Turn inde profectus Pompejanarum partium re- 
liquias est persequutus, bellisque civilibus toto terrarum orbe 
compositis, Romam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius 12 agere coe- 
pisset, conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senato- 
ribus, equitibusque Romanis. Praecipui fuerunt inter con- 
juratos Bruti duo, 13 ex genere illius Bruti, qui, regibus expul- 

sis, primus Romae consul fuerat, C. Cassius et Servilius 
"~09 Casca. Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venisset, viginti 
tribus vulneribus confossus est. 

12. Interfecto Caesare, anno Urbis septingentesimo nono, 
bella civilia reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Caesaris pereus- 
soribus, Antonius Cos. Caesaris partibus stabat. Ergo 
turbata republica, Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis, a se- 



LIBER VI. 57 

natu liostis judicatus est. Fusus 1 fugatusque Antonius, amis- 
so exercitu, confugit ad Lepidum,* qui Caesari magister 
equitum fuerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat; a 
quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus 3 cum Antonio pacem 
fecit, et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per tes- 
tament urn fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus 
extorsit, ut sibi juveni viginti annorum consulatus daretur. 
Turn junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rempublicam armis te- 
nere coepit, senatumque proscripsit. 4 Per hos etiam Cicero 
orator occisus est multique alii nobiles. 

13. Interea Brutus et Cassius, 5 interfectores Caesaris, in- 
gens bellum moverunt. Profecti contra eos Caesar Octa- 
vianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. An- 
tonius, apud Philippos, 6 Macedoniae urbem, contra ^J*' 
eos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et 
Caesar ; periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius ; secundo Bru- 
tum et infinitam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum suscepe- 
rat, victam interfecerunt. Turn victores rempublicam ita in- 
ter se diviserunt, ut Octavianus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias, 7 
Italiam teneret; Antonius Orientem, Lepidus 8 Africam ac- 
ciperet. 

14. Paulo post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Octa- 
viani, Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac 
incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopatra cupiditate 
muliebri optat Romae regnare. Victus est ab Augusto 9 na- 
vali pugna clara et illustri apud Actium, 10 qui locus in 
Epiro est. Hinc fugit in Aegyptum, et desperatis re- -^J- 
bus, quum omnes ad Augustum transirent, se ipse inter- 
emit. Cleopatra quoque aspidem 11 sibi admisit, et veneno 
ejus exstincta est. Ita bellis toto orbe confectis, Octavianus 
Augustus Romam rediit anno duodecimo quam consul fuerat. 
Ex eo inde tempore rempublicam per quadraginta et quatuor 
armos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum An- 
tonio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio principatus ejus us- 
que ad finem quinquaginta sex anni fuere. 

f2 



VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE NATIONS 
OF ANTIQUITY. 



1. Uni versus terrarum orbis in tres partes dividitur, Eu 
ropam, Asiam, Africam. Europa ab Africa sejungitur freto 
Gaditano, 1 in cujus utraque parte montes sunt altissimi, 
Abyla in Africa, in Europa Calpe, qui montes 2 Herculis co- 
lumnar 3 appellantur. Per idem fretum mare internum, quod 
littoribus Europae, Asiae et Africae includitur, jungitur cum 
Oceano. 

2. Europa terminos habet ab oriente Tan aim 4 fluvium, 
Pontum Euxinum 5 et paludem Maeotida ; 6 a meridie, mare 
internum: ab occidente, mare Atlanticum sive Oceanum; a 
septentrione, mare Britannicum. 7 Mare internum tres max- 
imos sinus habet. Quorum is, qui Asiam a Graecia sejungit 
Aegaeum 8 mare vocatur: secundus, qui est inter Graeciam 
et Italiam, Ionium; tertius denique, qui occidentales Italiae 
oras alluit, a Romanis Tuscum, a Graecis Tyrrhenum 9 mare 
appellatur. 

3. In ea Europae parte, quae ad occasum vergit, prima 
terrarum est Hispania, quae a tribus lateribus mari circum- 
data, per Pyrenaeos montes cum Gallia cohaeret. Quum 
universa Hispania dives sit et fecunda, ea tamen regio, quae 
a flumine Baeti 10 Baetica vocatur, ceteras fertilitate ante- 
cellit. Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita, 11 
quae freto Gaditano nomen dedit. Tota ilia regio viris, equis, 
ferro, plumbo, aere, argento, auroque abundat, et ubi penu- 
ra aquarum minus est fertilis, linum tamen aut spartum alit. 
Marmoris quoque lapicidlnas habet. In Baetica minium re- 
peritur. 

4. Gallia posita est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rhenum ; 
orientalem oram Tuscum mare alluit, occidentalem Ocea- 
nus. Ejus pars ilia, quae Italiae est opposita et Narbonen- 
sis, 12 vocatur, omnium est laetissima. In ea ora sita est Mas- 
silia 13 urbs a Phocaeis condita, qui, patria a Per sis devicta, 
quum servitutem ferre non possent, Asia relicta, novas in 
Europa sedes quaesiverant. Ibidem est campus lapideus, ubi 
Hercules dicitur contra Neptuni liberos dimicasse. 14 Quum 
tela defecissent, Jupiter fllium imbre lapidum adjuvit. Credas 
pluisse j 15 adeo multi passim jacent. 



OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 59 

5. Rhodanus fluvius, 1 haud longe a Rheni fontibus ortus, 
lacu Lemano 2 excipitur, servatque impetum, ita ut per me- 
dium lacum integer fluat, tantusque, quantus venit, egredia- 
tur. Inde ad occasum versus, Gallias aliquamdiu dirimit : 3 
donee, cursu in meridiem fiexo, aliorum amnium accessu auc- 
tusin mareeffunditur. 

6. Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rhenum porrigitur, 4 frumen- 
ti pabulique feracissima est, coelum salubre: noxia anima- 
lium genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et superstitiosi, ita 
ut deos humanis victimis gaudere existiment. Magistri 
religionum et sapientiae sunt Druidae, 5 qui, quae se scire pro- 
fitentur, 6 in antris abditisque silvis doeent. Animas aeternas 
esse credunt, vitamque alteram post mortem incipere. Hanc 
ob causam cum defunctis arma cremant aut defodiunt, eamque 
doctrinam homines ad bellum alacriores facere existimant. 

7. Universa Gallia divisa est inter tres magnos populos qui 
fluviis terminantur. A Pyrenaeo monte usque ad Garumnam 7 
Aquitani 8 habitant ; inde ad Sequanam 9 Celtae : 10 Belgae 11 
denique usque ad Rhenum pertinent. 12 

8. Garumna amnis ex Pyrenaeo monte delapsus, diu vado- 
sus est et vix navigabilis. Q,uanto magis procedit, tanto fit latior ; 
ad postremum magni freti similis, non solum majora navigia 
tolerat, verum etiam more maris exsurgit, navigantesque atro- 
citer jactat. 

9. Sequana ex Alpibus ortus in septentrionem pergit. Post- 
quam se haud procul Lutetia 13 cum Matrona conjunxit, Oceano 
infunditur. Haec flumina opportunissima sunt mercibus per- 
mutandis et ex mari interno in Oceanum transvehendis. 

1 0. Rhenus itldem ex Alpibus ortus, haud procul ab origine 
lacum efficit Yen etum 14 qui etiam Brigantiae appellatur. De- 
inde longo spatio per fines Helvetiorum, Mediomatricorum 15 et 
Trevirorum 16 continuo alveo fertur,aut modicas insulas circum- 
fluens ; in agro Batavo autem, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in 
plures amnes dividitur ; nee jam amnis, sed ripis longe receden- 
tibus, ingens lacus, Flevo 17 appellatur, ejusdemquenominis insu- 
lam amplexus, fit iterum arctior, et fluvius iterum 13 in mare 
emittitur. 

1 1. Trans Rhenum Germani habitant usque ad Vistulam 19 
quae finis est Germaniae ad orientem. Ad meridiem termina- 
tur Alpibus, ad septentrionem mari Britannico et Baltico. In- 
colae corporum proceritate excellunt, animos bellando, corpora 
labor ibus exercent. Hanc ob causam crebro bella gerunt cum 
finitimis, non tarn finium prolatandorum causa, aut imperii cu- 
piditate, sed ob belli amorem. Mites tamen sunt erga suppli- 
ces et boni hospitibus. 90 Urbes moenibus cinctas, aut fossis ag- 



60 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

geribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas domos ad breve tempus 
struunt, non lapidibus aut lateribus coctis, sed lignis, quae fron- 
dibus tegunt. Nam diu eodem in loco morari periculosum ar- 
bitrantur libertati. 

12. Agriculturae Germani non admodum student, nee quis- 
quam agri modum certum aut fines proprios habet. Lacte 
vescuntur et caseo et carne. Ubi fons, campus nemusve iis 
placuerit, ibi domos figunt, mox alio transituri 1 cum conjugibus 
et liberis. Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis specubus 
dicuntur transigere. 

13. Germania altis montibus, silvis paludibusque invia red- 
ditur. Inter silvas maxima est Hercynia, 2 cujus latitudinem 
Caesar novem dierum iter patere narrat. 3 Insequenti tempore 
magna pars ejus excisa est. Flumina sunt in Germania multa 
et magna. Inter haec clarissimum nomen Rheni, de quo su- 
pra diximus, et Danubii. 4 Clari quoque amnes, Moenus, 5 Vi- 
surgis, 6 Albis. 7 Danubius, omnium Europae fluviorum maxi- 
mus, apud Rhaetos 8 oritur, flexoque ad ortum solis cursu, re- 
ceptisque sexaginta amnibus, in Pontum Euxinum sex vastis 
ostiis effunditur. 

14. Britanniam insulam Phoenicibus innotuisse, eosque 
stannum inde et plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabile est. 
Romanis earn Julius Caesar primus aperuit ; 9 neque tamen 
prius cognita esse coepit, quam Claudio imperante. 10 Hadri- 
anus earn, muro 11 ab Oceano Germanico ad Hibernicum 
mare ducto, in duas partes divisit, ut inferiorem insulae par- 
tem, quae Romanis parebat, a barbarorum populorum, qui in 
Scotia habitabant, incursionibus tueretur. 

15. Maxima insulae pars campestris, collibus, passim silvis- 
que distincta. Incolae Gallos proceritate corporum vincunt, 
ceterum ingenio Gallis similes, simpliciores tamen illis magis- 
que barbari. Nemora habitant pro urbibus. Ibi tuguria ex- 
struunt et stabula pecori, sed plerumque ad breve tempus. 
Humanitate ceteris praestant ii, qui Cantium 12 incolunt. Tota 
haec regio est maritima. Q,ui interiorem insulae partem ha- 
bitant, frumenta non serunt ; lacte et carne vivunt. Pro ves- 
tibus induti sunt pellibus. 

1 6. Italia ab Alpibus usque ad fretum Siculum porrigitur in- 
ter mare Tuscum et Adriaticum. Multo longior est quam 
latior. 13 In medio se attollit Apenninus mons, qui, postquam 
continenti jugo progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in duos quasi 
ramos 14 dividitur. Nobilissima regio ob fertilitatem soli, coelique 
salubritatem. Quum longe in mare procurrat, plurimos habet 
portus, populorum inter se patentes commercio. Neque ulla 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 61 

facile est regio, quae tot tamque pulcras urbes habeat, inter 
quas Roma et magnitudine et nominis fama emmet. 

17. Haec urbs, orbis terrarum caput, septem montes com- 
plectitur. Initio quatuor portas habebat ; Augusti aevo trigin- 
ta septem. Urbis magnificentiam augebant fora, templa, por- 
ticus, aquaeductus, theatra, arcus triumphales, horti denique, et 
id genus 1 alia, ad quae vel lecta 2 animus stupet. Q,uare recte 
de ea praedicare videntur, qui nullius urbis in toto orbe terra- 
rum magnificentiam ei comparari posse dixerunt. 

18. Felicissima in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi viti- 
feri colles, ubi nobilissima vina gignuntur, Setinum, Caecubum, 
Falernum, Massicum. Calidi ibidem fontes saluberrimi. 3 
Nusquam generosior olea. Conchylio quoque et pisce nobili 
maria vicina scatent. 

19. Clarissimi amnes Italiae sunt Padus 4 et Tiberis. Et 
Padus quidem in superiore parte, quae Gallia Cisalpina 5 voca- 
tur, ab imis radicibus Vesuli 8 montis exoritur ; primum exilis, 
deinde aliis amnibus ita alitur, ut se per septem ostia in mare 
efTundat. Tiberis, qui antiquissimis temporibus Albulae nomen 
habebat, ex Apennino oritur; deinde duobus et quadraginta 
fluminibus auctus, fit navigabilis. Plurimas in utraque ripa 
villas adspicit, praecipue autem urbis Romanae magnificen- 
tiam. 7 Placidissimus amnium raro ripas egreditur. 

20. In inferiore parte Italiae clara quondam urbs Taren- 
tum, 8 quae maris sinui, cui adjacet, nomen dedit Soli fertili- 
tas coelique jucunda temperies in causa fuisse videtur, ut inco- 
lae luxuria et deliciis enervarentur. Q,uumque aliquamdiu po- 
tentia florerent copiasque haud contemnendas alerent, peregrinis 
tamen plerumque ducibus in bellis utebantur, ut Pyrrho, rege 
Epiri, quo superato, 9 urbs in Romanorum potestatem venit. 

21. Proxima Italiae est Sicilia, insula omnium maris interni 
maxima. Antiquissimis temporibus earn cum Italiae c ohaesisse, 
marisque impetu, aut terrae motu inde divulsam esse, verisimile 
est. Forma triangularis, ita ut litterae, quam Graeci AcXra 
vocant, imaginem referat. A tribus promontoriis vocatur Tri- 
nacria. 10 Nobilissimus ibi mons Aetnae, qui urbi Catanae im- 
minet, turn ob altitudinem, turn etiam ob ignes, quos efFundit; 
quare Cyclopum 11 in illo monte officinam esse poetae dicunt. 
Cineres e crateribus egesti [i agrum circumjacentem fecundum 
et feracem reddere existimantur. Sunt ibi Piorum campi, qui 
nomen habent a duobus juvenibus Catanensibus, qui, flammis 
quondam repente ingruentibus, parentes senectute confectos, 
humeris sublatos 13 flammae eripuisse feruntur. Nomina fra- 
trum Amphinomus et Anapus fuerunt. 

22. Inter urbes Siciliae nulla est illustrior Syracusis, Corin- 



62 Vl. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

thiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Atheniensi 
bus bello petita, 1 maximas hostium copias delevit : Carthagi- 
niensus etiam magnis interdum cladibus affecit. Secundo 
bello Punico 2 per triennium oppugnata, Archimedis 3 potissi- 
mum ingenio et arte defensa, a M. Marcello capta est. Vici- 
nus huic urbi fons Arethusae Nymphae sacer, ad quam Alphe* 
us amnis ex Pelopormeso per mare Ionium lapsus comissari 
dicitur ; nam si quid ad Olympiam 4 in ilium amnem jactum 
fuerit, id in Arethusae fonte reddi. 5 De ilia fabula quid sta- 
tuendum sit, sponte apparet. 

23. In mari Ligustico insula est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyr- 
num vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis invia, coelum 
grave, mare circa importunum. Incolae latrociniis dediti, feri 
sunt et horridi . Mella quoque illius insulae amara esse dicun- 
tur corporibusque nocere. Proxima ei est Sardinia, quae a 
Graecis mercatoribus Ichnusa vocatur, quia formam humani 
vestigii 6 habet. Solum quam coelum melius. Illud fertile, 
hoc grave ac noxium. Noxia quoque animalia herbasque ve- 
nenatas gignit. Multum inde frumenti Romam mittitur; unde 
haec insula et Sicilia nutrices Urbis vocantur. 

24. Graecia nominis celebritate omnes fere alias orbis terra- 
rum regiones superavit. Nulla enim magnorum ingeniorum 
fuit feracior ; neque ulla belli pacisque artes majore studio ex- 
coluit. Plurimas eadem colonias in omnes terrae partes de- 
duxit. Multum itaque terra marique valuit, et gravissima 
bella magna cum gloria gessit. 

25. Graecia inter Ionium et Aegaeum mare porrigitur. 
In plurimas regiones divisa est, quarum amplissimae sunt 
Macedonia et Epirus 7 — quamquam hae a nonnulis a Grae- 
cia sejunguntur 8 — turn Thessalia. Macedoniam Philippi et 
Alexandri regnum illustravit ; quorum ille Graeciam subegit, 
hie Asiam latissime domuit, ereptumque Persis imperium in 
Macedones transtulit. 9 Centum ejus regiones et qninquagin- 
ta urbes numerantur ; quarum septuaginta duas, Perseo, ulti- 
mo Macedoniae rege, superato 10 Paulus Aemilius diripuit. 

26. Epirus, quae ab Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, 11 desinit 
in Acheloo flumine. Plures earn populi incolunt. Illustris 
ibi Dodona in Molossorum flnibus vetustissimo Jovis oraculo 
inclyta. Columbae ibi ex arbor ibus oracula dedisse narran- 
tur : quercusque ipsas et lebetes aeneos inde suspensos deorum 
voluntatem tinnitu significasse 12 fama est. 

27. Acheloi fluvii ostiis insulae aliquot objacent, quarum 
maxima est Cephallenia. 13 Multae praeterea insulae littori 
Epiri adjacent, interque eas Corcyra, 14 quam Homerus Sche- 
riam appellasse existimatur. In hac Phaeacas posuit ille et 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 63 

hortos Alcinoi. Coloniam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo tem- 
pore 1 Numa Pompilius' 2 Romae regnavit. Vicina ei Ithaca, 3 
Ulyssis patria, aspera montibus, sed Homeri carminibus adeo 
nobilitata, ut ne fertilissimis quidem regionibus cedat. 

28. Thessalia late patet inter Macedonian! et Epirum, fe- 
cunda regio, generosis praecipue equis excellens, unde Thes- 
salorum equitatus celeberrimus. Montes ibi memorabiles 
Olympus, in quo deorum sedes esse existimatur, Pel ion et 
Ossa, per quos 4 Gigantes coelum petivisse dicuntur; Oeta 
denique, in cujus vertice Hercules, rogo conscenso, se ipsum 
cremavit. Inter Ossam et Olympum Peneus, 5 limpidissimus 
amnis, delabitur, vallem amoenissimam, Tempe 6 vocatam 
irrigans. 

29. Inter reliquas Graeciae regiones nominis claritate 
eminet Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athenae, 7 de 
qua urbe deos 8 inter se certasse fama est. Certius est, nul- 
lam unquam urbem tot poetas tulisse, tot oratores, tot philoso- 
phos, totque in omni virtutis genere claros viros. Res autem 
bello eas 9 gessit, ut huic soli gloriae studere videretur ; pacis- 
que artes ita excoluit, ut hac laude magis etiam quam belli 
gloria splenderet. Arx ibi sive Acropolis, urbi imminens, 
unde latus in mare prospectus patet. Per propylaea 10 ad earn 
adscenditur, splendidum Periclis opus. Cum ipsa urbe per 
longos muros 11 conjunctus est portus Piraeeus, post bellum 
Persicum secundum a Themistocle munitus. Tutissima ibi 
statio navium. 

30. Atticam attingit Boeotia, fertilissima regio. Incolae 
magis corporibus valent, quam ingeniis. Urbs celeberrima 
Thebae, quas Amphion, musices ope, 12 moenibus cinxisse di- 
citur. Illustravit earn Pindari poetae ingenium, Epaminon- 
dae virtus. 13 Mons ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithaeron, 
plurimis poetarum fabulis celebratus. 

31. Boeotiae Phocis fmitima, ubi Delphi urbs clarissima. 
In qua urbe oraculum Apollinis quantam apud omnes gentes 
auctoritatem habuerit, quot quamque praeclara munera ex 
omni fere terrarum orbe Delphos missa fuerint, nemo ignorat. 14 
Imminet urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus verticibus Musae habi- 
tare dicuntur, unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum ingenia in- 
flammare existimatur. 

32. Cum ea parte Graeciae, quam hactenus descripsimus, 
cohaeret ingens peninsula, quae Peloponnesus 15 vocatur, pla- 
tani folio simillima. Augustus ille trames inter Aegaeum 
mare et Ionium, per quern cum Megaride cohaeret, Isthmus 16 
appellatur. In eo templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi cele- 
brantur Isthmici. 17 Ibidem in ipso Peloponnesi aditu, Corin- 



64 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

thus sita est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa arce (Aero 
eorinthon appellant) utrumque mare conspicitur. Gluum opi 
bus floreret, maritimisque valeret copiis, gravia bella gessit. 
In bello Achaico, 1 quod Romani cum Graecis gesserunt, pul- 
cherrima urbs, quam Cicero Graeciae lumen appellat, a L. 
Mummio expugnata funditusque deleta est. Restituit earn 
Julius Caesar, colonosque eo milites veteranos misit. 

33. Nobilis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia, templo Jovis 
Olympii ac statua illustris. Statua ex ebore facta, Phidiae 
summi artificis opus praestantissimum. Prope illud templum 
ad Alphei fluminis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad quos 
videndos ex tota Graecia concurritur. Ab bis ludis Graeca 
gens res gestas suas numerat. 2 

34. Nee Sparta praetereunda est, urbs nobilissima, quam 
Lycurgi leges, 3 civiumque virtus et patientia illustravit. Nulla 
fere gens bellica laude magis floruit, pluresque viros fortes con- 
stantesque genuit. Urbi imminet mons Taygetus, 4 qui usque 
ad Arcadiam procurrit. Proxime urbem Eurotas fluvius dela- 
bitur, ad cujus ripas Spartan i se exercere solebant. In Sinum 
Laconicum efFunditur. Haud procul inde abest promontorium 
Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, per quos Orpheum 5 ad inferos 
descendisse narrant. 

35. Mare Aegaeum, inter Graeciam Asiamque patens, 
plurimis insulis distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cy- 
clases, 6 sic appellatae, quia in orbem jacent. Media earum 
est Del us, 7 quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea 
insula Latona Apollinem et Dianam peperit, quae numina ibi 
una cum matre summa religione coluntur. Urbi imminet 
Cynthus, mons excelsus et arduus. Inopus amnis pariter 
cum Nilo decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo 
celeberrimus, quod ob portus commoditatem templique religi- 
onem mercatores ex toto orbe terrarum eo confluebant. Ean- 
dem ob causam civitates Graeciae, post secundum Persicum 
bellum, tributa ad belli usum in earn insulam, tamquam in com- 
mune totius Graeciae aerarium, conferebant ; quam pecuniam 
insequenti tempore Athenienses in suam urbem transtulerunt. 8 

36. Euboea 9 insula littori Boeotiae et Atticae praetendi- 
tur, angusto freto a continenti distans. Terrae motu a Boe- 
otia avulsa esse creditur : saepius earn concussam esse constat. 
Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vocatur Euripus, saevum et 
aestuosum mare, quod continuo motu agitatur. Nonnulli 
dicunt, septies quovis die, statis temporibus, fluctus alterno 
motu agitari : alii hoc negant, dicentes, mare temere, 10 in venti 
modum, hue illuc moveri. Sunt, qui narrent, Aristotelem phi- 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 05 

losophum, quia hujus miraculi causas investigare non posset, 
aegritudine confectum esse. 

37. Jam ad boreales regiones pergamus. Supra Macedo- 
niam Thracia porrigitur a Ponto Euxino usque ad Illyriam. 
Regio frigida et in iis tantum partibus fecundior, quae propio- 
res sunt mari. Pomiferae arbores rarae ; frequentiores vites ; 
sed uvae non maturescunt, nisi frigus studiose arcetur. Sola 
Thasus, insula littori Thraciae adjacens, vino excellit. Amnes 
sunt celeberrimi Hebrus, ad quern Orpheus a Maenadibus dis- 
cerptus esse dicitur ; Nestus et Strymon. Montes altissimi, 
Haemus, ex cujus vertice Pontus et Adria conspicitur ; Rho- 
dope et Orbelus. 

38. Plures Thraciam gentes incolunt, et nominibus diversae 
et moribus. Inter has Getae omnium sunt ferocissimi et ad 
mortem paratissimi. Animas enim post mortem reditu ras exis- 
timant. Recens nati apud eos deflentur ; funera autem cantu 
lusuque celebrantur. Plures singuli uxores habent. 1 Hae 
omnes, viro defuncto, mactari simulque cum eo sepeliri cupiunt, 
magnoque id certamine a judicibus 2 contendunt. Virgines non 
a parentibus traduntur viris, sed aut publice ducendae 3 locan- 
tur, aut veneunt. Formosae in pretio sunt ; ceterae maritos 
mercede data inveniunt. 4 

39. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium, 5 ad 
Bosporum Thracium, 6 urbs natura munita et arte, quae cum 
ob soli fertilitatem, turn ob vicinitatem maris omnium rerum, 
quas vita requirit, copia abundat. Nee Sestos praetereunda 
est silentio, urbs ad Hellespontum 7 posita, quam amor Herus 
et Leandri 8 memorabilem reddidit; nee Cynossema, 9 tumu- 
lus Hecubae, 10 ubi ilia, post Trojam dirutam, in canem mu- 
tata et sepulta esse dicitur. Nomen etiam habet in iisdem 
regionibus urbs Aenos, ab Aenea, 11 e patria profugo, condita; 
Zone, ubi nemora Orpheum canentem secuta esse narrantur; 
Abdera denique, ubi Diomedes rex advenas equis suis devoran- 
dos 12 objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hercule iisdem objectus est. 
Quae urbs quum ranarum muriumque multitudine infestare- 
tur, incolae, relicto patriae solo, novas sedes quaesiverunt. 
Hos Cassander, 13 rex Macedoniae, in societatem accepisse, 
agrosque in extrema Macedonia 14 assignasse 15 dicitur. 

40. Jam de Scythis pauca dicenda sunt. Terminatur Scy- 
thia 16 ab uno latere Ponto Euxino, ab altero montibus Rhipae- 
is, a tergo, Asia et Phaside flumine. Vasta regio nullis fere 
intus finibus dividitur. Scythae enim nee agrum exercent, nee 
certas sedes habent, sed armenta et pecora pascentes, per in- 
cultas solitudines errare solent. Uxores liberosque secum in 
plaustris vehunt. Lacte et melle vescuntur ; auruin et ar gen- 

PART L O 



66 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

turn, cujus nullus apud eos usus est, aspernantur. Corpora 
pellibus vestiunt. 

41. Diversae sunt Scytharum gentes diversique mores. 
Sunt, qui funera parentum festis sacrifices celebrent, eorumque 
capitibus affabre expolitis auroque vinctis pro poculis utantur. 
Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt, idque tanto magis, quanto 
quis illustrioribus gaudet majoribus. 1 Ii, qui Tauricam Cher- 
sonesum 2 incolunt, antiquissimis temporibus advenas Dianae 
mactabant. Interius habitantes ceteris rudiores sunt. Bella 
amant, et quo quis plures hostes inter emer it, eo majore existi- 
matione apud suos habetur. Ne foedera quidem incruenta 
sunt. Sauciant se qui paciscuntur, sanguinemque permistum 
degustant. Id fidei pignus certissimum esse putant. 

42. Maxima numinum Scythicorum sunt Ister, qui et Da- 
nubius vocatur, et Borysthenes. 3 De Istro supra dictum est. 
Borysthenes, ex ignotis fontibus ortus, liquidissimas aquas trahit 
et potatu jucundas. Placidus idem laetissima pabula alit. 
Magno spatio navigabilis juxta urbem Borysthenida in Pon- 
tum effunditur. 

43. Ultra Rhipaeos montes et Aquilonem gens habitare 
existimatur felicissima ; Hyperboreos 4 appellant. Regio apn- 
ea, felix coeli temperies omnique afnatu noxio carens. Semel 
in anno sol iis oritur solstitio, bruma semel occidit. 5 Incolae 
in nemoribus et lucis habitant ; sine omni 6 discordia et aegri- 
tudine vivunt. Q,uum vitae eos taedet, 7 epulis sumtis ex rupe 
se in mare praeci pitant. Hoc enim sepulturae genus beatis- 
simum esse existimant. 

44. Asia ceteris terrae partibus est amplior. Oceanus 
earn alluit, ut locis, ita nominibus differens ; Eous ab oriente, 
a meridie Indicus, a septentrione Scythicus. Asiae nomine 8 
appellatur etiam peninsula, quae a mari Aegaeo usque ad 
Armeniam patet. In hac parte est Bithynia ad Propontidem 
sita, ubi Granlcus in mare effunditur, ad quern amnem 9 Alex- 
ander, rex Macedoniae, primam victoriam de Persis reporta- 
vit. 10 Trans ilium amnem sita est Cyzicus in cervice penin- 
sulae, 11 urbs nobilissima, a Cyzico appellata, qui in illis re- 
gion ibus ab Argonautis pugna occisus est. 12 Haud procul 
ab ilia urbe Rhyndacus in mare effunditur, circa quern an- 
gues nascuntur, non solum ob magnitudinem mirabiles, sed 
etiam ob id, quod, quum ex aqua emergunt et hiant, supervo- 
lantes aves absorbent. 13 

45. Propontis cum Ponto jungitur per Bosporum, quod fre- 
tum quinque stadia latum, Europam ab Asia separat. Ipsis 
in faucibus Bospori oppidum est Chalcedon, ab Archia, Me- 
garensium principe, et templum Jo vis, ab Jasone 14 conditum. 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 67 

Pontus ipse ingens est maris sinus, non molli neque arenoso 
circumdatus littore, tempestatibus obnoxius, raris stationibus. 
Olim ob saevitatem populorum, qui circa habitant, Axenus 1 
appellatus fuisse dicitur; postea, mollitis illorum moribus, dic- 
tus est Euxlnus. 2 

46. In littore Ponti, in Mariandynorum agro, urbs et He- 
raclea ab Hercule, ut fertur, condita. Juxta earn spelunca est 
Acherusia, quam ad Manes perviam esse existimant. Hinc 
Cerberus ab Hercule extractus fuisse dicitur. Ultra fluvium 
Thermo donta 3 Mossyni habitant. Hi totum corpus distin- 
guunt notis. 4 Reges suffragio eligunt ; eosdem in turre lig- 
nea inclusos arctissime custodiunt, et si quid perperam impe- 
ritaverint, media totius diei afficiunt. Extremum Ponti augu- 
lum Cole hi tenent ad Phasidem ; quae loca fabula de vellere 
aureo et Argonautarum expeditio illustravit. 

47. Inter provincias Asiae proprie dictae 5 illustris est Ionia, 
in duodecim civitates divisa. Inter eas Miletus, belli pa- 
cisque artibus inclj-ta ; eique vicinum Panionium, sacra regio, 
quo omnes Ionum civitates statis temporibus legatos solebant 
mittere. Nulla facile urbs plures colonias misit, 6 quam Mi- 
letus. Ephesi, quam urbem Amazones 7 condidisse traduntur, 
templum est Dianae, quod septem mundi miraculis annumera- 
ri solet. Totius templi longitudo est quadringentorum vigin- 
ti quinque pedum, latitudo ducentorum viginti ; columnae cen- 
tum viginti septem numero, sexaginta pedum altitudine ; ex iis 
triginta sex caelatae. Operi praefuit Chersiphron architectus. 

48. Aeolis olim Mysia appellata, et ubi Hellespontum at- 
tingit, Troas. Ibi Ilium 8 fuit situm ad radices montis Idae, 
urbs bello, quod per decern annos cum universa Graecia ges- 
sit, clarissima. Ab Idaeo monte Scamander defluit et Simois, 
amnes fama quam natura majores. 9 Ipsum montem certamen 
Dearum Paridisque judicium illustrem reddidit. 10 In littore 
clarae sunt urbes Rhoeteum et Dardania; sed sepulcrum Aja- 
cis, 11 qui ibi post certamen cum Ulysse gladio incubuit, utra- 
que clarius. 

49. Ionibus Cares sunt finitimi, populus armorum bellique 
adeo amans, ut aliena etiam bella mercede accepta 12 gereret. 
Princeps Cariae urbs Halicarnassus, Argivorum colonia, re- 
gum sedes olim. Unus eorum Mausolus fuit. Qui quum 
vita defunctus esset, Artemisia conjux, desiderio mariti fla- 
grans, ossa ejus cineresque contusa 13 cum aqua miscuit ebibit- 
que, splendidumque praeterea sepulcrum 14 exstruxit, quod in- 
ter septem orbis terrarum miracula censetur. 

50. Cilicia sita est in intimo recessu maris, ubi Asia proprie 
sic dicta cum Syria conjungitur. Sinus ille ab urbe Isso Issi- 



68 VL OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

ci nomen habet. Fluvius ibi Cydnus, aqua limpidissima et 
frigidissima, in quo Alexander Macedo quum lavaret, 1 parum 
abfuit, quin frigore enecaretur. Antrum Corycium in iisdem 
regionibus ob singularem naturam memorabile est. Ingenti 
illud hiatu patet in monte arduo, alteque demissum undique 
viret lucis 2 pendentibus. Ubi ad ima perventum est rursus 
aliud antrum aperitur. Ibi sonitus cymbalorum ingredientes 
terrere dicitur. 3 Totus hie specus augustus est et vere sacer, 
et a Diis habitari existimatur. 

51. E Cilicia egressos Syria excipit, cujus pars est Phoe- 
nice in littore maris interni posita. Hanc regionem sollers ho- 
minum genus colit. Phoenices enim litterarum formas a se 
inventas aliis populis tradiderunt ; alias etiam artes, quae ad 
navigationem et mercaturam spectant, studiose coluerunt. Ce- 
terum fertilis regio crebrisque fluminibus rigata, quorum ope 
terrae marisque opes facili negotio inter se permutantur. No- 
bilissimae Phoenices urbes Sidon, antequam a Persis capere- 
tur, maritimarum urbium maxima, et Tyrus, aggere cum ter- 
ra conjuncta. 4 Purpura hujus urbis omnium pretiosissima. 
Conficitur ille color ex succo in conchis, quae etiam purpurae 
vocantur, latente. 

52. Ex Syria descenditur in Arabiam, peninsulam inter 
duo maria, Rubrum et Persicum, porrectam. Hujus ea pars, 
quae ab urbe Petra Petraeae nomen accepit, plane est ste- 
rilis ; hanc excipit ea, quae ob vastas solitudines deserta vo- 
catur. His partibus adhaeret Arabia felix, regio angusta, 
sed cinnami, thuris aliorumque odorum feracissima. Multae 
ibi gentes sunt, quae fixas sedes non habeant, Nomades a 
Graecis appellatae. Lacte et came ferina vescuntur. Mul- 
ti etiam Arabum populi latrociniis vivunt. 5 Primus e Roma- 
nis Aelius Gallus in hanc terram cum exercitu penetrant. 8 

53. Camelos inter armenta pascit Oriens. Duo harum sunt 
genera, Bractrianae et Arabiae. 7 Illae bina habent in dorso tu- 
bera, hae singula ; unum autem sub pectore, cui incumbant. 
Dentium ordine superiore carent. Sitem quatriduo tolerant ; 
aquam antequam bibant, pedibus turbant. Vivunt quinqua- 
genis annis ; quaedam etiam centenis. 

54. Ex Arabia pervenitur in Babyloniam, cui Babylon no- 
men dedit, Chaldaicarum gentium caput, urbs et magnitudine 
et divitiis clara. Semiramis earn condiderat, vel, ut multi cre- 
diderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus exstructus 
laterculo coctili, triginta et duos pedes est latus, ita ut quadri- 
gae inter se occurrentes sine periculo commeare dicantur ; alti- 
tudo ducentorum pedum ; turres autem denis pedibus quam 
murus altiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus sexaginta millia 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 69 

passuum complectitur. Mediam urbem permeat Euphrates. 
Arcem habet viginti stadiorum ambitu ;' super ea penslles hor- 
ti conspiciuntur, tantaeque sunt moles 2 tamque firmae, ut onera 
nemorum sine detrimento ferant. 

55. Amplissima Asiae regio India primum patefacta est ar- 
mis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniae, cujus exemplum suc- 
cessores 3 secuti in interiora Indiae penetraverunt. In eo tractu, 
quem Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum fuisse, gen- 
tesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem esse terrarum omni- 
um, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ibi sunt amnes, Indus 
et Indo major Ganges. Indus in Paropamiso 4 ortus undeviginti 
amnes recipit, totidem Ganges, interque eos plures navigabiles. 

56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia. Canes ibi gran- 
diores ceteris. Arbores tantae proceritatis esse traduntur, ut 
Bagittis superjaci nequeant. Hoc efficit ubertas soli, temperies 
coeli, aquarum abundantia. Immanes quoque serpentes alit, 
qui elephantos morsu et ambitu corporis 5 conficiunt. Solum 
tarn pingue et ferax, ut mella frondibus defluant, sylvae lanas 
ferant 6 arundinum internodia fissa cymbarum usum praebeant, 
binosque, quaedam etiam ternos homines, vehant. 

57. Incolarum habitus moresque diversi. Lino alii vestiun- 
tur et lanis arbor um, alii ferarum aviumque pellibus, pars 
nudi incedunt. Gluidam animalia occidere eorumque carnibus 
vesci nefas putant; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Quidam 
parentes et propinquos, prius quam annis et macie confi- 
ciantur, velut hostias caedunc eorumque visceribus epulan- 
tur ; ubi senectus eos morbusve invadit, mortem in solitudine 
aequo animo exspectant. Ii, qui sapientiam profitentur, ab 
ortu solis ad occasum stare solent, solem immobilibus oculis in- 
tuentes ; ferventibus arenis toto die alternis pedibus insistunt. 7 
Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte arcessunt, in rogos incensos 
se praecipitantes. 8 

58. Maximos India elephantos gignit, adeoque feroces, ut 
AM elephanti illos paveant, nee contueri audeant. Hoc ani- 
mal cetera omnia docilitate superat. Discunt arma jacere, 
gladiatorum more congredi, saltare et per funes incedere. Pli- 
nius 9 narrat, Romae unum segnioris in genii saepius castigatum 
esse verberibus, quia tardius accipiebat, quae tradebantur ; eun- 
dem repertum esse noctu eadem meditantem. 10 Elephanti gre- 
gatim semper ingrediuntur. Ducit agmen maximus natu, co- 
git is, qui aetate ei est proximus. Amnem transituri minimos 
praemittunt. Capiuntur foveis. In has ubi elephas deciderit, 
ceteri ramos congerunt, aggeres construunt, omnique vi conan- 
tur extrahere. Domantur fame et verberibus. Domiti militant 
et turres armatorum in hostes ferunt, magnaque ex parte 11 

g2 



70 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 

Orientis bella coniiciunt. Totas acies prosternunt, armatos 
proterunt. Ingens dentibus pretium. In Graecia ebur ad 
deorum simulacra tanquam pretiosissima materia adhibetur ; l 
in extremis Africae postium vie em in domiciliis praebet, sepes- 
que in pecorum stabulis elephantorum dentibus fiunt. Inter 
omnia animalia maxime oderunt murem. Infestus elephanto 
etiam rhinoceros, qui nomen habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. 
In pugna maxime adversarii alvum petit, quam scit esse mol- 
liorem. Longitudine elephantum fere exaequat ; crura multo 
breviora : color buxeus. 

59. Etiam psittacos India mittit. Haec avis humanas voces 
optime reddit. Q,uum loqui discit, ferreo radio verberatur, ali- 
ter enim non sentit ictus. Capiti ejus eadem est duritia, quae 
rostro. Q,uum devolat, rostro se excipit, 2 eique innititur. 

60. Testudines tantae magnitudinis Indicum mare emittit, 
Ut singularum testis casas integant. Insulas rubri praecipue 
maris his navigant cymbis. 3 Capiuntur obdormiscentes in 
summa aqua, id quod proditur stertentium sonitu. Turn ter- 
ni 4 adnatant, a duobus in dorsum vertitur, a tertio laqueus inji- 
citur, atque ita a pluribus in littore stantibus trahitur. In ma- 
ri testudines conchyliis vivunt ; tanta enim oris est duritia, ut 
lapides comminuant; in terrain egressae, herbis. Pariunt 
ova, ovis avium similia, ad centena 5 numero; eaque extra 
aquam defossa terra cooperiunt. 

61. Margaritae Indici Oceani omnium maxime laudantur. 
Inveniuntur in conchis, scopulis adhaerentibus. Maxima laus 
est in candor e, magnitudine, laevore, ponder e. Raro duae 
inveniuntur, quae sibi ex omni parte sint similes. Has auribus 
suspendere, feminarum est gloria. 6 Duos maximos uniones 
Cleopatra, Aegypti regina, habuisse dicitur. Horum unum, 
ut Antonium 7 magniflcentia superaret, in coena aceto solvit, 
solutum hausit. 

62. Aegyptus, inter Catabathmum 8 et Arabas posita, a 
plurimis ad Asiam refertur; alii Asiam Arabico sinu terminari 
existimant. Haec regio, quamquam expers est imbrium, mire 
tamen est fertilis. Hoc Nilus efficit, omnium fluviorum, qui 
in mare internum effunduntur, maximus. Hie in desertis 
Africae oritur, turn ex Aethiopia descendit in Aegyptum, ubi 
de altis rupibus praecipitatus 9 usque ad Elephantidem urbem 
fervens ad hue decurrit. Turn demum fit placidior. Juxta 
Cercasorum oppidum in plures amnes dividitur, et tandem per 
septem ora 10 effunditur in mare. 

63. Nilus, nivibus in Aethiopiae montibus solutis, crescere 
incipit Luna nova post solstitium per quinquaginta fere dies; 
totidem diebus minuitur. Justum increment um est cubitorum 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 71 

sexdecim. Si minores sunt aquae, non omnia rigant. Maxi- 
mum incrementum fuit cubitorum duodeviginti ; minimum 
quinque. Q,uum stetere aquae, aggeres aperiuntur, 1 et arte 
aqua in agros immittitur. Quum omnis recesserit, agri irri- 
gati et limo obducti seruntur. 

64. Nilus crocodilum alit, beliuam quadrupedem, in terra 
non minus quam in flumine hominibus infestam. Unum hoc 
animal terrestre linguae usu caret ; dentium plures habet 
ordines ; maxilla inferior est immobilis. Magnitudine ex- 
cedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. Park ova anserinis 
non majora. Unguibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra 
omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes in aqua. 
Quum satur est et in littore somnum capit, ore hiante, trochi- 
lus, parva avis, denies ei faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem 
conspicatus ichneumon, per easdem fauces, ut telum aliquod 
immissus, erodit alvum. Hebetes oculos dicitur habere in 
aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae in insula Nili* 
habitantes, dirae huic belluae obviam ire audent, eamque in- 
credibili audacia expugnant. 

65. Aliam etiam beliuam Nilus alit, hippopotamum ; ungu- 
lis binis, dorso equi et juba et hinnitu ; rostro resimo, cauda et 
dentibus aprorum. Cutis impenetrabilis, praeterquam si hu- 
more madeat. Primus hippopotamum et quinque crocodilos 
M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludis Romae ostendit. 3 

66. Multa in Aegypto mira sunt et artis et naturae opera. 
Inter ea, quae manibus hominum facta sunt, eminent pyra- 
mides, quarum maximae sunt et celeberrimae in monte sterlli 
inter Memphin oppidum et earn partem Aegypti, quae Delta 
vocatur. Amplissimam earum trecenta sexaginta sex homi- 
num millia annis viginti exstruxisse traduntur. Haec octo 
jugera soli occupat ; unumquodque latus octingentos octoginta 
tres pedes longum est ; altitudo a cacumine, pedum quindecim 
millium. Intus in ea est puteus octoginta sex cubitorum. 
Ante has pyramides Sphinx est posita mirae magnitudinis. 
Capitis ambitus centum duos pedes habet ; longitudo est pe- 
dum centum quadraginta trium ; altitudo a ventre usque ad 
summum capitis apicem sexaginta duorum. 

67. Inter miracula Aegypti commemoratur etiam Moeris 4 
lacus, quingenta millia passuum in circuitu patens; Labyrin- 
thus, 5 ter mille domos et regias duodecim uno pariete amplex- 
us, totus marmore exstructus tectusque ; turris denique in in- 
sula Pharo, a Ptolemaeo, Lagi filio, 6 condita. Usus ejus na- 
vibus noctu ignes ostendere ad praenuntianda vada portusque 
introitum. 

68. In palustribus Aegypti regionibus papjrum nascitur. 



72 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

Radicibus incolae pro ligno utuntur ; ex ipso autem papyro 
navigia texunt, e iibro vela, tegetes, vestem ac furies. Succi 
causa etiam mandunt modo crudum, modo decoctum. Prae- 
parantur ex eo etiam chartae. Chartae ex papyro usus post 
Alexandri demum victorias repertus est. Primo enim scrip- 
turn in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborurn j 
postea publica monimenta plumbeis tabulis confici, aut mar- 
moribus mandari coepta sunt. Tandem aemulatio regum 
Ptolemaei et Eumenis in bibliothecis condendis 1 occasionem 
dedit membranas Pergami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore 
libri modo in charta ex papyro facta, modo in membranis 
scripti sunt. 

69. Mores incolarum Aegypti ab aliorum populorum mori- 
bus vehementer discrepant. Mortuos nee cremant, nee sepe- 
liunt ; verum arte medicatos, 2 intra penetralia collocant. Ne- 
gotia extra domos feminae, viri domos et res domesticas cu- 
rant ; onera illae humeris, hi capitibus gerunt. Colunt effi- 

. gies multorum animalium et ipsa animalia. Haec interfecisse 
capitale est ; morbo exstincta lugent et sepeliunt. 

70. Apis omnium Aegypti populorum numen est ; bos ni- 
ger cum Candida in dextro latere macula : nodus sub lingua 
quern cantharum appellant. Non fas est eum certos vitae 
annos excedere. Ad hunc vitae terminum quum pervenerit, 
mersum in fonte enecant. Necatum lugent, aliumque quae- 
runt, quern ei substituant ; nee tamen unquam diu quaeritur. 3 
Delubra ei sunt gemina, quae thalamos vocant, ubi populus 
auguria captat. Alterum intrasse laetum est ; in altero dira 
portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur signo, si e manibus con- 
sulentium cibum capit. In publicum procedehtem grex pue- 
rorum comitatur, carmenque in ejus honorem canunt, idque 
videtur intelligere. 

71. Ultra Aegyptum Aethiopes habitant. Horum populi 
quidam Macrobii 4 vocantur, quia paulo quam nos diutius vi- 
vunt. Plus auri apud eos reperitur, quam aeris ; hanc ob cau- 
sam aes illis videtur pretiosius. Aere se exornant, vincula au- 
to fabricant. Lacus est apud eos, cujus aqua tarn est liquida 
atque levis, ut nihil eorum, quae inmittuntur, sustinere queat j 
quare arborurn quoque folia non innatant aquae, sed pessum 
aguntur. 

72. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo ; 5 a ceteris partibus 
mari. Pegiones ad mare positae eximie sunt fertiles ; inte- 
riores incultae et arenis sterilibus tectae, et ob nimium calorem 
desertae. Prima pars ab occidente est Mauritania. 6 Ibi mons 
praealtus Abyla, Calpae monti in Hispania oppositus. Hi 
montes columnae Herculis appellantur. 7 Fama est, ante Her- 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 73 

culem mare internum terris inclusum fuisse, nee exitum habu- 
isse in Oceanum ; Herculem autem junctos montes diremisse 
et mare junxisse cum Ocean o. Ceterum regio ilia est ignobilis 
et parvis tantum oppidis habitatur. Solum melius quam incolaa 

73. Numidia 1 magis culta et opulentior. Ibi satis longo a 
littore inter vallo saxa cemuntur attritafluctibus, spinae piscium, 
ostreorumque fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus infixae, et alia 
ejusmodi signa maris olim usque ad ea loco effusi. Finitima 
regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras Philaenorum, proprie 
vocatur Africa. 2 Urbes in ea celeberrimae Utica et Carthago, 
ambae a Phoenicibus conditae. Carthaginem divitiae, merca- 
tura imprimis comparatae, turn bella cum Romanis 3 gesta, ex- 
cidium denique illustravit. 

74. De aris Philaenorum haec narrantur. 4 Pertinacissima 
fuerat contentio inter Carthaginem et Cyrenas de finibus. 
Tandem placuit, utrimque eodem tempore juvenes mitti, et lo- 
cum, quo convenissent pro finibus haberi. Carthaginiensium 
legati, Philaeni fratres, paulo ante tempus constitutum egressi 
esse dicuntur. Quod quum Cyrenensium legati intellexissent, 
magnaque exorta esset contentio, tandem Cyrenenses dixerunt, 
se turn demum hunc locum pro finibus habituros esse, si Phi- 
laeni se ibi vivos obrui passi essent. Illi conditionem accepe- 
runt. Carthaginienses autem animosis juvenibus in illis ipsis 
locis, ubi vivi sepulti sunt, aras consecraverunt, eorumque vir- 
tutem aeternis honoribus prosecuti sunt. 

75. Inde ad Catabathmum 5 Cyrenaica 6 porrigitur, ubi Am- 
monis oraculum et fons quidam, quern Solis 7 esse dicunt. Hie 
fons media nocte fervet, turn paulatim tepescit ; sole oriente fit 
frigidus ; per meridiem maxime riget. Catabathmus vallis est 
devexa versus Aegyptum. Ibi finitur Africa. Proximi his r 
populi urbes non habent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, quae mapalia 
vocantur. Vulgus pecudum vestitur pellibus. Potus est lac 
succusque baccarum ; cibus caro. Interiores etiam incultius 
vivunt. Sequuntur greges suos, utque hi pabulo ducuntur, ita 
illi tuguria sua promovent. 9 Leges nullas habent, nee in com- 
mune consultant. Inter hos Troglodytae in specubus habitant, 
serpentibusque aluntur. 

76. Ferarum Africa feracissima. Pardos, pantheras, leones 
gignit, quod belluarum genus Europa ignorat. Leoni praeci- 
pua generositas. 10 Prostratis 11 parcere dicitur ; in infantes non- 
nisi summa fame saevit. Animi ejus index cauda, quam, dum 
placidus est, immctam servat; dum irascitur, terram et se ipsum 
ea flagellat. Vis summa in pectore. Si fugere cogitur, contem- 
tim cedit, quam diu spectari potest ; in silvis acerrimo cursu 
fertur. Vulneratus percussorem novit, et in quantalibet multi- 



,3 



74 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 

tudine appetit. 1 Hoc tarn saevum animal gallinacei cantus ter- 
ret. Domatur etiam ab hominibus. Hanno Poenus primus 
leonem mansuefactum ostendisse dicitur. Marcus autem An- 
tonius, triumvir, primus, post pugnam in campis Philippicis, 2 
Romae leones ad currum junxit. 

77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo insidentis 
exaequant, celeritatem vincunt. Pennae ad hoc demum viden- 
tur datae, ut currentes adjuvent ; nam a terra tolli non possunt. 
Ungulae cervinis sunt similes. His in fuga comprehendunt 
lapides, eosque contra sequentes jaculantur. Omnia conco- 
quunt. Ceterum magna iis stoliditas, ita ut, quum caput et 
collum frutice occultaverint, se latere existiment. Pennae 
eorum quaeruntur ad ornatum. 

78. Africa serpentes generat vicenorum cubitorum; nee 
minores India. Certe Megasthenes scribit, serpentes ibi in 
tantam magnitudinem adolescere, ut solidos hauriant cervos 
taurosque. In primo Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam 3 ser- 
pens centum viginti pedum a Regulo, imperatore Romano, 4 
ballistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et 
maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam asservatae sunt. In 
India serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. Ex 
arboribus se in praetereuntes praecipitant gressusque ligant 
nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu 5 resolvunt. At dracones 
in ipsas elephantorum nares caput condunt spiritumque prae- 
cludunt. Plerumque in ilia dimicatione utrique commoriun- 
tur, cum victus elephas corruens serpentem pondere suo eli 
dit. 



NOTES. 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Page 

1. Est vitanda, " is to be avoided." 3 

2. Athenae, arum, used only in the plural. The plural form was 
adopted in consequence of the union, by Theseus, into one city, of 
the boroughs into which Attica was subdivided. In commemora- 
tion of this union, a festival, called Zwoixia, or MeroiOciu, was annu- 
ally celebrated on the sixteenth day of the month Hecatombaeon. 
Athenae is derived from 'AGf^, the Greek name for Minerva, who 
was the tutelar goddess of the whole country. 

3. Nee — nee, "Neither — nor." 

4. Mortui, (from morior,) " the dead." 

5. Litterae, the letters of the alphabet, (it is also used in the plu- 
ral to signify an epistle.) According to tradition, Cadmus intro- 
duced the alphabet into Greece from Phoenicia. 

6. Alii—alii. " Some — others." 

7. Galli, " the Gauls." The word Galli is merely the native 
term Gael, latinized. 

1. Cecidit, from cado. 4 

2. The more noble Romans had commonly three names, the 
Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen. The Praenomen was put first, 
and marked the individual. It was commonly written with one 
letter; as, T. for Titus, M.Marcus, C. Caius, P. Publius; some- 
times with two letters ; as, Ti. for Tiberius, Cn. Cneius, Sp. Spu- 
rius ; sometimes with three ; as, Ser. for Servius, Sex. Sexlus. 
The Nomen was put after the Prcenomen, and marked the gens or 
clan. The Cognomen was put last, and marked the familia. 

3. The Phoenicians were particularly distinguished among the 
nations of the ancient world for extensive navigation, commerce, 
and manufactures. 

4. Odit, a preterite with the signification of a present. 

5. Novi, isse. See n. 4. 

6. Acida, " acids." The neuter plural of adjectives often has 
the force of a substantive. 

7. Dulcia, " sweets." See n. 6. 

8. Nemo non, " every one." This phrase, when resolved, is equi- 
valent to nemo est qui ?wn. The Greek phrase, ovSels (eorij/) oar a ov, 
has the same signification. 

9. Connect thus : cauda {est) index animi leonum. 

1. Maximi, the genitive of valuing, which is generally render- 3 
ed by adverbs. 

2. Per garni. The names of towns of the first and second declen- 
sion, and of the singular number, are put in the genitive, when an- 



78 NOTES. 

Page 

5 swering to the question ubi, where 1 Pergamus, now Bergamo, a 
town of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the Caicus, the capital of a king- 
dom which the Romans enlarged in favour of Eumenes, after the 
defeat of Antiochus. king of Syria, and which was left to the Roman 
people by Attalus, the last king, B. C. 133, A. U. C. 6*21. Here 
Eumenes founded a famous library, in opposition to that of Ptolemy 
at Alexandria, who, from motives of jealousy, forbad the exporta- 
tion of Egyptian papyrus, in consequence of which Eumenes in- 
vented parchment, called hence Pergamena (charta.) Antony and 
Cleopatra transported this library, containing 200,000 volumes, to 
Alexandria. 

3. Esse, when it admits of being translated by have, and denotes 
possession, governs the dative. 

4. Terrori stmt, " are a terror to, terrify." 

5. Nobis. The dative sometimes indicates the object for which, 
and on account of which, something takes place. 

6. Ne quidem, " not even." These words are always separated 
by the word on which the emphasis falls. 

7. Sacra, prof ana, as substantives. See note 6, p. 4. 

8. Par cere, signifies properly, " to show forbearance," as, 

9. Invidere, " to feel envy." 

10. Mederi, signifying " to give relief," " to cure," governs the 
dative of the person. 

11. Vesci, " to feed upon," governs the ablative. 

12. Prioribus, (pedibus), " the fore feet." 

13. Uti aliqua re, " to make use of a thing." 

6 1. Carere, " to be without, want, be in want of;" it is followed 
by an ablative of the thing wanted. 

2. Sex sestertiis Romae venit. A sesteriium (the name of a sum, 
not of a coin) was equivalent to 1000 sestertii. A sestertius was 
equal to 3| cents, and 1000 sestertii or a sestertium, to $37 50; six 
sestertia, therefore, were equal to $225. Veneo, venire, " to be sold, 
to be exposed to sale ;" it must be distinguished from venio, venire, 
" to come." 

3. Carthagine. Names of towns of the 3d declension, and also 
plurals of the 1st and 2d, are put in the ablative when answering 
to the question, where 1 

4. Benejicium repetere. The accusative depending upon the in- 
finitive, and that again which depends upon it, like adverbs with 
the infinitive, form, in conjunction with it, the subject. 

T 1. Prodesse fromprosum. 

2. Equo vehi is equivalent to equitationem. 

3. Pugnare, equivalent to pugnam. 

4. Jnveni. The person on whom a necessity of doing* something 
lies, is put in the dative, as here, juveni and seni, ana* in the fol- 
lowing sentences, discipulis and senibus. 

5. Vincendi. The gerund is nothing else than the four oblique 
cases (genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative) of the neuter of 
the participle passive in dus. In respect to signification, it sup- 
plies the place of a declinable infinitive of the present active, since 
it expresses the action or state of the verb, as a verbal substantive. 
It is governed, as a substantive, by other substantives and adjec- 
tives, and also governs the case of its verb. Thus, 

6. Utendi governs re in the ablative, because its verb utor go- 
verns that case. 

7. Natura, " by nature, naturally ;" the ablative of the cause. 



NOTES. 79 

8. Nova (negotia), the neuter plural. See note 6, p. 4. 7 

9. With equus, inutilis est must be understood. 

10. Pennae, i. e. adhibentur. 

11. Et—et, "as well— as also." 

1. Quid for aliquid. & 

2. Et ipse, " thou too," " thou thyself also." 

3. Sub hasta, " at auction, at public sale." At first a spear was 
set up only when spoils taken in war were to be sold. Afterwards 
at all auctions. Hence hasta is put for a public sale, and sub hasta 
venire, to be publicly sold. 

4. dementia instead of quam dementia. The ablative may be 
put after the comparative, if the comparative particle be omitted 
instead of the nominative of the subject, and, in the construction 
of the accusative with the infinitive, instead of the accusative of 
the subject. 

1. Opulentissimae urbes. The words which form an apposition, 9 
agree with those, which they accompany, in case, and, for the most 
part, when circumstances permit, in gender and number. 

2. Why not altores ? 

3. Thebae, a plural only. 

4. TJtor with an ablative of the thing used. 

5. Quod. When the relative pronoun refers to is, ea t id, and 
agree with it in case, the demonstrative is often left out. 

6. Parcere with the dative of the thing spared. 

7. Carere aliqua re. 

8. Vel, even. 

9. Haec, as a neuter plural, to be referred to the preceding sub- 
stantives. 

1. Ut — condantur. It is to be observed, as a general rule, that IO 
when the verb preceding ut is in the present or future tense, the 
verb following ut must be put in the present subjunctive ; and that, 
when the preceding verb is in any of the preterite tenses, the verb 
following must be in the imperfect or perfect subjunctive. 

2. Ne vulneribus quidem. See above, note 6, p. 5. 

3. Omnia, quae, " all, that." 

4. Nequis (aliquis) equivalent to: ut nemo — Apelles, the greatest 
painter of that time. 

5. Quin, equivalent to quod non. 

6. Quin conspicer, "that I cannot see," or, " without seeing you." 

7. Quin after non dubito signifies "■ that." 

8. Unusne. The enclitic?^ (distinguished by its quantity from 
the conjunction ne) is equivalent to num. 

9. Qua de caussa. This is the usual position of the words ; as 
in quam ob rem, the preposition is placed after the relative pro- 
noun. 

1. Suffossum, scil. esse. So also in the following sentences, put- l l 
sos dindfugatos must be connected with esse, which stands at the 
end of the sentence. In Thessalia, supply aliud oppidum. 

2. Jusserat cremari. The infinitive active is used with jubere, 
when the person is expressed to whom the commission is given ; 
otherwise, the infinitive passive. 

3. Quam, Hispaniae gentes. The relative is here used as the ac- 
cusative of the subject. Hispania was separated from Gaul by the 
Pyrenees, and from Africa by the Fretum Herculeum, now the 
Straits of Gibraltar ; on the east it was bounded by the Mediter- 
ranean, and on the west by the Atlantic. 

PART I. H 



80 NOTES. 

Page 

11 4. Noli, with the infinitive, often forms a periphrasis, instead of 
ne with the imperative or subjunctive. 

5. Homerus traditur. Instead of quidam tradunt, Homerum viz- 
isse, &c. 

6. Totos dies. The accusative, expressing duration of time. 

7. Fessus has a participial form and signification ; there is, how- 
ever, no theme from which it can be derived. It is commonly as- 
signed to fatiscor. 

8. Legentem, i. e. aliquem qui legebat: "a reader." 

9. Habentes. The participles in this and some of the following 
sentences, can be rendered by the relative pronoun, for which 
sometimes (as in dantis) the demonstrative must be taken. 

12 1. Proeliatus, equivalent to qui centum et viginti proeliis inter- 
fuerat. 

2. Adverso corf ore. " On the breast." 

3. Satiati. This and the following participles may be rendered 
by " when." 

4. Transituri. The future participle active is used to express 
an action which one is about to perform. 

5. Duces ad tcrga recipiunt. Those, which have preceded for 
a time, when tired, take the hindmost place. 

6. Ejus tumulo circumdedit, equivalent to tumulum ejus circum^ 
dedit urbe, Bucephalon appellator. 

7. Patronum, scil. suum. The possessive pronoun is in every 
instance omitted, where it can be understood from the context. 

8. Heres instituius, " although appointed heir." 

9. Tantae magnitudimis. The genitive of quality. 

10. Tegendo, " for covering." The future participle passive 
can often be translated by a substantive. 

13 1. Filio victore. The adjective victor is here used exactly after 
the manner of a participle. The phrase is equivalent to postquam 
Jilius vicerat Olympiac (in the solemn games the*£ celebrated.) 

2. ConvolvuntuTj " are rolled together ; roll themselves toge- 
ther." 

iESOP'S FABLES. 

14 Milvii mctu, or milvium meluentes. That shows more definite- 
ly the efficient cause. 

2. Peceptus, i. e. postquam receptns fuit. 

3. Oram, " to pray ;" exorare, " to move by prayer, to obtain by 
praying, to prevail upon." 

4. Corrosis plagis. The ablative absolute ; whereby the origi- 
nal force of this mode of speaking shows itself; " by means of 
the nets being gnawed through," i. e. " by means of its gnawing 
the nets." By this form the sentences are more intimately con- 
nected than if the form, ut plagas corroderet eumque liber arei^ 
were used. 

5. Quo facto, instead of quum hoc factum esset. The relative 
noun often stands instead of the demonstrative at the beginning 
of a sentence, to connect it more closely with that which pre- 
cedes. 

6. Soleant. When the subject of the verb is expressed chiefly 
by the clause following it, whether there be, or be not, an antece- 
dent word, receiving the action of the verb, the pronoun is to be 
considered as indefinite, and joined with the subjunctive mood. It 



NOTES. 81 

Page 
has been observed, that this mood has two different names, as it 14: 
has two distinct uses, potential and subjunctive. When the mean- 
ing is contingent, that is, when the sense requires this form, the 
mood is strictly potential, as Doceam, " I may teach." Here the 
verb is not affected, as to its mood, by any antecedent word. But, 
if we say, Quod doceam, "Because I teach," the verb is under the 
government of the conjunction quod, and were it not for this con- 
junction, the English being indicative, the verb would be put in the 
indicative mood. In this example, therefore, the verb is strictly 

in the oubjunotivc mood, this fuini beiii£ used, not because the sense 

requires it, for the English is indicative, but because it is sub- 
joined to the conjunction quod. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1. p. 
64, 3d ed. 

7. Praetereunti from praetereo (jpraeteriens). 

8. Cui, instpaH nf huir.. 

9. Maledicere, properly C{ to speak ill of one." 

10. Apud Jwnonem. The peacock is sacred to Juno, the eagle 
to Jupiter, the raven to Apollo, and the wolf to Mars. 

11. Quod denotes the cause of the action of the verb on which 
it depends, (conquer ebatur) ; while ut expresses the consequence 
of the action. 

12. Negata esset — excellat. When a proposition, containing the 
statement of a fact, and therefore being in the indicative mood, has 
another dependent upon it, connected by a causal conjunction or 
relative, in which something is alleged as the sentiment or lan- 
guage of another, and not of the writer, the dependent proposition 
will be in the subjunctive mood. In the present case, the depend- 
ent clause, connected to the preceding by the conjunction quod, 
does not express an opinion of the author, but the complaint of the 
peacock. The sentence, from quod vocis to cantu excellat, is equi- 
valent, therefore, to Quod dixit, vocis suavitatem sibi negatamesse, 
dum lusciniarn, apem tarn pa rum decor am, cantu excellere. Crom- 
bie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 4, 3d ed. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. Ken- 
rick's translation, 2d ed. p. 341. 

13. Non enim. Combine oportuit non conferri omnia, " one ought 
not to heap up." 

14. Adveniente domino prati, instead of quum dominus vrati ad- 
| veniret. 

1. Cui instead of huic. See page 14th, note 5th. 15 

2. Non est in animo instead of non libet. 

3. Dulcia, " the agreeable ;" tuta, " the safe, safety." The neu- 
I ters of adjectives are often used in this manner as substantives, 

particularly in the plural. 

4. Nosne, instead of num nos. 

5. Frueris, with the ablative of the thing. 

6. The impersonal verbs, pudet, piget, panilet, icedet, miseret, re- 
I quire the person who is the subject of the feeling to be in the ac- 
lcusative case, and the object which excites it to be in the geni- 
I live. 

7. Latrando. The ablative of the gerund. 

8. Quod denotes the cause of the preceding. 

9. Vescamur. With the ablative of the thing. 

10. Velis — possis. The subjunctive stands after qui, quae, quod, 
J when it refers to an indefinite object, expressed by is, aliquis % or 
\talis. 

11. Eundem, scil. leonem. 



82 NOTES. 

1 5 12. Conspicata and obviam facta can be resolved by quum with 
the pluperfect. 

13. Ausa est. Why not audebat ? 

14. Recta via, " straight forward.** 

15. CW. See above, note 1st. 

16. Facientem. The participle depends upon videre, and sup- 
plies the place of the infinitive. 

17. Videro. In what relation does the future past stand here 1 

18. Sic. By this concord. 

19. JDissidio orto, equivalent to pool dissidiium anrinivn t or postqiLa.m 

dissidium ortum erat. 

20. Quantum boni. The genitive depends upon quantum. The 
nominatives and accusatives neuter of some pronouns, and of some 
adjectives which are used as pronouns, take a genitive, either be- 
cause they are virtually become substantives, or because they de- 
note a part. 

21. Sit. Compare note 6th, page 14. 

16 1. Tanquam esset. The subjunctive serves to express tfiat 
which exists only in the conception of another. 

2. Unde agnitus. Unde, instead of et inde, connects in the same 
manner as the relative pronoun. 

3. lllam, scil. gallinam, as the accusative of the subject, while 
massam, which depends on celare, is the accusative of the object. 

4. Una. An adverb. 

5. Laeti— prior. The adjective is often added to the verb, in- 
stead of the adverb, to denote the manner, or situation, in which 
the action is performed. 

6. Conspexisset. Compare note 1st above. 

7. Contendunt, etc. Observe the use of the present in animated 
narration instead of the imperfect, just as below aufugit and po- 
titur instead of the perfect. 

8. Comitatus esset. See above, note 1st. 

9. Idque, equivalent to et quidem. 

10. Ne nostris quidem corporibus. The particles ne, quidem, are 
separated by the word on which the emphasis lies. In what case 
is corporibus ? 

11. Quid fiat. Interrogatives, when preceded by such words as 
scio, 7iescio, quaero, dubito, are said to be taken indefinitely, and 
are joined to the subjunctive mood. 

12. Quod quum. See above, note 5, p. 14. 

13. Enim suffers us to add in thought a sentence from the pre- 
ceding. 

14. Nitidas, i. e. Candidas. The ancients wore garments of 
wool, which was cleansed and made white by Fullers. 

IT 1. Reddidissem. The subjunctive of the pluperfect takes the 
place of the future past, and denotes an action as possible in the 
future, and as accomplished in relation to a future action. 

2. Ne me interficite. Ne is used instead of non, with the im- 
perative mood, and also with the present subjunctive. 

3. Propter hoc ipsum, " for the same reason." These words are 
explained by the following sentence. 

4. Pugnandi imperitus, is used in the same manner as peritus i 
imperitus, litter arum. 

5. Eos, qui irritent. See note 10, p. 15. 

6. Bifia aut tenia. The cardinal numerals, unus, duo, &c. im- 
ply, that the number spoken of belongs to all collectively, and is the 



NOTES. 83 

Page 

whole amount. The distributive, singuli, bini, terni, denote that IT 
the number specified belongs to each individual, and is therefore 
only a part of the whole. Thus, Eutropius, speaking of the govern- 
ment of the senators after the death of Romulus, says, " Rcgnave- 
runt per quinos dies ;" not, " they reigned five days," but " five days 
each." Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1, p. 38, 3d ed. 

7. Fore, ut pareret. A periphrasis for illam parituram esse. 

8. At denotes an objection which we make to the intention or 
thought. 

9. Etiam, " yet too," with reference to the trouble it costs to ob- 
tain them, to which afterwards the words, in via repertas, (of things, 
which one can get without any exertion) are opposed. 

10. Quae is the accusative governed by assequi ; se the accusa- 
tive of the subject. The phrase may be rendered, " which they 
despair of being able to attain." 

11. Desperent. See note 10, p. 15. 

1*2. Dicitur respondisse, instead of respondit, ut dicitur. 

1. Caverent. The past tense is here used, because habuerunt, 18 
the leading verb, is in the past. Even, however, though the lead- 
ing verb were present (habent), caver emt would still be used, if it 
were requisite to denote a continued action : u how they might 
protect themselves for the time to come." 

2. Midtis aliis propositis, " after many other propositions." 

3. Ipsos is equivalent to se, but lays more stress on the pronoun. 

4. Jussit appendi. See note 2, p. 11. 

5. Quasi esset. See note 1, p. 16. 

6. O te siolidum. The accusative is used in exclamations with 
or without an interjection. Me miseruml me felicem! 

7. Qui ignorare videris. The clause gives the reason for the 
preceding remark. 

8. Sibi placere, applied to a vain person, who is filled with con- 
ceit on account of something. 

9. Licet venias, fruaris. The subjunctive depends upon ut un- 
derstood. 

10. Nihil moror. More forcible than non euro. 

11. Tanti esse. The genitive of valuing. 

12. Quodpossit. The relative pronoun contains, in relation to 
tanti, the meaning of a consequence, and may be expressed by ut 
id. 

13. Conducit. Concerning the present in a narration. See p. 
10, note 7. 

14. Qui extrahat. When the proposition introduced by the rela- 
tive expresses the end and motive of the action mentioned in the 
preceding proposition, so that ut might be substituted for it, the 
verb must be in the subjunctive mood. This applies also to rela- 
tive adverbs. Compare Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 23, and 
Zumpt's L. G., Kenrick's Transl. p. 348. 

1. Misericordia motus. We often add to the expression of pas- 10 
sion a participle which designates its origin. Thus, incensus ira k 
infiammaius amore, percussus terrore. 

2. Qualcm soleant. See page 14, note 6. 

3. Qui pasceretur. The relative pronoun includes the designa- 
tion of a reason, and is then, in signification, equivalent to quod. 
Concerning the subjunctive, see note 12, p. 14. 

4. Bello exorto (exorior.) The ablative absolute. 

5. Vulneribus confossus, collabitur, (collabor). Properly telis 

h2 



84 NOTES. 

19 should be used. But the consequence is often used instead of the 
cause. 

6. O me stolidum. See note 6, p. 18. 

7. Qui aestimaverim. As just above, qui pasceretur. 

8. Quos noverat. The relative pronoun includes the accusa- 
tive of the subject, which depends upon noverat. " When he knew 
to." 

9. Afferri jubet. See note 2, page 11. 

10. Quibus allatis. The phrase may be resolved into quae quum 
allatae essent. For the use of the relative, see note 5, p. 14. 

11. Quod quum, instead of quum hoc. 

12. Aliqua parte. The ablative of measure, as in the sentence, 
Sol multis partibus major est, quam terra. 

13. Se levaret. The whole clause is equivalent to ut aliquam 
partem oner is reciperet. 

14. O me miserum. See note 6, p. 18. 

15. Qui noluerim. See above, note 3. 

16. Texendo. The ablative answering to the question, by what 1 

17. De node, "during the night." 

18. Ad opus. The spinning and weaving. 
tM) 1. Quo facto. See nole 5, p. 14. 

2. Deteriore conditions The ablative of quality. 

3. Incerta. To be joined with domina, and to be explained as 
a participle. 

4. Prima node, instead of initio, or, prima parte noctis. The ad- 
jectives primus, medius, ultimus, and the like, are often used in this 
manner for the sake of abbreviating the expression. Thus, in 
media urbe, in ultimo carmine, in summo monle. 

5. Sese. Sui, sibi, is a reflective pronoun, i. e. denotes an agent, 
who is the subject of the proposition, and whose act reverts upon 
himself; and therefore, this pronoun exists only in the oblique 
cases. It continues to be used in a sentence through successive 
propositions, as long as no other subject is introduced. If a second 
subject be introduced, se refers strictly to that subject, andzsshould 
be used of the first. But se often continues, if no ambiguity is pro- 
duced, to be used of the original subject, especially if the second 
proposition expresses a thought or purpose of the subject at first. 
Thus in the present instance, sese is used, because the second pro- 
position, ut sese volare doceret, expresses a wish of the testudo, the 
subject of the first. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. p. 241. 

6. Volare supplies the place of the accusative of the thing {docere 
aliquem aliquid). 

7. Arreptam sustuliU Instead of arripuit et sustulit, (arripio. 
iollo). 

8. Comminuta interiit. Instead of comminuta est et interiit. 

9. Quae quum. See note 11, p. 19. 

10. Se for ipsam. See above, note 5. 

11. Venetur. The present is used, because the leading verb is 
in the present. 

12. Cui accipitur. See note 5, p. 14. 

13. Partam praedam, {pario). Partus applies properly to that 
which has been earned or acquired by one's self; then to that 
which is held in possession. So parta praeda here signifies " the 
booty which is secure." 

14. Usque sublatis ; equivalent to quae postquam sustAilerat. 

15. Domum. Domus and rus, like names of towns, are used with 



NOTES. 85 

Page 
verbs of motion, without prepositions, domum, (or domos, of more 2Q 
than one) " home ; " rus, " into the country ;" dorno and rure, u from 
home, from the country;" domi and ruri (which is more common 
than rure,,) "at home, in the country." 

16. Aliquantumvice, "a considerable distance." See p. 15, note 
20. 

17. Et—et, " both— and." 

18. Defatigatus. The participle is used to denote the cause of 
what follows. 

19. Qua, — liberet. See p. 18, note 14. 

20. Pcsnitebat. See page 15, note 6. 

21. Require, qui. Supply aliquem, which is often understood be- 
fore the relative pronoun. 

22. Qui allevet. See page 18, note 14. 

1. Submersum iri. In what is called the infinitive future passive, 2 1 
(amatum, monitum iri, &c), iri is really the infinitive of the passive 
impersonal itur, " things tend." Audio eum monitum iri, is there- 
fore literally, a I hear that things tend to advising him ;" i. e. " that 

he is about to be advised." Hence the supine is unchanged, what- 
ever be the gender or number of the substantive. Zumpt's Lat. 
Gram. p. 110. 

2. Existimaret. Concerning the subjunctive, see page 14, note 
6, and page 16, note 11. 

3. Major canibus. See page 8, note 4. 

4. Quibus possis. Compare note 12, p. 18. 

5. Qui Jit. Instead of quomodo, undefit. 

6. Natura formidolosos, i. e. eos, qui natura formidolosi sunt. 

7. Inquit ille, i. e. lupus. 

8. Futurum, scil. esse ; equivalent to fore. 

9. Ubi. For quum ibi, expressing the cause of the assertion con- 
tained in the question. 

10. Si moriendum sit. The subjunctive designates a case only 
thought possible ; si moriendum est, a positive and expected case. 
So also, at the end of the fable, si conjuncta sit. 

11. Aspergi. Asperger e, (adspergere), might be used here to ex- 
press a voluntary action. 

12. Pol. An expression of asseveration ; considered an abbre- 
viation of Pollux. 

13. Arreptum devoravit. Instead of arripuit et devoravit. 

14. Praeda divisa. These ablatives may be resolved by post- 
quam. 

1. Vindicat sibi labor meus. Instead oimihi vindico ob laborem 22 
egregium meum. 

2. Qui voluerit. Instead of si quis voluerit, "should any body 
wish." 

3. Aut quae, scil. earum. 

4. Quod debeat. See page 18, note 12. 

5. Modo and dummodo, " provided only ;" require the subjunctive 
after them, because they always denote something supposed, as 
distinguished from something real. 

6. Quod daturus esset. The subjunctive represents these words 
as a part of the invitation ; if the expression were, quod daturus 
erat, they would be an explanatory addition of the narrator. Com- 
pare note 12, p. 14. 

7. Quae quum. Qui is frequently employed in Latin, to intro- 



86 NOTES. 

Page 

2% duce a sentence or clause, where in English we use the demonstra- 
tive pronouns simply. 

8. Caeteris. See note 4, p. 8. 

9. O vos stolidos. See note 6, p. 18. 

10. Quantopere excruciet. See p. 21, note 2. 

11. Petivisse dicuntur. For petiveru?it } ut dicitur. 

12. Quarum. See above, note 7. 

13. Puniturus. The future participle serves to express an in- 
tention. 

14. A quo. The relative pronoun includes the copula, and the 
demonstrative, or, in other words, qui is frequently used for et illc, 
ct hie. 

15. Poenituit. See note 6, p. 15. 

16. Suos refers to Athenienses, ipsi to Philippus. 

17. Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens, and a strenuous 
opponent of Philip. 

18. Qua denotes a purpose, and consequently has the subjunc- 
tive. It is equivalent to ut ea. Compare note 14, p. 18. 

23 1. Impetu facto. Intead of impetum fecisse (in caulas) et gregem 
dilaniasse. 

2. Frustratus, i. e. quum deceplsset. Frustrari conveys the idea 
of pains taken in vain (frustra). 

3. Lupo irruente. Instead of et lupus tandem revera irrueret. 

4. Coepit forms with orare a periphrasis for the finite verb (ora- 
vit), to denote the commencement of the action. 

5. Quo sono. See note 7, p. 22. 

6. Allecti, from allicere, originally " to allure by bait." 

7. Impetu fo.cto. See above, note 1. 

8. Quos pullos, cos. In the usual transposition of sentences, 
where the relative precedes the demonstrative, the former attracts 
to itself the substantive to which it refers. 

9. Comedendos. The future passive participle denotes the pur- 
pose and destination : ut ab Us comedaniur, (" for eating.") 

10. Venaturn. In signification equivalent to venaturi. The su- 
pine is frequently use with ire, venire ; thus, eo dormitum ; ibimus 
auditum oratores ; spectatum xeniunt. 

11. Correptum dilaniavit. Instead of corripuit et dilaniavit. 

12. Partiendi negotium. The gerund supplies the place of a 
declinable infinitive of the present active. See note 5, p. 7. 

13. Astutior, scil. quam asi?ius. 

14. Laudare coepit. See note 4, above. 

15. Unde didicerit. In a direct question the expression would 
be, unde didicisti? 

16. Hujus. Alluding to the ass which had been killed by him. 
%\ 1. Hew miseram vicem ! See note 6, p. 18. 

2. Fraudulentus. Opposed to blandus. 

3. Perjida voluptas. According to the context, perfida voluptatis 
would have been more appropriate. 

4. Cupidus pascendi. See note 5, p. 7. 

5. Simul — simul. The repetition of the adverb denotes the 
quick succession of the actions. It might be said, though with 
less animation, simul atque hunc adspicit, accurrit. 

6. Jure plector, qui. The relative pronoun includes the signi- 
fication of cause. See note 3, p. 19. 

7. Salo — solo. An intentional play upon words similar in form. 

8. Seque. Combine : et dixit, se avolaturum esse, si cum gravaret. 



NOTES. 87 

Page 

9. At Me, scil. respondit. 2* 

10. Nee, "not even." 

1 1 . Considentem. Instead of the infinitive as denoting an action 
of the accusative of the subject. This change takes place generally 
with the yerbs sentire, videre, audire, and the like. 

1. Draconern. Dragons, in consequence of their acute sight %& 
were often considered the guardians of holy places and treasures. 

2. Prolem, Semele and Ino, and his grand-children Pentheus 
and Actaeon. 

3. lllyriam, a country bordering on the Adriatic, opposite Italy. 
It lies in a northerly direction from Macedonia. It answers now, 

in a groat degree, 1.0 modem Albania. 

4. Bcbrycia, an ancient name of Bithynia, which extends along 
the Propontis and Euxine. 

5. Argonautas. The Grecian heroes, who went to Colchis in 
the ship Arg"o, under the command of Jaaon, to take forcible pos- 
session of the golden fleece. 

6. Pollux an&Castor, sons of Leda and Jupiter, were worshipped 
under the name of Dioscuri, (Aiovxovpot,) " sons of Jupiter." 

7. Mira magnitudine. The ablative of quality. 

8. Novem digitis. The ablative of measure. 

9. Annorum. The genitive of quality. 

10. Ossa and Pelion, mountains in Thessaly. 

11. Athenis. The names of towns of the 3d declension, or of the 
plural number, are put in the ablative when answering to the ques- 
tion, where 1 

12. Labyrinthus, a building full of intricate windings. 

13. Iearium pelagus, a part of the Aegaean, off the western coast 
of Asia Minor. 

14. Cyclopes, the assistants of Vulcan. 

15. Tkessalia, a country in the north of Greece. 

16. Morbo implicitus. Equivalent to correptus. 

1. Si quis. Instead of aliquis. 26 

2. Hercules. The guest of Admetus. 

3. Orcus generally stands for the infernal regions ; here it is the 
divinity that conducts men to the world below, by the Greek poets 
called Qdvaros, (Mors.) 

4. Cassiope, wife of Cepheus, king of Aethiopia. 

5. Nereides, daughters of Nereus, a god of the sea. 

6. Perseus, son of Jupiter and Danae, who received from Mer- 
cury winged sandals, with which he flew over the sea ; whence 
here advolavit. 

7. Medusa, one of the Gorgons, who petrified all by her terrific 
appearance. 

8. Victor, as victor, after having proved victorious. 

9. Re cognita, i.e. quum insidias sibi parari cognovisset, 

10. Quo viso. Equivalent to cujus adspectu. 

11. Inpatriam. To Argos, in Greece. 

12. Vento moti. Instead of rami {cum pomis) vento moventur et 
recedunt. 

13. Peleus, a king of Thessaly, one of the Argonauts. 

14. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus. 

15. Malum, (to be distinguished from malum.) 

16. Misit. Instead of conjecit 

17. In medium. Among the guests. 

18. Mercurius, the messenger of the gods. 



88 NOTES. 

Page 

26 19. Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam, king of Troy. 

20. Ida, a mountain of Mysia, east of Troy. 

21. Diremturum esse. The infinitive depends upon dixit, which, 
according to the signification, is included in imperat. 

22. Spopondit. Spondeo is one of the four verbs of the second 
conjugation, which receive the reduplication in the perfect, after 
the manner of the Greek. 

23. Anteposito. Translate as if it were expressed in the active : 
hoc doruum prioribus antepozuit et 

24. Menelaus, king of Lacedaemon, and son of Atreus. 

fcT 1. Cito periturum esse. The Parcae had fixed it as his destiny, 
to enjoy, either a long but inglorious life, or great glory and a 
short life. 

2. Scyros, an island in the Aegaean sea. 

3. Ithaca, an island on the western side of Greece ; Ulysses, 

('OSvvcrevs}, wa.<5 rlistingruished for his prudence. 

4. Advocari. Why not advocare ? 

5. Uhde. See note 2, p. 16. 

6. Aulis, a town in Greece, on the Euripus, which separates Eu- 
boea from the continent. 

7. Agamemnon, king of Argos, and brother of Menelaus. 

8. Superbiusque. He had preferred himself to the goddess in 
the art of shooting with the bow. Scil. superbius, quamparerat. 

9. Abduxit. On this pretence (sic) he allured her from her 
home to Aulis. 

10. Terram Tauricam. The Taurica Chersonesus was a large 
peninsula of Europe, at the south-west of the Palus Maeotis, now 
called the Crimea. It was joined by an isthmus to Scythia. The 
inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. 

11. Achilles was desirous of marrying Polyxena, and was killed 
at an interview with her in the temple of Apollo, according to 
some, by the god, who favoured the Trojans; according to others, 
by Paris. 

12. Caucasus, a range of mountains between the Euxine and 
the Caspian sea. The length of this chain is 400 miles, and its 
breadth from 60 to 200 miles. 

13. Quae, with the signification of purpose. See n. 14, p. 18. 

14. Pluto, Jupiter, and Neptune, sons of Saturn, divided the 
world among themselves by lot in such a manner, that Jupiter 
obtained the heaven {Olympus), with the sovereignty of the whole, 
Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal region s (Hades), and the 
realms of the dead. 

15. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cererem non esse passuram. 

£8 1. Eleusis, a town in Attica, famous for the Eleusinian Myste- 
ries, which commemorated the arrival of the goddess in this re- 
gion. 

2. Igne obruebat. In order to purify him by fire of that which 
was terrestrial. 

3. Quas disseminaret. Quas is equivalent to ut eas. See n. 13, 
p. 27. 

4. Parcae. The three goddesses of destiny, Clotho, Lachesis, 
and Atropos. 

5. Victurum, scil. esse. 

6. Calydon, a town in Aetolia in Greece. 

7. Atalanta, daughter of Jasion, who ruled over a part of Area- 



NOTES. 89 

Pag« 
dia; she was brought up in the woods, and devoted herself to the 2S 
chase. 

8. In aves, Meleagrides, " guinea-hens." 

9. Sidon, onis, (do in these names is long, HtSaiv, dvog ; in the de- 
rivative Sidonius it is usually short, TiiSovios). A town in Phoeni- 
cia, on the Mediterranean. 

10. Creta, a large island in the same sea, south-east of Greece ; 
famous for its 100 cities and the laws of Minos. It is now called 
Candia. 

11. Conditione addita. Instead of hac conditioner since he had 
added the condition to their message. 

12. Cadmus. See p. 25, § 1. 

13. Delphos. To the oracle of Apollo in Phocis. We must 
suppose that he had questioned the oracle respecting his future 
lot ; hence below responsum. 

14. Sequeretur. The idea of an order is contained in the words 
responsum accepit; hence sequeretur instead of ut sequeretur. 

15. In Boeotiam. A country of Greece, north of Attica. It is 
now called Livadia. 

16. Draconem. See p. 25, § 1. 

17. Aravit. He ploughed them over, as a sower the scattered 
seed. 

18. Sparti, called Hiraproi from c-rrcipsiv, " to sow." Here the name 
is derived from spargere. 

19. Thebae, arum, the capital of Boeotia. Its citadel was built 
by Cadmus, hence called Cadmea. 

20. Silenus, the instructor and companion of the young Bac- 
chus. 

21. Mygdonia, a country of Lydia in Asia Minor. 

1. Quidquid tetigisset. Here the action is expressed in the plu- $9 
perfect, because it is last in relation to the following, aurum fieret, 
and it is expressed by the subjunctive, because it is an historical 
narration of the language of another. 

2. Quern. The relative pronoun includes, besides the demon- 
strative, a conjunction, as et, vero, igitur, tar/ien, etc. Quern is 
here the accusative of the subject depending upon jussit. 

3. Colore aureo. The ablative of quality ; instead of aqua iincta 
est colore aureo. 

4. Schoeneus. He was born in Boeotia, but became naturalized 
in Arcadia. 

5. Horum, scil. malorum. 

6. Megara. A town in Greece, the capital of a country called 
Megaris. It was at an equal distance from Athens and Corinth, 
on the Sinus Saronicus. 

7. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cretam non esse recepturam, &c. 

8. Tantum scelus, a strong expression for mulierum tarn sceles- 
tam. 

9. Praccipitat. The present instead of the perfect. See note 7, 
p. 16. 

10. Muris cinxit. Since he collected the stones by the melody 
of his lyre. 

11. Quern par turn, i. e. hos liber os suos. 

12. Superbius. See note 8, p. 27. 

13. Dicitur, narrantur. Observe the construction of the verbs 
did and narrari with the nominative and infinitive. 



90 NOTES. 

Page 

30 1. Harpyias, fledged, ravenous monsters. The name is derived 

from apira^civ. 

2. Canes. The ancient poetic language called dogs, " beings 
subservient to the gods." 

3. Argonautae. See note 5, p. 25. 

4. Iter rogarent. Rogare aliquem aliquid, " to ask one for some- 
thing." 

5. Strophades, two islands off the western coast of Greece. The 
name is derived from crpecpeiv, " to turn," because here the sons of 
Aquilo or Boreas turned from their pursuit of the Harpyiae. 

6. Liberarunt. Instead of liber averunt. 

31 1. Latere aliquem. Complete the following sentences by eos la- 
tent. 

2. Dum vivereL The subjunctive stands in the dependent sen- 
tence, because it is an historical narration of thoughts and words 
of another, and is not an assertion of the author. 

3. Ancipiti, i. e. dubiae et ambiguae. 

4. Quae ab eo. The order of translation is, ut non auderent ad- 
ducere in dubitationem ea, quae audivissent ab eo. 

5. Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount 
Mycale. It was one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia, and 
owed its foundation to the Athenians. 

6. Ego vero. The conjunctions Autem, Enim, Vero, Quoque, 
Quidem, are always placed after the introductory word of the 
clause, generally in the second place, and sometimes in the third — 
as, Me autem, Ego enim, Qui vero — not Autem ille, Enim ego, Vero 
qui. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 46. 

7. Cynicorum. The Cynics (from kvwv) endeavoured to attain 
the highest freedom by denying themselves every superfluity, al- 
lowing only the necessaries of nature. Like travellers, without a 
home upon earth, they always went with knapsack and staff, en- 
gaged in a constant war against vice and the vicious. 

8. Videret, with a participle. See n. 11, p. 24. 

9. Nisi ista periissent. He considered the knowledge, which he 
had acquired during his absence, of so much greater value than 
extensive possessions. 

10. Accubuisset. The ancients took their meals reclining (ac- 
cumbentes), not sitting. 

11. Cogitationibus inhaerens, " lost in thought." 

32 1. Tarentinus, of Tarentum, now Tarento, a town of Calabria, 
in Magna Graecia or Lower Italy, situated on the Tarentinus Si- 
nus, near the mouth of the river Galesus. The luxurious habits 
of the Tarentines were proverbial. 

2. Villicus, a superior slave in the country, who took charge of 
the villa or country-seat of his master. Slaves only were liable 
to corporal punishment. 

3. Vehementius, scil. quam par erat. 

4. Exarsisset,scil.ird, since anger, like every violent passion, is 
usually compared with flame. 

5. Veritus, " through fear." For the genitive discendi } see n. 
12, p. 23. 

6. Cupiditate ductus. See n. 1, p. 19. 

7. Pythagoras had established a flourishing school of philosophy 
in Magna Graecia, in the sixth century, A. C. 

8. Fuissc fertur. See n. 13, p. 29. 



NOTES. 91 

9. Quid esset, quod. A more expressive form of interrogation, 3 2 
instead of quare ? 

10. Interesset, i. e. praesens esset, audiret sermones. 

11. Poenituit. The infinitive here expresses the object of the 
repentance, which, when designated by nouns, is put in the geni- 
tive. 

12. Ptolemaeus, one of the kings of Egypt, after Alexander, in 
whose reign H€gesias taught in Alexandria, the capital of the 
country. 

13. Leonlino, of Leontium in Sicily. 

14. Qui existimabatur. See note 13, p. 29. 

15. Dclphici. At Delphi, the common oracle of Greece, 

16. Nihil habeo quod, " I have no reason to." 

1. Homerus creditur. See n. 13, p. 29. 33 

2. Quaestionem. The question was a riddle. 

3. Octoginla annos natum, " when eighty years old." Old, 
applied to the years of human life, is rendered Latin by natus, 
with an accusative of the time. 

4. In certamen musicum. On solemn occasions, choirs, headed 
by poets, contended for the prize. 

5. Dicunt, scil. homines. 

6. El ipse, " also." 

7. Rediens, " while returning." 

8. Sententiam. A verse which contained a sentiment displea- 
sing to them. 

9. Pan, the protector of herds, whom Pindar worshipped in a 
chapel near his house, but who ranged over the woods and moun- 
tains, his usual abode. 

10. Pepercit, with the dative of the object. 

11. MynduSj a maritime town of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
nossus. 

12. Quum, " though." 

13. De qua ageretur. The conjunction denotes an indefinite 
object, conceived only as possible. 

14. Pericles, a celebrated orator and general of Athens, who by 
his great abilities maintained an absolufe sovereignty over the re- 
public for 15 years, and shared it with others for 25 years. He 
died about 429 years B. C, in the 3d year of the Peloponnesian 
war. 

15. Iturus. The future participle active expresses an action, 
which one intends or is about to perform. 

1. Ne quod, instead ofne verburn aliquod. 34 

2. Lycurgus, a celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eu- 
nomus, and brother of Polydectes. The reform, which he effect- 
ed, happened 884 B. C. His laws continued in full force for 700 
years. 

3. Persuasit, with the dative of the object. 

4. Pythia. This was the title of the priestess, who delivered 
the oracles at Delphi from the sacred tripod. 

5. Persae. In the second Persian war, before the contest at 
Thermopylae. 

6. Obscuraturi, scil. esse. Respecting the use of diet, narrari, 
ferri, videri, existimari. See n. 13, p. 29. 

7. Cyrus, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, 
king of Media. He was the founder of the Persian monarchy. 

8. Pontus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by 

PART I. I 



92 NOTES. 

P«ge 

34 the Euxine, on the east by Armenia, on the south by Cappadocia, 
and on the west by Galatia and Paphlagonia. 

9. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, the bravest of all the 
Greeks in the Trojan war. He is the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 

10. In Olympico certamine. Olympia, a town in Elis, a country 
of the Peloponnesus, situated on th? southern bank of the Alpheus, 
now Alfeo. This was the celebrated region in which the Olym- 
pic games were held in honour of Jupiter Olympius. They were 
of very ancient foundation, and revived, by Coroebus, B. C. 776, 
and serve as the epoch of Grecian chronology. They were cel- 
ebrated at the conclusion of every fourth year, or rather every 
forty-ninth month, and were held for five successive days. 
The Roman lustrum was a period of five )^ears. 

11. Epaminondas, a famous Theban, who aided his friend Pe- 
lopidas in freeing their city from the yoke of Lacedaemon, and 
in maintaining its freedom and independence. 

12. Affixa. The ancients, after a contest, hung up, in the tem- 
ple of the gods, the arms taken from the enemy, or at the close of 
the war, their own. 

13. Mantinea, a town of Arcadia, near the borders of Argolis. 
From the death of Epaminondas, Thebes lost its power and con- 
sequence among the Grecian states. 

14. Clypeus. It was considered most disgraceful to a soldier to 
abandon his shield in the fight. 

15. Tanta abst. et integr. Ablatives of quality. 

16. Ly sander, a celebrated Spartan, who terminated the Pelo- 
ponnesian war, by taking Athens, and appointing 30 tyranls over 
it, B. C. 404. 

17. Volo praebeas. Understand ut. 

18. Quod factum. The accusative depending upon exprobran 
Hbus. 

19. Thrasybulus who freed his country from the 30 tyrants, B. 
C. 401. 

35 1. Quantas-tantas. Concerning the position of the sentences, 
and the attraction of the substantive by the relative, see n. 8 p. 
23. 

2. XTt videar retulisse, is a more modest expression than ut re~ 
lulerim would be, since it leaves it to others to decide as to the 
merit of his action. 

3. Abscinderem. Understand num or ne ; abscinderemne. 

4. Pythiam ad se vocatum. Translate as if it were Pythiam ad 
se vocavit, quumque ab eo, (" from his mouth :") accepisset {audivis- 
Set) difficultatem rei dom. (" the deranged state of his private 
affairs,") eum pecunia instruxit. 

5. Pythia. The ablative in the abridged comparison. 

6. Damnata, who, in a cause decided by the king, had received 
an unfavourable sentence. 

7. Filium, Alexander. 

8. Quod, instead of quam ob rem. 

9. Spero jore ut. A common periphrasis for spero with the in- 
finitive of the future. 

10. Et nobis et rebus. The ablatives depend upon dignus. 

11. Sperasne. Instead of num speras. 

12. Eos, quos. " That such as." Concerning the subjunctive 
following the relative, when it refers to talis, ejusmodi, is, see n. 
10, p. 15. 



NOTES. 93 

Page 

13. Asia debellata. Debellare means properly, "to end the war, 3 5 
to weaken the enemy so as to disable him from continuing the con- 
test;" hence simply "to conquer." 

14. Civitate sua, " with the freedom of their city." 

15. Officiuvi, an action by which we think to please, or confer a 
favour upon one. 

16. L/ubentissime. Alexander now considered the compliment 
by which he was made equal to Hercules as a favourable omen of 
future greatness. 

17. His verbis utebantur. Understood, "in the resolution taken 
upon it." 

18. Brevitate. The Lacedaemonians took great pains to con- 
vey the most expressive meaning in the fewest words; whence 
such mode of expression has been proverbially called Laconic. 

19. Lysimachus, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, 
who at the partition of the empire, received for his share Thrace, 
the Chersonese, and the countries adjacent to the Euxine. 

20. Cyrenaeum, "of Cyrene," now Curin, the capital of Cyre- 
naica, a country of northern Africa, east of the Syrtis Major and 
west of Marmarica. It corresponds with the modern Barca. 

1. Mea nihil interest. Interest and refert are joined with a gen- 36 
itive of the person whose interest is concerned, or with the neuters 
mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, instead oimei, tui, etc. The degree 

of importance is expressed by adverbs, or by the neuters of adjec- 
tives, or by their genitives. The thing in which any one's inte- 
rest is involved is not expressed by a substantive, but by an accu- 
sative with an infinitive, or by ut with a subjunctive and the inter- 
rogative particles. 

2. Humine, instead of utrum humi. 

3. Sublime, instead of insublimi. 

4. Caria. A province in the south-west of Asia Minor. 

5. Sepulcrum. The Mausoleum, one of the wonders of the 
world. 

6. Septem miracula. Of these the principal were the temple of 
Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus, or brazen image of Apollo, at 
Rhodes, the pyramids of Egypt, &c. 

7. Manibus. Not from manus, but from manes. 

8. Praemiis propositis. Translate as if it were, et in hoc certa- 
mine praemia amplissinia proposuit ei, qui 

9. Dionysius, surnamed the younger, was finally expelled by 
Timoleon, B. C. 343. 

10. Lnjdia, a province in the western part of Asia Minor, on the 
Aegaean. 

11. Sefelicior. Instead of quam ipse. 

12. Psophidium. Of Psophis, a town of Arcadia. 

13. Pyrrhus crossed to Italy for the express purpose of aiding 
the Taren tines in the war which they had undertaken against the 
Romans, B. C. 280. 

14. Loquuturi eramus. The conditional sentence, nisi defecisset 
seems to require essemus, and this would convey the same mean- 
ing ; but eramus expresses the conditional as positive and not to 
be doubted, so that the boldness of the speaker is more forcibly 
displayed by the indicative. 

15. Antigonus. surnamed Gonatus, son of Demetrius, and grand- 
son of Antigonus, who was one of Alexander's generals. 

16. In for o potius, scil. cognoscam. 



94 NOTES. 

Page 

&6 17. Catdna, now Catania i a town at the foot of Aetna' in Sicily. 

18. At permits us to understand a sentence from the preceding; 
" you would justly laugh, if I intended to fly before the enemy ; but 
I go to war to fight firmly, without abandoning my post." 

19. Sibi laetitiae esse. With the verbs esse, proficisci, dare, and 
venire, verto,jio, and others of the same meaning, besides the da- 
tive of the person, another is used to express the purpose, effect, 
and destination. Zumpt's L. G. ; Kenrick's Transl. 

20. Se meliores. Instead of quamipsum. 
3T 1. At anseres. See n. 18, p. 36. 

2. Rhodius, of the island Rhodus, which lies opposite Caria, in 
the Mediterranean. 

3. In ludis Olympicis. See n. 10, p. 34. 

4. Inspectante populo. " In the sight of the assembled people." 

5. Africanus. So called from his victory over Hannibal in 
Africa. 

6. Epirus, a country in the western part of Greece, forming a 
part of modern Albania. 

7. Instandum esse negabat. The neuter of the participle passive 
in dus is used in the nominative, or the accusative before the in- 
finitive, with esse, in the sense of propriety or necessity. Accord- 
ingly the words above may be translated, " said that one ought not 
to urge." 

8. Fortius, scil. quam alias fecisset. 

9. Ex necessitate, i. e. necessitate coactus. 

10. Corinthus, now Corito, a famous commercial city, situated 
on the Isthmus of Corinth, now Hexamili, which connects the Pe- 
loponnesus with Hellas, or Greece properly so called. Corinth 
was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, B. C. 146. 

11. Non esset unde. Instead of non esset aliquid, ex quo 

12. Major. The conqueror of Hannibal in the battle of Zama, 
to be distinguished from the Younger, who destroyed Carthage. 

13. Gentis Corneliae. The family of Scipiones was a branch 
of the gens Cornelia. The full name of this Scipio was P. Corne- 
lius Scipio Africanus. Concerning the name of the Romans, see 
n. 2, p. 4. Sometimes, as in the present instance, a fourth name, 
called the Agnomen, was given, added from some illustrious action 
or remarkable event. 

14. Recuperato demum gladio, i. e. non prius ad suos reversus est, 
quam gladium recuperaverat. 

15. Locum. The place from which they had retreated during 
the fight. A soldier could name his heir in the presence of 3 or 4 
comrades, before he went to battle, and this, without any other 
ceremonies, was considered a complete testament. It was called 
testamenium militare, vel in procinctu, i. e. " made while he was 
girding himself, or preparing for battle." 

16. Eos is to be referred to milites, which is contained in cohortes. 
1 17. Cedentem viderct. See n. 11, p. 24. 

18. Capite devoto. He suffered himself to be devoted to death 
by certain ceremonies, as if it were an atoning sacrifice for the 
whole army. 

19. Liberavit. Brutus expelled TarquiniusSuperbus, B. C. 509- 
The consular authority was established, which continued inde- 
pendent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia. 

20. Virgis caesos. Roman citizens, who were condemned to 



NOTES. 95 

Page 

death, were beaten with rods previous to their execution, in order 3T 
to place them on a level with the slaves. 

1. Perseus was conquered by Paulus Aemylius, son of the Aemy- 38 
lius who fell at Cannae. The decisive battle was fought at Pyd- 
na, B. C. 1G8. The province Macedonia, under the Romans, in- 
cluded Thessaly and Epirus, and extended from sea to sea. It is 
now Rownelia. 

2. Hoc ornine. All unusual phenomena, particularly in the hea- 
vens, were considered by the ancients as signs of future things. 

3. Cicatricem aversam, i. e. in parte corporis, hostibus aversa } i. e. 
in tergo ; on the contrary, adversa vulnera are " wounds in the 
breast." 

4. Coronis. Crowns were given by the ancients to free citizens 
as tokens of merit and valour. They were different according to 
the circumstances : Obsidionaiis, for freeing an army from a block- 
ade ; Vallaris vel Castrensis, to the first who mounted the rampart, 
or entered the camp of the enemy ; Muralis, to him who first scaled 
the walls of a city in an assault ; Navalis, to him who first board- 
ed the ship of an enemy ; Civica, to him who had saved the life 
of a citizen. There were smaller rewards of various kinds ; as, 
a banner, (Vexillum); trappings, {Phalerae)\ golden chains, 
{Aurea Torques) ; bracelets, (Armillae). 

5. Carpetani. The territories of this people were in the centre 
of Spain, in what is now New Castile. Their principal city was 
Toletum, now Toledo 

6. Barbari. Hispani et Galli, who were in the Carthaginian 
army. The Romans, like the Greeks, called every nation barba- 
rian which was not of their own race. 

7. Infidem ejus rei. " In order to give credit to this pretence." 

8. Quibus trajiceret. Respecting the subjunctive, see n. 14, p. 
18. 

9. Vulnerari. See n. 2, p. 11. 

AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY. 

1. Janiculum. A hill on the Tiber, by some considered as one 39 
of the seven hills on which Rome was built ; while others say that 

it was not included within the city. It was fortified by Ancus 
Martius. 

2. Troja eversa. Troja, the capital of Troas, a district on the 
Aegaean coast of Mysia in Asia Minor. After a war of 10 years, 
undertaken in consequence of the rape of Helen by Paris, Troy 
was taken and completely destroyed by the allied army of the 
Greeks, B. C. 1184. This city ha- been celebrated by the poems 
of Homer and Virgil ; the former gives an account of the war, 
and the latter relates the wanderings of Aeneas, after the fall of 
his native city, and his final settlement in Italy. See p. 26, § 11. 

3. Quibus pepercerat, {par cere alicui). 

4. Alba longa. Called longa, because it extended along the hill 
Albanus, and Alba, from the circumstance of Aeneas having found 
on the spot a white sow with 30 young ones, according to the pro- 
phecy of Helen us. 

1. Vestae sacerdotibus. The Vestal virgins devoted themselves 40 
to the service of the goddess Vesta, and kept the perpetual fire 
upon her altar. They took upon themselves the vow of chastity, 
and a violation of it was punished with death. 

i2 



96 NOTES. 

Pape 

4rO 2. Viro nubere. Ducert, " to take in marriage," is used when a 
man is the subject of discourse ; Nubere, " to be veiled," or duci, 
" to be led," is used when a woman is the subject. 

3. Ultra ripam. The Tiber having flat banks, the overflowing 
of the river is a common occurrence. 

4. Nutricndos. Instead of ut cos nutriret. 

5. Asylum, Gr. acv\ov, a consecrated place, which afforded safety 
from violence. 

6. Pulsi. Understand such as during the civil commotions had 
been expelled by the opposite faction, or were obliged to leave 
their country on account of a murder, which, in the badly organ- 
ized state of civil society, was a common occurrence. 

7. In arce. The Capitol was a citadel and temple on the Tar- 
peian rock, which formed a part of the Capitoline hill. 

8. In urbem recepit. On condition that Tatius, king of the Sa- 
bines, should share the sovereignty with him. 

41 1. iMStraret. At the end of every five years a review {census) 
of the people was made. After the census was finished, an expi- 
atory or purifying sacrifice, {Sacrificium lustrale), was made ; 
and thus the people were said to be purified, {lustrari). Because 
this was done at the end of every fifth year, hence I/ustrum is put 
for the space of five years. 

2. Ad deos sublatum, {toller e). Romulus was afterwards wor- 
shipped by the Romans as a god, under the name of Quirinus. 

3. Melius Fuffetius. The general of the Albans. After a 
treaty of peace had been made, he sided with the Romans in a 
battle between them and the Veientes, and, deserting during the 
fight, exposed his allies to great danger. 

4. Ei moenia circumdedit. Equivalent to novis earn moenibus 
circumdcdit. 

5. Corinthus. See n. 10, p. 37. 

6. Etruria, otherwise called Tuscia, a celebrated country of 
Italy, lying to the west of the Tiber. It is now called Tuscany. 

7. Minorum gentium. Those elected by Romulus were called 
Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled by Tullus Hostilius, 
Tarquinius Priscus, and Brutus, were denominated Patres mino- 
rum gentium. This at least is the opinion of some critics. Others 
maintain, that all those who were enrolled before the time of 
Brutus, were named Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled 
by him, Patres minorum gentium. See Crombie's Gymnasium, 
vol. 2, p. 315. 

8. Ademtos, i. e. quos hostibus ademerat. 

9. Capitolium. See n. 7, p. 40. 

4;£ 1. Censum. The census was instituted by Servius Tullius, and 
properly consisted in taking an account of the property and family 
of each citizen, and in imposing taxes in proportion to their effects. 
Servius at the same time divided the people into six classes, and 
these again into centuries. The census was at first taken by the 
kings, and afterwards by the consuls ; but, after the year of the 
city 310, by a proper officer, called Censor. 

2. Curia. The place at which the senate usually met was the 
Curia Hostilia, built by Tullus Hostilius at the foot of the Palatine 
hill, so that there was an easy ascent to it from the Forum by 
means of steps, {gradibus). 

3. Carpentum, a vehicle with two wheels, and an arched cover- 



NOTES. 97 

Paga 
ing, sometimes without the covering, and generally drawn by 42 
mules. It was used by the Roman matrons in the city. 
4. Hanc injuriam. The outrage offered her by the king's son. 

1. Iytixerunt. Lugere means not only " to lament, to bewail," 43 
but also " to wear mourning for." 

2. Pons ligneus. A bridge over the Tiber, called also pons sub- 
licius, (from sublicae, " stakes.") As it was entirely of wood, it 
was easily taken asunder, (rurnpi). 

3. Ignibus allatis. He threatened him with torture, in which 
fire also was used. 

4. Anienem. From the obsolete nominative Anien, for which 
Anio is used. The Anio is a river of Latium, which rises in the 
Apennines, and empties into the Tiber near Antemnae. 

5. Qui conciliaret. See n. 14, p. 18. 

6. Fabulam. See this fable, II. 8. 

7. Tribuni plebis. Two tribunes were at first created, but A. U. 
297, ten tribunes were created, which number continued ever after. 

8. Qui defenderent, i. e. ea de causa, ut. 

9. Volscorum. The Volsci were situated in the southern part of 
Latium. 

10. Milliarum. The public ways (Publicae Viae) of the Ro- 
mans were furnished with mile-stones, which were distant from 
one another 1000 paces or 5000 Roman feet. The pace (Passus) 
includeda double step, (gradus vel gressus), or the space from the 
place where the foot is taken up to that where it is set down. 

11. Veientes. The inhabitants of the city Veii (prum) in Etru- 
ria. 

1. Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, which empties into the 44 
Tiber above Rome. 

2. Qui Hannibalem. In the second Punic war. 

3. Debilitavit, i. e. vires imminuit. 

4. Decemviri. A college of ten men. Bodies charged with a 
particular office were generally designated by the number of their 
members, to which was still given an explanatory epithet. Thus 
here the above-mentioned Decemvirate is distinguished from other 
decern viral bodies by the addition of legibus scribendis. 

5. Falerii, a city in Etruria. The inhabitants were called Falisci. 

6. Reducendum tradidit. As above, c. 7, pueros uxori nutrien- 
dos dedit. 

7. Albis equis, i. e. curru invectus albis equis juncto. The use of 
white horses, in their opinion, was confined to the gods, and espe- 
cially to Jupiter and the Sun. 

8. Galli Senones, a nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their 
native possessions on the banks of the Seine (Sequana) and Marne 
(Matrona), and, under the conduct of Brennus, pillaged Rome. 
They settled on the coast of Umbria in Italy. 

9. Allia, a little river of Italy, in the territories of the Sabines, 
which empties into the Tiber. 

10. In eo erant. A collective noun or noun of multitude, e. gr. 
praesidium, turba, multitudo, exercilus, nobilitas, may be the subject 
of a plural verb. It is common when a noun of this class conti- 
nues the subject of successive propositions, to join a singular verb 
with it in one and a plural in another ; thus, in the present in- 
stance, praesidium is connected, in the first proposition, with the 
singular verb laborabat, in the second, with the plural erant. 

11. Trans Anienem. See n. 4, p. 43. 



98 NOTES. 

Pago 

45 1. Tribunus militum. One of the highest military officers. In 
the earliest times there were three to each legion, and as the le- 
gion at that time consisted of 3000 men, each tribune commanded 
1000 ; hence they were called by the Greeks chiliarchi (x i ^ ia PX 01 ) 
In later times there were six in each legion, who commanded 
under the consuls. 

2. Samnites, a people of Italy, whose territory was called Sam- 
nium. Their country lay between Apulia on the east, Latium and 
Campania on the west, Lucania on the south, and the confines oi 
the Marsi on the north. 

3. Dictator, a magistrate at Rome, invested with absolute autho- 
rity. He was appointed only in extraordinary cases, when the 
circumstances of the state required prompt and efficient manage- 
ment. His power continued only for the space of six months. 
The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called 
his master of horse, magister eqnitum. 

4. Furculae Caudinae, a narrow pass in the vicinity of Caudi- 
um, a town of the Samnites. 

5. Sub jugum. When enemies were vanquished, they were 
stripped of their arms and made to pass under the yoke, (jugum). 
This consisted of two spears planted in the ground, which were 
crossed at the top by a third, so low, however, that the captives 
were obliged to bend in passing under. 

6. Tarentinis. Tarentum was a Grecian colony in leaver Italy, 
still called Tarento. 

7. Epirus, a country on the western coast of Greece. 

8. Auxilio poposcerunt. The more usual construction is, poscere 
auxilium ab aliquo, or, with a double accusative, poscere aliquem 
auxilium. 

9. Elephant orum. As the Romans first saw the elephant in the 
army of Pyrrhus in Lucania, and were ignorant of its proper 
name, they called it bos L/iicas. 

46 1. Adversis vulneribus, See note 3, p. 38. 

2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 

3. Campania, a country of Middle Italy, on the Inferum vel 
Tyrrhenum Mare. 

4. Praeneste, a town in Latium. 

5. Praelio commisso. In the consulship of P. Sulpicius Saverrio 
and P. Decius Mus. 

6. Pueri comitarentur. This distinction was usually allowed 
to triumphant generals, and only on the day of their triumph. 
It was granted to Duilius for his lifetime. 

4T 1. Se desiisse. Soldiers who were taken prisoners in war, lost 
thereby their right of citizenship. 

2. Tot millia. The Carthaginians had proposed an exchange 
in the lump, although the number of Carthaginian prisoners was 
by far the greater. 

3. Lilybaeum, the western promontory of Sicily. 

4. Ciira Iberum. The Iberus (now the Ebro) flowed through Spain 
from north-west to south-east, almost parallel to the Pyrenees. The 
country south of this river remained subject to the Carthaginians. 

5. Clusium, (now Chiusi), a town in Etruria. 

6. Insubres, a powerful Gallic tribe in Upper Italy, in what is 
now the government of Milan in Austrian Italy. 

48 1. Spolia. The spoils which a general took from the general 
of the enemy was called spolia opima. They were dedicated and 



NOTES. 99 

Page 

suspended in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. These spoils were 48 
obtained only thrice before the fall of the republic. The first by 
Romulus, who slew Acron, king of the Caeninenses; the next by 
A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, king of the Vei- 
entes, A. U. C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Marcellus, who 
slew Viridomarus, a king of the Gauls, A. U. C. 530. 

2. Saguntum, a city on the eastern coast of Spain, in Hispania 
Tarraconensis. 

3. Ut mandaretur. Un derstand before it qui postularent, the idea 
of which is contained in miserunt. 

4. Liguria, a country of Upper Italy, bounded on the south by 
the Sinus Ligusticus, or Gulf of Genoa, on the north by the Padus, 
now the Po, on the east by the river Macra, and on the west by 
the Varus. It answers to Genoa and part of Piedmont. 

5. Ticinus, now Tessino, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, which rises 
in the Alps, and, having traversed in its course the Lacus Verba- 
nus, (now Lago Maggiore), empties into thePadusnear Ticinum. 

6. Trebia, a river of the same country, which rises in Liguria, 
and flowing in a northerly direction empties into the Padus near 
Placentia. 

7. Tuscia,ox Etruria. From the former the present name Tus- 
cany is derived. 

8. Trasimenus, a lake of Etruria, near Perusia, (now Perugia\ 
from which it takes its present name, lake of Perugia. 

9. Quam mora, i. e. cunctando el bellum dijferendo. This Fabius 
had shown, who, when appointed dictator, weakened the enemy 
by avoiding an engagement and continually harassing his army 
by countermarches and ambuscades. Hence he received the sur- 
name of Cunctator. 

10. Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
lying along the Adriatic, from the river Frento in the north-west 
to the promontory Iapygium. 

11. Armata, " with their arms in their hands." 

12. Aureomm annulorum. The senators and knights enjoyed 
the privilege of wearing golden rings. 

1. A duobus Scipionibus. Publius and Cnaeus. The former 49 
was a father of the elder Scipio Africanus. 

2. Nola, a town o/ Campania. Bells were invented there, in 
the beginning of the 5th century, by St. Paulinus, the bishop of 
the place. Hence they have been called in Latin Nolae, or Cam- 
panae. 

3. Quo minus Irajiceret. After verbs meaning " to hinder, to 
prevent," quo minus is used in the signification of ne. 

4. Poeni, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a 
corruption of Phoeni or Phoenices, as the Carthaginians were of 
Phoenician origin. 

5. Syracusae, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 B. C. 
by Archias a Corinthian. 

6. Duo Scipiones interfecti. Both were slain within the space of 
one month, in the eighth year of their generalship in Spain, in un- 
fortunate battles against the Carthaginians. 

7. Ad Ticinum. See above, c. 3. 

8. Ital. deser. cupient. Since they thought that the state was 
ruined beyond all hope of recovery. 

9. Carthago nova, now Carthagena, on the southern coast of His- 
pania Tarraconensis. 



100 NOTES. 

Page 

4:9 10. Sena, or Sena Gallica, now Senigaglia } a town on the Adri- 
atic, built by the Senones, A. U. C. 396. 

11. Picenum, a country of Ttaly on the Adriatic, east of the 
Apennines ; now called the March of Ancona. 

12. Bruttii, a people who inhabited the most southern part of 
Italy. 

13. Numidia, an extensive kingdom in the northern part of 
Africa, west of Africa Propria. It was bounded on the west by 
Maurerania, and on the south by Gaetulia. It forms the present 
kingdom of Algiers. 

SO 1. Zama, a town of Numidia, now Zamora, 300 miles south-west 
of Carthage. 

2. Quam coeperat, i. e. anno undevicesimo, postquam coeperat. 

3. Philippus, the son of Demetrius. See above, p. 49, § 6. 

4. Cynoscephalae, eminences in Thessaly, south-east of Pharsa- 
lus, so called from their resemblance to the heads of dogs, (?ww 

5. Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta, celebrated for his cruelty. He was 
slain B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14 years. 

6. Syriacum, " a Syrian." Syria, a country of Asia, on the 
Mediterranean, between Arabia and Cilicia in Asia Minor. 

7. Legatus, the name of the officer chosen by a proconsul or pro- 
praetor to accompany him to his province, and assist him in the 
discharge of his duties. Sometimes the governor remained at 
home, and merely sent out the legatus to the province; and at 
other times the senate sent out a legatus, without naming any pro- 
consul or propraetor. 

8. Magnesia, a town in the northern part of Lydia, near the 
junction of the Hermus and Hyllus, and in the vicinity of mount 
Sipylus. 

9. Asia, i. e. Asia Minor, in which Antiochus had many posses- 
sions. 

10. Taurus, the largest range of mountains in Asia as to extent. 
Intra Taurum, " on the southern side of the range." 

11. Pydna, a town in the southern part of Macedonia, situate 
on the shore of the Sinus Thermaicus. It was originally called 
Citron. 

£1 1. Sexdecimremorwn or dines. The ships of-war were variously 
named from their rows or ranks of oars. Those which had two 
rows or tiers were called Bir ernes ; three, triremes; four, quadri- 
remes ; five, quinquereme* vel penteres ; those of six or seven, by 
a Greek name, Hexeres, Hepteres, and above that by a circumlocu- 
tion, as in the present instance. The rowers were placed above 
one another in different stages or benches ( in transtris veljugis) 
on the side of the ship. 

2. Tribunus, as tribunus militum. 

3. Plurima, works of art, and images of the gods, taken from the 
temples of conquered towns. 

4. Pseudophilippus, ^evSo({n\nnros, who had falsely assumed the 
name of Philippus. A certain Andriscus pretended to be the son 
of Perseus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom of Macedonia, 
and formed a large party among the Macedonians, who were op- 
pressed under the sovereignty of the Romans. 

5. Corinthiis. Corinth, (see p. 37, § 65,) the principal city of the 
Achaean league, a famous confederacy which was formed B. C. 
284, and continued formidable upwards of 130 years. 



NOTES. 101 

Pag* 

6. Propter injuriam. The Roman ambassadors had been treat- 5 1 
ed with violence and insult, at the meeting of the confederacy at 
Corinth, on account of the extravagance and severity of their de- 
mands ; in consequence of which, war was declared against the 
confederacy. 

7. LdLsitania, a part of ancient Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
answering nearly to the modern kingdom of Portugal. Portugal 
is in its length larger than Lusitania, but from west to east much 
smaller. 

1. Numantia, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, near the 53 
sources of the river Durius. 

2. Hostibus tradi. The Numantines did not accept this expedi- 
ent for evading the fulfilment of the contract, and did not offer vi- 
olence to the consul who was offered to them as a victim. 

3. Correzit. He began by reforming the abuses which had crept 
into the military discipline. 

4. Vinctus, " in chains." The history of the war with Jugurtha 
has been given by Sallust in a work styled Bellurn Jugurthinum. 

5. Cvmbri et Teutones, northern tribes who left their ancient 
abodes, and went in search of new settlements. Other Gallic tribes 
through whose territory they passed, joined them. 

6. Ne iterum. See above, p. 44, § 32. 

7. Teutones. Marius met the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, now 
Aix, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. He left 20,000 dead on the 
field of battle, and took 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. 

8. Belloque protracto. See n. 5, p. 14. 

1. Gravissimum helium. The war of these allied nations (sub- 53 
jects of Rome) was called bellurn sociale, or, because the Marsi, a 
people of middle Italy, were the leading nation engaged in it, bel- 
lurn Marsicum ; also, bellurn Italicum. 

2. Aequo, jura, the right of Roman citizens, jura civitatis. 

3. Jus civitatis. The freedom of the city was conferred in differ- 
ent degrees, according to the different merits of the allies towards 
the republic. To some the right of voting (jus suffragit) was 
given, and to others not. After the social war it was communi- 
cated, with the right of voting, to all of the Italians south of the river 
Rubicon on the upper sea, and of the city Luca on the lower sea. 
Afterwards the same right was granted to Cisalpine Gaul, which 
hence began to be called Gallia Togata. 

4. Pontus, a kingdom in the north of Asia Minor, on the Pontus 
Euxinus ; Mithridates had greatly enlarged it by his conquests. 

5. Fugatusfuerat. He had taken refuge in Africa, but returned 
upon hearing that Cinna had embraced his cause. 

6. Proscripserunt. Proscribere, properly " to post up in writing, 
to publish any thing to be sold," especially in reference to auc- 
tions; also, " to confiscate one's property, sequester or seize one's 
estate ;" from the time of Sylla, " to proscribe, or outlaw one ; to 
doom to death and confiscation of property." Sylla introduced the 
custom of proscription, after having conquered the party of Marius. 
He ordered lists (tabulae proscriptions), of the names of those 
whom he doomed to die, to be placed in the public places of the 
city, with the promise of a reward (duo talenta) for the head of 
each person so proscribed. He divided the lands and fortunes of 
the slain among his friends, and declared their children incapable 
of honours. 

7. Sociale. See above, n. 1. 



102 NOTES. 

Page 

54: 1. Chalcedon, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, oppo- 

posite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, B. C. 685, some 

years before the founding of Byzantium. 

2. Cyzicus, anciently a very flourishing city, situate on the island 
of Cyzicus, in the Propontis, which is now a peninsula, and pre- 
serves its name. 

3. Byzantium, a city situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, found- 
ed by a colony from Argos and Megara, B. C. 658. Constantine 
the Great made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A. D. 
328, and called it Constantinopolis. 

4. Novum bellum, the war of the slaves. 

5. Gladiatores. Gladiators were for some time exhibited only at 
funerals, but afterwards also by the magistrates, to entertain the 
people. They were kept and trained in schools (in ludis) by per- 
sons called Lanistae. The whole number under one Lanista was 
called Familia. Gladiators were at first composed of captives, 
slaves, or condemned malefactors. Afterwards also free-born citi- 
zens fought, some even of noble birth. Gladiators were exhibited 
sometimes at the funeral pile, often in the Forum, but usually in an 
amphitheatre, so called, because it was seated all round, like two 
theatres joined. The place where the gladiators fought was called 
Arena, because it was covered with saw-dust or sand, to prevent 
the gladiators from sliding, and to absorb the blood ; and the per- 
sons who fought, Arenarii. — The slaves of Capua were quickly 
joined by an immense multitude of their fellow-sufferers, with 
whom Italy was tilled. 

6. Cabira, a fortified town of Armenia Minor, near the confines 
of Pontus, afterwards called Sebaste. 

7. Successor. M. Acilius Glabrio, who was shortly after succeed- 
ed by Pompey. 

8. Piratae, chiefly the inhabitants of the coast of Asia Minor, 
especially the Cilicians, who rendered the Mediterranean unsafe 
by their piracies. 

65 1. Venenum hausit. According to others, he stabbed himself, 
since the poison had no effect on him, in consequence of the anti- 
dotes which he was in the habit of taking to render ineffectual the 
attempts of his enemies to poison him. 

2. Galatia, a country of Asia Minor, lying west of Pontus. It 
derived its name of Galatia from the Gauls or Celtae, who invaded 
and settled the country. From the Greeks, who subsequently be- 
came intermingled with them, the country was also called Gallo- 
Graecia. 

3. Quod own recepisset. See n. 12, p. 14. 

4. Judaea, a province of Palestine, forming the southern divi- 
sion, and lying north of Arabia. Hierosolyma (Jerusalem) was 
the capital. 

5. Argenti infinitum, i. e. infinitum pondus, infinita summa. 

6. Catalina. In order to repair his ruined fortune, he attempted 
to effect apolitical revolution, and to murder the Senate and opu- 
lent citizens, with the intention of confiscating their property for 
the benefit of himself and his followers. 

7. Parthi, a people of Asia, successively tributary to the empire 
of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, and almost unknown until 
about 240 B. C, when they suddenly emerged from their obscurity 
under Arsaces, who laid the foundation of the Parthian empire. 
This empire was bounded on the east by the Indus, on the south by 



NOTES. 103 

Pago 

the Mare Erythraeum, on the west by the Tigris, and on the north 55 
by Caucasus. 

8. Carrae, a town of Mesopotamia, south-east of Edessa. 

9. Contra auspicia, notwithstanding the unlucky omens, which 
occurred before the battle. 

1. Nominis, i. e. populi. 56 

2. Absens. Candidates were bound according to law to be pre- 
sent at Rome, and when they commanded an army, to discharge 
it before soliciting an office. But Caesar continued with his army 
in Cisalpine Gaul. 

3. Ariminum, now Rimini, a town in Italy on the Adriatic, be- 
yond the limits of Caesar's province ; wherefore the taking pos- 
session of this town was to be considered as a declaration of war. 

4. Dictatorcm. See n. 3, p. 45. 

5. Hispanias. The plural comprehends the three principal divi- 
sions of the peninsula, Iyusitania, Tarraconensis, and Baetica. 

6. Primo praelio. This battle was fought near Dyrrachium, now 
Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea. 

7. Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thessaly, south-west of La- 
rissa, on the river Enipeus. In its neighbourhood is a large plain 
called Pharsalia, in which the battle was fought. 

8. Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great, B. C. 
332, situate at the mouth of the Nile. It was famous for its com- 
mercial advantages, commanding the trade of the east until the 
discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It was also celebrated for 
its schools, and its library of 700,000 volumes. 

9. A rege Aegypti, the last of the Ptolemies, and the brother of 
Cleopatra. 

10. Generi quondam, i. e. qui quondam gener Caesaris fuerat. 
Pompey had formed a league with Caesar and Crassus, A. U. 
694, and had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar. She died in 
the year 703, and with her death the last bond of union between 
the two statesmen was severed. 

11. Cleopatra, the sister of Ptolemy ; she had a short time before 
laid claim to the throne. 

12. Insolentius. He made himself perpetual Dictator, Impera- 
tor, &c. and it was suspected that he intended to declare himself 
king. 

13. Bruti duo, Marcus and Decimus. 

1. Fusus. Antony besieged D. Brutus in Mutina, a town of 51 
Gallia Cispadana, now Modena, but was defeated by the consuls 
Pansa and Hirtius. 

2. Lepidum, who was in Gaul with the army. 

3. Octavianus, the son of C. Octavius and Atia, a niece of Ju- 
lius Caesar, by whom Octavianus was adopted as a son. But 
sons, who entered a family by adoption, added to the nariie cf their 
pater adoptivus, which they assumed, the name of their rsal father 
with an addition *, so that Aemilius became Aemilianus. and Ocia- 
vius, Octavianus. Octavianus had first waged war with the sen- 
ate (Optimates) against Antony. 

4. Proscripsit. See n. 6, p. 53. 

5. Cassius. After the first battle Cassius caused one of his freed- 
men to kill him ; Brutus fell on his own sword after the second. 

6. Philippi, a town of Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 

7. Gallias, (as Hispanias, see n. 5, p. 56), comprehends all conn- 

PART I. K 



104 NOTES. 

Page 

67 tries under the name of Gallia, both on this side and the other side 
of the Alps. 

8. Lepidus. A short time after the division, Lepidus was strip- 
ped of his portion by Octavianus, and made to retire to a private 
station, because he made higher pretensions than he ought. 

9. Augustus, a title of honour, which Octavianus received in 
the year 726, when he proposed to abdicate the imperatorial dig- 
nity, and which conveyed the idea of holiness, since Augustus 
was especially applied to places which were devoted to religious 
purposes. 

10. Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus. 

11. Aspis, a poisonous serpent of Egypt and Libya, whose bite 
occasions inevitable death, but without pain. 

58 1. Fretum Gaditanum, from Gades, a Phoenician colony, now 
Cadiz. 

2. Qui monies. Not, as in English, monies qui, which po- 
sition of the relative, when accompanied by an apposition, the 
Latin did not admit. 

3. Herculis columnae, as marks of the limit which nature had 
put to the wanderings of Hercules. According to some he had 
erected columns on these mountains, after he had separated them 
by force, and thereby connected the Mediterranean (mare inter- 
num) with the Ocean (mare Atlanticum). 

4. Tanais, now the Don. 

5. Pontus Euxinus, now the Black Sea. 

6. Paius Maeotis, now the Sea of Azoph or Zaback. 

7. Mare Brit, now the North Sea. 

8. Aegaeum, now the Archipelago. 

9. r Pyrrhenum, so called from the ancient inhabitants of middle 
Italy, who named the land which they inhabited Tyrrhenia ; by 
the Romans it was called Tuscia. 

10. Baetis, now the Ghiadalquiver. 

11. Condiia. The island, on which Gades was built, was con- 
nected to the mam land by a mole. 

12. Narbonensis, so called from the city Narbo (Narbonne) ; 
before the reign of Augustus it was called Provincia Romania, 
(Provence), as being the first country subdued by the Romans in 
Transalpine Gaul. 

13. Massilia, now Marseilles. Respecting the foundation of 
the city by the Phocaeans, see Part II. I. i. 

14. Campus lapideus, or campi lapidei, a plain of several miles 
in extent, covered with round stones, situate in the vicinity of the 
Rhodanus, (Rhone), not far from the sea. The natural soil of this 
region is the same as described by the ancients. 

15. Phdsse, scil. lapidibus. 

59 1. Rhodanus, now the Rhone. 

2. Lacn.i Lemanus, now the Lake of Geneva. They distinguish- 
ed the water of the Rhine at a considerable distance, whence the 
opinion arose that the river flowed unmixed through the lake. 

3. Diriudi. The Rhone flows between Gallia Narbonensis and 
Lugdunensis, and empties into the Mediterranean by several 
mouths between Narbo and Massilia. 

4. Porrigitur. The ancient Gallia comprehended the whole 
country west of the Rhine as far as the North Sea, including the 
modern kingdom of the Netherlands. 

5. Druidae. Britain, according to Caesar, was the great school 



NOTES. 105 

of the Druids, and their chief settlement was in the island called 59 
Mona by Tacitus, now Anglesey. The common derivation is from 
Spvs, " an oak," or from the old British word dru or drew, " an 
oak," because they taught in forests, or, as Pliny states, never 
sacrificed but under an oak. 

6. Quae se scire projitentur. The knowledge in which they 
boast, which they assert that they possess. 

7. Garumna, now the Garonne. 

8. Aquitania comprehends the modern Gascony, and a part of 
Guienne. The Aquitani were a powerful people of Iberian origin, 
who divided themselves into many tribes. 

9. Sequana, now the Seine. 

10. Celtae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which lay 
between the Sequana and Garumna, extending eastwardly from 
the ocean to the Rhine. Augustus, however, B. C. 27, extended 
Aquitania into Celtica as far as the Ligeris, now the Loire, and 
further diminished Celtica by comprehending under Belgica that 
part which lay near the Rhine. 

11. Belgae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which 
lay north of Sequana and the territories of the Celtae, between 
the ocean and the Rhine. 

12. Usque ad Rhenum pertinent. To that part of the Rhenus now 
called the Lower Rhine. 

13. Lutetia, now Paris. 

14. Lacus Venetus, or Brigantiae, from the town Brigantia on 
its eastern bank, now Bregentz in Tyrol. It was also anciently 
called Bodamicus. It is now called Boden Sea, or Lake Constance, 
from a town of that name on its western border. 

15. Mediomatrici, a people of Belgic Gaul, who were situated 
along the Mosella or Moselle. Their capital was Divodurum, now 
Metz. 

16. Treviri, a nation of Gallia Belgica, between the Mosella 
and Mosa, now the Meuse. The capital was Augusta Trevirorum, 
now Treves, on the Moselle. 

17. Flevo, a branch of the Rhine, which expanded to such a de- 
gree as to form a considerable lake. This lake, having been in 
process of time much increased by the sea, assumed the name of 
Zuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea. 

18. Iterum. After forming the lake it was contracted again 
into a narrower bed, and re-assumed the appearance of a river. 
It is not now a river, but is a part of the Zuyder Zee. 

10. Vistula. This river falls into the Baltic, and still retains 
its ancient name. 

20. Boni hospitibus, i. e. erga hospites. 

1. Alio transituri. Non ut ibi moMeant, sed ad tempus, et rtiox, 60 
alio transituri, i. e. eo consilio, ut in alium locum troynseant. 

2. Silva Hercynia. This was an immense forest of Germany, 
considered by some writers as covering nearly the whole of that 
extensive territory. Parts of it only remain at the present day, 
which go under particular names, as the Black Forest, which 
separates Alsace from Swabia ; the Bohemerald, which encom- 
passes Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Hercynia 
sylva ; the Hartz forest in Lunenburgh, &c. 

3. Patere narrat. Its breadth, according to Caesar, was nine 
days journey, while its length exceeded sixty. 



106 NOTES. 

Page 

GO 4. Danubius, the Danube, called by the Greeks Ister, which 
name the Romans also applied to the eastern part cf the stream. 

5. Moenus, now Mayne, which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. 

6. Visurgis, now the Weser 7 falling into the German ocean. 

7. Albis, now the Elbe. 

8. Rhaetia, bounded on the north by Vindelicia, east by Nori- 
cum, south by Italy, and west by Helvetia. 

9. Aperuit. Julius Caesar made two voyages from Gaul to Bri- 
tain, and thus opened the way to the Romans. 

10. Claudio imperante. In the reign of Claudius, A. D. 42. the 
Romans first established themselves in Britain, under the com- 
mand of Aulus Plautius. 

11. Muro. This wall, which was intended to protect Roman 
Britain from the incursions of the Picts and Scots, extended from 
the Tyne to the Esk. The succeeding Caesars built other ram- 
parts and walls for the same purpose. 

12. Cantium, now Kent. 

13. Longior quam latior. When two predicates are joined to a 
noun, and one is to be expressed in a higher degree than the other, 
both are used in Latin in the comparative. 

14. Ramos. One of these branches of the Apennines terminates 
in the promontory of Iapygium, the other in that of Leucopetra. 

61 1. Id genus, equivalent to hujus generis. 

2. Lecta, i. e. when one merely reads about them. 

3. Fontes saluberrimi, the warm baths of Baiae. 

4. Padus, now the Po. 

5. Gallia Cisalpina, or Togata, the northern part of Italy on 
this side of the Alps, including the Italian Tyrol, extending as 
far south as the Rubicon. 

6. Vesulus, in Liguria, a mountain of the Alpes Cottiae. 

7. Urbis Romaiiae magnificentiam i instead of Romam urbem mag' 
nificentissimam. 

8. Tarentum, now Taranto. 

9. Swperato. In the war with the Romans. See Roman Hist. 
Lib. II. 5—9. 

10. Trinacria, compounded of rpeTs, " three," and axpa, " a pro- 
montory." 

11. Cyclopes, giants with one eye in their forehead, who forged 
the thunderbolts of Jupiter in the workshop of Vulcan. 

12. Egesti, from egero. 

13. Humcris sublatos Jlammae erip., equivalent to humeris sustu- 
lisse etfl. eripuisse. 

62 1. Bello petita. For an account of this war, see part II. C. 
19—21. 

2. Bello Punico. See Roman Hist. Lib. III. 2 — 11. 

3. Archimedes, a famous mathematician, who defended the town 
for a long time by the machines of war which he constructed. 
He was made captive and slain by a Roman soldier. 

4. Olympia. See p. 34, n. 10. 

5. Reddi depends upon dicitur in the preceding sentence. 

6. Vestigii. The name Ichnusa is derived from X-yvos, vestigium. 

7. Epirns, a country of Greece, to the west of Thessaly, lying 
along the Adriatic, and now forming a part of modern Albania. 

8. Sejungunlur. Macedonia and Epirus, which were governed 
by kings, were by many considered as not belonging to Greece, 
which consisted only of free states. 



NOTES. 107 

Pa*e 

9. Transtulit. For the history of Philip and Alexander, see 6$ 
part II. E. 

10. Perseo superato. See Roman Hist. Lib. IV. 3. 

11. Acroceraunii monies. A range of mountains in the vicinity 
of the sea, which terminated in the promontory Acroceraunium. 

12. Tinnitu significasse. The ancients supposed that the oaks 
of Dodona possessed human voices and prophesied. The priests 
drew their predictions from the rustling of the leaves, and the 
clattering din of large kettles, which were suspended in the air 
near a brazen statue ; when this was agitated, it struck against 
one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to the rest. 

13. Cephallenia, now Cefalonia. 

14. Corcyra, now Corfu, the land of the Phaeacians, over which 
(according to the Odyssey) Alcinous reigned in the time of Ulys- 
ses. The gardens of Alcinous bloomed and bore fruit constantly. 

1. Quo tempore. Not tempore quo. See p. 58, n. 2. 63 

2. Numa Pompilius. See Roman Hist. Lib. I. 13. 

3. Ithaca, now Teaki. The fame given by the Odyssey of Ho- 
mer to this barren island, has placed it in as high or even a high- 
er rank than that occupied by the most fruitful region of the earth. 

4. Per quos, scil. monies. They placed these mountains one 
upon the other, intending by means of them to climb to the habi- 
tation of the gods. See III. 3 

5. Peneus, now Salempria, EaX^Trpfa (pronounced Salebria), one 
of the finest and clearest rivers of Greece. 

6. Tempe, ra ri^n. 

7. Athenae. Understand sunt, or sitae sunt. 

8. Deos, Neptune (IWtto,) and Minerva QAdfivrj). From the 
last the town received its name. 

9. Eas, instead of tales, tarn praeclaras. 

10. Propylaea, to. irpoTri^.aia, a gateway, ornamented with rows 
of columns, one of the most magnificent structures in Athens. 

11. LongOS mUTOS, ra fxaKpa rei^r}, also Called GKe\ij. 

12. Musices ope. See above, III. 23. 

13. Epaminondae virtus. See Part II. D. § 8, 9, 10. 

14. Nemo ignorat. Combine thus, nemo ignorat, quantam aucto- 
ritatem oraculum Apollinis in hac urbe habuerit. Respecting the 
relative in the beginning of a sentence, see n. 5, p. 14. 

15. Peloponnesus, (" the island of Pelops,") now the Morea. 

16. Isthmus, Gr. iad/jLos; the Isthmus of Corinth is now Hexamili. 

17. iAidi Isthmici. The Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. 
1326, in honour of Melicerta or Palaemon, but having been inter- 
rupted after some years, they were re-instituted by Theseus in ho- 
nour of Neptune. 

1. Bellum Achaicum. Respecting this war, see Roman Hist. 6* 
Lib. IV. 6. and Part II. E. § 75, 76. 

2. Res gestas numeral. As the Olympiads were celebrated after 
an interval of 4 years, the Greeks called that space of time an 
Olympiad. They counted the Olympiads from the year 776 B. C. 
They reckon (numerant), or date their actions and exploits {res 
gestas) from the years of the Olympic games. See p. 34, n. 10. 

3. Dycurgi leges. See Part II. D. § 1, 2. 

4. Taygetus, a chain of mountains, which extending from Arca- 
dia divide into two branches, of which one terminates in the 
Taenarium Promontorium, the other in the Malea Pr. These 
promontories form the Sinus Laconicus, now G. of Coiokythia. 

K 4> 



108 NOTES. 

Page 

64b 5. Orpheus, as is said, descended by a cave at Taenarus to tne 
infernal regions, for the purpose of procuring from Pluto the 
restoration of his wife Eurydice to life. 

6. Clyclddes, from kvkXos " a circle." 

7. Delus, (derived from Sr,\os), now Sedili. 

6. TranstulerunL The allied states of Greece, in order that 
they might always be prepared to carry on war with the Persians, 
made a proportional contribution, which they deposited in the 
temple of Delos, as a common treasury of Greece, but subsequent- 
ly the Athenians, having become most powerful by sea, conveyed 
the treasures to Athens, and applied them to their own use. 

9. Euboea, now Negropont. 

10. Temere, " without stated intervals." 

65 1. Plures (uxores) singuli (viri) habent. 

2. Ajudicibus. In these disputes judges decided who was most 
worthy of following her husband. 

3. Dv.cendae. The participle denotes the purpose. 

4. Inveniunt, etc. instead of maritos pecunia data (mercede) 
emunt. 

5. Byzantium, called Constantinople from Constantine the 
Great. The Turks call it Istamboul or Stamboul. 

6. Bosporus Thracius, (so called to distinguish it from the Bos- 
porus Cimmerius), a strait connecting the Propontis {Sea of Mar- 
mora.) with the Pontus Euxinus {Black Sea). 

7. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, leading from the Aegaean 
to the Propontis. 

8. Amor Herus et Leandri, the love of Leander of Abydus (on 
the Asiatic coast) for Hero, (genit. Herus, 'Hpw, oft), a priestess of 
Venus at Sestos, to whom he used to swim by night across the 
Hellespont. He was at length drowned, in consequence of the 
torch, which Hero held to direct his course, being extinguished 
during a storm. 

9. Cynossema, xwds arjua, " a dog's tomb." 

10. Hecuba, wife of Priam, king of Troy. 

11. Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, who, after the destruc- 
tion of Troy, went in quest of new habitations, accompanied by a 
band of his countrymen. 

12. Devorandus, " to be devoured.'' 

13. Cassander, son of Antipater; he made himself master of 
Macedonia after his father's death. 

14. In extrema Macedonia, i. e. in extremis Macedoniae partibus. 

15. Assignasse, soil. iis. 

16. ScytMa, a country between the Ister and the Maeotis Palus 
or the Phasis, whic v also extended into unknown regions of the 
north and east. The name of Riphaei Monies is applied to any 
cold mountains in a northern country ; it would appear that the 
ancients intended to denote by them the northern and western 
limits of the earth. 

66 1. Majoribus, etc. i. e. quanto quis (aliquis) illustriores majores 
habet. 

2. Taurica Chersonesus, (to distinguish it from the Chersonesus 
Thracia), a peninsula in the Black Sea, now Crimea. 

3. Borysthenes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine, 
now the Dnieper. 

4. Hyperborei, vnepfidpeioi ; the word signifies " people who in- 
habit beyond the wind Boreas." Thrace was the residence of 



NOTES. 109 

Page 
Boreas, according to the ancients, and it appears that the Greeks 66 
called the Thracians Boreans ; it is probable, therefore, that they 
calied the people beyond these Hyperboreans, perhaps the inhabit- 
ants of Russia and part of Siberia. Virgil places them under the 
north pole. 

5. Occidit. It was also during one half of the year day, and 
during the other night. 

6. Omni, equivalent to ulla. 

7. Taedet (like piget, poenitet) is used with an accusative of the 
person and a genitive of the thing, see n. 6, p. 15. 

8. Asiae nomine. Asia Minor is here meant, which is now 
called Natolia, Anatolia, or rather Anadoli, from duaroXf), oriens. 

9. Ad quern amnem. Respecting the arrangement of the words, 
see p. 63, n. 1. 

10. Victoriam reportavit. For an account of this battle, see Part 
II. E. § 18. 

11. Peninsular. Cyzicus was originally an island. From the 
time of Alexander, who joined it to the continent by a mole, it has 
been called a peninsula. 

12. Ab Argonautis occisus est, on their expedition in quest of the 
golden fleece. 

13. Axes absorbent, by fascination, as it would seem, or by the ef- 
fect of their breath. Something similar is told of rattlesnakes. 

14. Ab Jasone. On the expedition to Colchis. 

1. Axenus, from afao$, "inhospitable." 6T 

2. Euxinus, from ivfavos, " hospitable." It bore the name of 
Axenus, until the establishment of numerous Greek colonies along 
its coast insured to voyagers a safe and friendly reception. 

3. Thermodon, a river of Pontus, falling into the Euxine. 

4. Distinguunt notis, " tattoo their body," i. e. make punctures 
in the naked body, which are variously stained, so as to give them 
a parti-coloured appearance. So above, § 41. Agathyrsi ora et 
corpora pingunt. 

5. Asia proprie dicta, i. e. Asia Minor. 

6. Colonias misil. It sent out eighty colonies. 

7. Amazones, a fabulous nation of women, who are said to have 
dwelt in the eastern part of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Euxine, 
in the vicinity of the Thermodon. 

8. Ilium, otherwise, Troja. 

9. Farna quam natura major es, " more celebrated than large." 

10. Judicium illus. redd. See p. 26, § 11. 

11. Ajax, the son of Telamon, next to Achilles the bravest of 
the Grecian heroes who fought before Troy. After the death of 
Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the 
hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged 
that he became bereaved of his understanding, and slaughtered a 
flock of sheep, supposing them to be the Greeks who had given the 
preference to Ulysses, and then stabbed himself with his sword. 

12. Mercede accepta. The Greeks originally bore arms only for 
their native land. The custom of serving foreign princes {aliena 
bella gerere) for pay {mercede accepta) was first introduced after 
the Peloponnesian war. 

13. Contusa, from contundo. 

14. Sepulcrum. See p. 36, § 51. 

1. Lavare, properly used in a transitive signification, lavarecor- *I8 



110 NOTES. 

Page 

68 pus, membra, is also used in a neuter sense, instead oi se lavare, or 
lavari. 

2. LAicis, i. e. nemoribus. 

3. Terrere dicilur. The greatest part of the Corycian cave was 
in reality a valley between rugged rocks ; in the bottom of the 
valley was a hole, in which the rushing of the water might pro- 
duce the effects here mentioned. There was another Corycian 
cave in Phocis near Parnassus. 

4. Cum terra conjuncta. This connexion with the main land 
was first made by Alexander, who, when besieging the place, 
formed a mole in order to gain access to the city, which was built 
on an island. 

5. Latrociniis vivunt. As the Bedouins at the present day. 

6. Aelius Gallus penetravit. In the reign of Augustus, A. U. C. 
729. 

7. Bactrianae et Arabiae, adjectives from Bactrianus and 
Arabius. The camel with one bunch or protuberance on its back 
is called a dromedary. 

69 1. Ambitu. The noun ambitus has the penult short, although 
the participle ambitus has that syllable long. 

2. Moles. The arches on which the gardens rested, the plan of 
which was arranged by Semiramis. 

3. Successores. Seleucus Nicator, one of the successors of Alex- 
ander, who penetrated as far as the countries which border on the 
Ganges. 

4. Paropamisus, a mountain which separates Bactria from India. 

5. Ambitu corporis, i. e. corpora elephantorum ambientes et impli- 
cantes. 

6. Lanas ferunt. The cotton (gossypium) growing upon trees 
and shrubs. 

7. Insistunt. In like manner the Fakirs at the present day ac- 
quire a character for holiness by subjecting themselves to bodily 
tortures and mortifications. 

8. In rogos se praecipitantes. This is told of the Gymnosophis- 
tae. 

9. Plinius, a learned Roman, who lived in the reigns of 
Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian, and who has left an extensive 
work, giving an account of almost every natural object. He 
perished in an eruption of Vesuvius. 

10. Meditantem, i. e. exercentem, 

11. Magna ex parte. In the east the battle is principally decided 
by the elephants. 

TO 1. Ebur adfiibetur. The most famous statues of Phidias, as the 
Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva in the Parthenon at Athens, 
were of ivory, and were covered with golden garments. 

2. Excipit, equivalent to sustinet. 

3. His cymbis instead of his testis utuntur pro cymbis, Usque na 
vigant. 

4. Terni, scil. homines. 

5. Ad centena, " about a hundred every time." 

6. Feminarum gloria, " is an object of pride among the women.' 1 

7. Antonius, M. Antonius, the triumvir, who after the war with 
the Parthians, lived in extreme luxury, at Alexandria, with Cleo- 
patra the last princess of Egypt, whom he rivalled in extrava- 
gance. 

8. Catabathmus, Kara/3 ad pos, a region constantly declining. 



NOTES. Ill 

Page 

9. Praecipitatus. This waterfall (Catarractes or Cataractd) is TO 
the smallest of several, which the river forms before its entrance 
into Egypt. 

10. Septem ora. Many give it nine mouths. 

1. Agger es aperiuntur. Egypt is intersected by canals, in order 7 1 
to extend the water of the river through every part of the country. 
These are kept shut by sluices and dams, until the Nile has attain- 
ed its proper height. 

2. In insula Nili. So says Pliny. According to others, Tenty- 
ra (to. Tevrvpa) is a town and district on the western side of the Nile. 

3. Crocodilos ostendit. The Roman Aediles took upon themselves 
the care of celebrating the Ludi Mazimi or Romania and some other 
festivals, in which they often caused foreign and rare animals to 
be exhibited to the people. 

4. Moeris, a lake in Middle Egypt, now Birket Caroun. The 
present extent of this lake is by no means the same as that repre- 
sented by the ancients. 

5. Labyrinthus. The labyrinth, which is said to have been built 
by 12 Egyptian kings, lay on the southern side of lake Moeris, not 
far from Arsinoe. 

6. Ptolemaeus, Lagi filius, or Soter, the first of the Ptolemies. 
Egypt was governed by these princes from the time of Alexander 
until it became a Roman province. From the light-house here 
mentioned, built upon the island of Pharos, the name Pharos is 
applied to light- houses in general. 

1. lnbibliothecis condendis. The Alexandrian library, commenc- T2 
ed by the second Ptolemy (Philadelphus), is said to have increased 
until it contained 700,000 volumes (volumina). Respecting the li- 
brary at Pergamus, see p. 5, n. 2. 

2. Medicatos, " embalmed," as mummies. 

3. Nee diu quaeritur. The priest kept another in readiness 
which had the required marks. 

4. Macrobii, fiaxpopioi, " long-lived." 

5. Terminatur Nilo. The Nile was considered by many as the 
eastern limit of Africa ; others comprehended the whole of Egypt 
in Africa. 

6. Mauritania was bounded on the north by the Fretum Her- 
culeum, now Straits of Gibraltar, on the east by Numidia, on the 
south by Gaetulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. It is now the 
empire of Fez and Morocco. The inhabitants were called Mauri. 

7. Columnae Her cutis app. See p. 58. § 1. 

1. Numidia, now the kingdom of Algiers. It was bounded oa 73 
the north by the Mediterranean, south by Gaetulia, east by Africa 
Propria, and west by Mauritania. The inhabitants were called 
Nomades, and afterwards Numidae. 

2. Africa. That part of Africa called Propria corresponds with 
the modern Tunis. 

3. Bella cum Romanis. The three Punic wars, which terminat- 
ed in the destruction of Carthage. See Roman Hist. Lib. II. 10 
—13. Lib. III. 3—11. Lib. IV. 4, 5. 

4. Narrantur. A full account of this transaction is given in 
the 79th chapter of Sallust's History of the Jugurthine war. 

5. Catabathmus. The declivity which separated Cyrenaica from 
Egypt was called Catabathmus magnus, to distinguish it from ano- 
ther in the Lybian nome, called parvus. The former is called by 
the Arabs AJcabet-Ossolom. 



112 NOTES. 

Page 

T3 6. Cyrenaica, corresponding wilh the modern Barca, was also 
called Pentapolis, from five principal cities which it contained, 
viz. Berenice or Hesperis, Barce, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and 
Cyrene the capital. 

7. Solis, scil. fontem. 

8. His, scil. locis rcgionibus. 

9. Itapromovent. As the herds go in quest of food, so these pas- 
toral tribes wander about with their huts or tents. 

10. Generositas, scil. est. Instead of leones praecipue gemrosi. 

11. Prostratis, i. e. iis, qui se prostemmit. 

14: 1. Appeiit, he finds him out in the greatest multitude, and attacks 
him. 

2. In campis Philippicis. Afler the battle in the plains of Phi- 
lippi in Macedonia, in which Brutus and Cassius perished, and 
the party of Octavianus and Antonius proved victorious. 

3. Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Africa, which empties into 
the sea between Utica and Carthage. 

4. Regulus, imp. Rom. Concerning Regulus, see Roman Hist. 
Lib. II. 11, 12. 

5. Manu, " with its trunk. 



DICTIONARY. 



Explanation of Abbreviations and Marks. 



Active. 

adj. Adjective. 

adv. ..... Adverb. 

al. Ut alii putant. 

c Common gender. 

comp. Comparative. 

conj. Conjunction. 

contr. .... Contraction. 

def. Defective. 

def.pret. - • • Defective preteritive. 

d. Deponent. 

dim. Diminutive. 

/. Feminine. 

freq. Frequentative. 

fr. From. 

imper. .... Imperative. 

impers. .... Impersonal. 

inc. ..... Inceptive. 

ind. Indeclinable. 

int. Interjection. 



irr. Irregular. 

m. Masculine. 

n. Neuter. 

n. p. Neuter passive. 

num. Numeral 

card. num. Cardinal do. 

ord. num. Ordinal do. 

distr. num. Distributive do. 

mult.num. Multiplicative do. 

adv. num. Adverbial do. 

part. Participle. 

pass. Passive. 

pp. - - ' - - • Perfect passive. 

pi. Plural. 

prep. Preposition. 

pr. cum. ace. A preposition with the ace. 
pr. cum. abl. A proposition with the abl. 

pro. Pronoun. 

sup. Superlative. 

Vide, See. 



The Arabic numbers denote the declension and conjugation. A short vowel is 
marked thus (^), a Ions one ( — ). 



a, short for ab. As E for Ex. 
ab, prep. cum. abl. from, by, &c. fr. 

diro, ait '. 

Abdera, ae, f 1. a maritime town 
of Thrace, at the mouth of the 
river Nestus. 

abditus, a, um, part. d> adj. (fr. ab- 
do) hidden, removed, secret. 

abdo, ere, Idi, itum, a. 3. (ab et do) 
to put away from view, hide, re- 
move. Do in its compounds is 
often to put or place, as in condo, 
subdo. For I give or consign to 
a place what I put in it. 

abduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ab et 
duco) to lead from, to lead or take 
away. 

abductus, a, um, part. pass, led from 
or away. 

abeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. {ab et 
eo) to go from or off, to depart. 

aberro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1 . {ab et 
erro) to stray from, wander, lose 
the way. 

abjechis i a, um } part. pass, (ab et 



jactus)thrown from,thrown away, 
cast off. 

abjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ab et 
jdcio) to throw from, throw away, 
lay by, throw aside. 

abluo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (ab et 
luo) to wash off, make clean, pu- 
rify. 

abs,prep. cum. abl. from. Fr. ab % 
for softness. Al. from dxp, back. 

abscindo, indere, idi, issum, a. 3, (ab 
et scindo) to tear off, cut off, part 
asunder. 

absens, lis part, absent. Fr. abs 
and ens. Ens, entis, from apt, 
part. £iV, evrds, whence entis, ents i 
ens. 

absolvo, olvere, olvi, lutum, a. 3. (ab 
et solvo) to loose from, loose, un- 
tie, release. 

absorbeo, bere, bui, more frequently 
than psi, pturn, a. 2. {ab et sorbeo) 
to sup or suck in, absorb, swal- 
low. 

absterreo, e e, ui, itum, a. 2. (abs et 



114 



DICTIONARY. 



terreo) to frighten from or away 
terrify, deter. 

abstiwntia, ae. f. 1. an abstaining 
from, abstinence. 

abstineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 1. for 
absteneo (abs et teneo) to hold off 
from, keep from, abstain, refrain 
from. 

absum, esse, fui, irr. n. (ab et sum) 
to be at a distance from a place 
or person, to be absent. Parum 
abest, it wants but little. Fui. 
and the part. futurus,both come 
from the old verb fuo,fr. $vco to 
be. 

absumo, ere, si or psi, turn or ptum, 
a. 3. (ab et sumo) to consume, 
destroy, make an end of. Absumi 
dolore, to fret one's self to death, 
to die of grief. 

absumtus vel ptus, a, um, part, pass 
consumed, destroyed, wasted. 

absurdus, a, urn, adj. grating, dis- 
cordant, not agreeing with the 
subject in hand, inconsistent, ab- 
surd. As said of that (ab) from 
which one turns away one's ears 
and is (surdus) deaf to it. 

abundantia, ae, f 1. abundance 
plenteousness. 

abundo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to over- 
flow, abound. Properly said of 
(undo) water rising (ab) out of its 
bounds. So exundo is used. 

ac, conj. and, as, than. Aeque ac, 
just as much as ; non secus ac, 
not otherwise than. Soft for ate, 
fr. atque, whence atq\ ate, as Ne- 
que, Neq\ Nee. 

Acca, ae, f. 1. Acca Laurentia, the 
wife of Faustulus, shepherd of 
king Numitor's flocks, who 
brought up Romulus and Remus. 

accedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n.S. i. e. ce- 
do ad, to come to, draw near, ap- 
proach. Also, to acquiesce in, 
coincide with ; properly, I come 
up to a proposal, ad negolia, to 
enter upon business, come to the 
subject in hand. 

accendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. to light 
up, set on fire. Accendo is fr. 
cando, to make to shine, fr. can- 
deo, to shine ; as fugo, fr. fugio. 

accensus, a, um, part. pass, lighted 
up, set on fire. 



accessus, us, m. 4, a coming to, an 
approaching or drawing near to. 

accido, ere, i. n. 3. (ad et eddo) to 
fall down at or before, accidit, it 
happens. 

accipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. (ad 
et cdpio) to take to, receive, com- 
prehend, verba, to hear. 

accipiter, tris, m. 3. a hawk, falcon. 
Fr. accipio, where capio is used in 
its stronger sense of seizing, from 
its rapacity. 

accommodatus, a, um, adj. accom- 
modated to, adjusted, fit, suita- 
ble. 

accumbo, mbere, bui, bitum, n. 3. (fr. 
accubo, i. e. cubo ad), to lie down 
or sit down at table. 

accurate, adv. accurately, diligent- 
ly, attentively. 

accurdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. euro) 
done with care, much attended to, 
accurate. 

accurro, currere, curri et cucurri, 
cursum, n. 3. (ad et curro) to run 
to. 

accuso, are, dvi, dtum, a, 1. to arraign, 
accuse. For accauso, (as Exclu- 
do for Exclaudo),fr. causa, a ju- 
dicial process. So inciiso. 

deer et dcris, ere, sup. dcerrimus, adj. 
fr. aw, a point), sharp, keen, 
brisk, enterprising, valiant. 

dcerbus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to be 
tart), bitter, tart, harsh, severe. 

dcerrime, adv. sup. See acriter. 

dcervus, i, m. 2. aheap. For ager- 

VUS,fr. dy£f)ai,fut. dytipco, to Collect. 

V as in sylva. 

dcetum, i, n. 2. vinegar. Ft. dceo } 
to be tart. 

Achaicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Achaia(which name was extend- 
ed by the poets to all Greece) or 
Greece, Grecian. 

Achelous, i, m. 2. a river of Greece, 
which rises in mount Pindus in 
Epirus, and after dividing Acar- 
nania from Aetolia, falls into the 
Ionian sea. It is now called .As- 
pro Potamo or the White river. 

Ackernsia, ae,f. 1. a lake in Cam- 
pania, between the promontory 
of Misenum and Cumae. Now 
Lago delta Collucia. 

AchiUeSj is et eos } m. 3. son of 



DICTIONARY. 115 

Pelens and Thetis, the bravest of dddmas, aidis, m. 3. (aca^aj, airo$.) 
the Grecian heroes in the Trojan a diamond, adamant, 
war. addllus, a, um, part, added. 

dcidus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to be addo, ere, idi, itum, a. 3. (ad et do) 
tart) sour, tart, harsh. to add. That is, to place a thing 

dries, iei,f. 5. (fr. dxls : a point) the' (ad) near to or by another, 
sharp edge or point of any thing, additco, cere, xi, cium, a. 3. (ad et 
as of a sword or spear. Hence, duco) to lead to, conduct, bring, 
a battalion, an army in battle ar- induce ; in dubitationem, to bring 
ray into doubt. 

acinus, i, m. 2. (fr. axis, a point) addemlusor plus,a,um,part.fr.adi- 

berry, kernel, grape-stone. mo, taken away. 

dcris, ere, adj. See deer. ddeo, adv. (ad eo) to such a degree, 

dcrile r, crius, cerrime, adv. sharply,' to such a pass, so. Ad is joined 

boldly, valiantly. to an adverb, as in adhuc. So in 

Acroceraunia et i, orum. n. et m. pl.\ English, hereto, hitherto, there- 

2. (fr. afcpos, high, and xepawog, a fore. 

thunderbolt, because they were ddeo, Ire, ivi et ii, ikem, irr. n. (ad 
often struck on account of their et eo) to go to, approach, 
height) very high mountains adhaereo, r ere, si, n. 2. (ad et hae- 
that separate Epifus from Mace- reo) to stick close to, grow to, ad- 
donia. here. 

Acrocorinthos, i, f 2. 'Axpoxonivdog,' Adkerbal, alls, m. 3. a Numidian 
a high hill overhanging Corinth, prince, son of Micipsa and grand- 
on which was a citadel of the son of Massinissa. 
same name. adh'tbeo, ere, ui, Itum, a. 2. to adopt, 

Acropolis, is, f. 3. the citadel of apply, employ, use. That is, 
Athens. i (hdbeo) I hold any thing in my 

actio, onis, f 3. (fr. actum sup. of hand (ad meos usus) for the pur- 
dgo) a thing done or doing, act, pose of using it. 
action ; business; action at law. adhuc, adv. up to this point, hither- 
Actium, i, n. 2. now Azio, a town to, as yet. See Adeb. 
and promontory of Epirus, fa- ddimo, imere, emi, emtum or emp- 
mous for the naval victory obtain- turn, a. 3. to take away. Fr. emo, 
ed by Augustus over Antony and I take. Emo ex alio ad me, 1 take 
Cleopatra. from another to myself. 

actus, a,, um, part, (ago, agtum, ox- dditus, us, m. 4. (//•. dditum, sup. 
(urn, actus) led, conducted, dri- of ddeo) a going to, entry, ae- 
ven. cess. 

dculeus, i, m. 2. (fr. dcuo, to sharp- adjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (ad etjdceo) to 

en) a sting, a point. lie near, border upon. 

acumen, inis, n. 3. (fr. dcuo, to adjungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ad et 
sharpen) sharpness, or sharp jungo) to join to, annex, unite, 
point, acuteness. adjutus, a, um,part. pass, of adjuvo t 

dcus, its, f. 4. (fr. axis, a sharp point, helped, aided. 

or acuo) a needle, bodkin. adjuvo, uvdre, icvi, utum, a. 1. (ad 

dcutus, a, um, adj. (fr. dcidum sup. etjitvo) to help, aid. 

of acuo) sharp-edged, pointed, Admetus, i, m. 2. one of the Argo- 
acute. nauts, king of Pherae in Thessa- 

ad, prep, cum ace. (shortened from ly. 

apud) at, about, near a place, administer, tri, m. 2. an assistant, 
Also, to, unto. Ad, in composi- servant. 

tion, increases the force of words, administro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad 
For, if I put any thing (ad) to et mtnistro) to lend aid, direct, 
another, I increase that other admirdtio, onis, f 3. (admir or) ad- 
thing, miration, wonder. 
FART I. L 



116 



DICTIONARY. 



admiratus, a, um, part, of admir or, ] adrosus, a, um, part, (from adrodo, 



admirin^ 
admir or, art, dtus sum, d. 1. {ad et 



ere, osi, osum, 3.) gnawed, gnaw- 
ed round, bitten. 



miror) to wonder greatly, to ad- adscendo vel ascendo, dere, di, sum, 



mire. 

admissus, a, um, part, of admitto, 
admitted. 

admitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (ad 
et mitto) to admit to one's own 
presence, to receive ; to admit 
to one's own attention or appro- 
bation, give heed to, approve, al- 
low. 

admodum, adv. just, exactly, en- 
tirely. That is, ad modum jus- 
tum, up to the just and proper 
measure ; simply, up to the mea- 
sure. 

admoneo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. {ad et 
moneo) to put in mind, warn, ad- 
monish. 

admonitus, a, um, part, admonish- 
ed. 

admoveo, overe, ovi, dtum, a. 2. {ad 
et movco) to put near, bring near 
to, apply. 

adndto, are, dvi, alum, n. 1. {ad et 
naio fr. no) to swim to or to- 
wards. 

addle scens, tis, adj. {fr. adolescd) 
growing, young j subst. m. et f. 
one still growing, or still growing 
in strength and vigour ] a young 
man or woman. 

ddolcscentia, a€,f 1. youth. 

ddolcsco, olescere, olevi, very rarely 
olui, ultum, (ad et olesco.fr. oleo.) 
n. inc. 3. to grow up, grow in 
strength. 

adopio, arc, dvi, dtum, a.\.\ desire 
choose, adopt. That is, {optd) I 
desire to be {ad me) by me. Or 
ad is very much. 

adorior, orxri, ortus sum, dep. 3. et 
4.{ad, et orio?') to set about, take 
in hand, undertake } invade, at- 
tack. 

Adria, ae, et Hadria, ae, m. 1. the 
Adriatic sea. Also /. a city be 
tween the mouths of the Padus 
and Athesis, from which the sea 
was called. 

Adriaticus, a, um, adj. (from A dria), 
Mare Adriaticum vel Hadriati- 
cum, the Adriatic or Hadriatic 
sea ) now, the Gulf of Venice. 



a. 3. {ad et scandoi) to ascend, 
mount, climb. 

adsisto vel assisto, sister e, stiti, (com- 
mon with asto) n. 3. (ad et sistc) 
to stand by the side of, assist, 
help. 

adspergo vel aspergo, gere, si, sum, 
a. 3. (ad et spargo) to sprinkle, 
besprinkle, bedew. 

adsptcio vel aspicio, icere, exi, echini, 
a. 3. (ad et specio) to look at, be- 
hold, see. 

adsto vel asto, stare, stiti, n. 1. (ad 
et sto) to stand by or near. 

adsum, ades, adcsse, adfui, irr. n. 
(ad et sum) to be by or near an- 
other, help, attend to. 

adulator, oris, m. 3. (adidor) a flat- 
terer. 

aduncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curv- 
ed, bent. 

adveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ad et 
vetio) to bear to, conduct, convey. 
advehor, to arrive. 

advena, ae, m. 1. a new comer, 
stranger. 

oAvenio, enire, eni, entum, n. 4. {ad 
et venio) to come to, arrive. 

adventus, us, m. 4. a coming, an ar- 
rival. 

adver sarins, i, m. 2. (fr. adversor) 
an adversary. 

adversus et adversum, prep, cum a-cc. 
against, opposite, towards. 

adversus, a, um, adj. turned lo 
wards, facing or right opposite 
to ; adversa vulnera, wounds in 
front; adverso corpore, on the 
breast. 

advoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
voco) lo call to, call. 

advolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (ad et 
volo) to fly to, or towards. 

aedifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (i. e. 
aedem facto) to build a house, 
build. 

aedilitas, dtis, f. 3. the oflice of 
Edile. 

aedililius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Ediles ; (vir) one who has held 
the office of Edile. 

Aegaeus, a, um. adj. pertaining to 



DICTIONARY. 



117 



the Aegaean. Aegaeum mare 
the Aegaean sea (now Archipe 
lago) a part of the Mediterrane- 
an, dividing Greece from Asia 
Minor. 

aeger, gra, grum, adj. (sup aeger- 
rlmus) weak, infirm, sick. Fr. 
dcpyds transp. diypos. That is, in- 
capable of w ork or action. 

aegre,adv.(fr. aeger) hardly, scarce- 
ly, with difficulty. 

aegritudo, inis, f. 3. (aege?') sorrow, 
grief, affliction. 

Aegyptus, i, f 2. (Afyvrroj) Egypt. 

Aelius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family ; abbreviated thus. 
Ael. 

Aemilius, i, the name of a Roman 
family : Paulus Aemilius, sur- 
named Macedonicus, was one of 
its most illustrious members. 

aernuldlio, 6nis,f 3. emulation, am- 
bition. 

aemilius, a, um, adj. emulous. 

aemilius, i, m, 2. a rival. 

Aeneas, ae, m. 1. a Trojan prince, 
son of Anchises and the goddess 
Venus. 

aeneus, a, um, adj. (for aerineus,fr. 
aes, aeris) brazen. 

aenigma, atis, n. 3. (aXviypa) a riddle, 
obscure question. 

Aenos, i, f 2. now Eno, an inde- 
pendent city of Thrace, at the 
eastern mouth of the Hebrus, con- 
founded with Aeneia, of which 
Aeneas was founder. 

Aeolis, idis, f 3. a country of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of the Aegae- 
an. 

aequabiliter , adv. (fr. aequabilis) 
equally, uniformly. 

aequdlis, e, adj. equal. 

aequdliter, adv. equally. 

aequitas, dlis,f. 3. equity, imparti- 
ality, love of justice. 

aequus, «. um, adj. just, equal, even ; 
aequus animus, equanimity. 

der, aeris, m. 3. («%») the air. 

aerarium, i, n. 2. (aes, aeris, money) 
the treasury. 

a-es. aeris, n. 3. (fr. akns, splendour) 
brass. 

Aeschylus, i, m. 2. an excellent sol- 
dier and celebrated writer of tra- 
gedies, born at Athens. 



J Aesculapius, i, m. 2. son of Apollo, 
was god of medicine. 

aestas, atis, f 3. (fr. aestus) the 
summer. 

aestimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
aes ; iimo being a termination, as 
timus in maritimus) to value, es- 
timate. 

aestuo, are, dvi, dtum, (fr. aestus) to 
be hot, boil, rage. 

aestuosus, a, um, adj. (aestus) stor- 
my. 

aestus, US, m. 4. (fr. alarai pp. of 

aW(o, to burn) heat. 

aetas, atis, f. 3. (for aevitas fr. a$- 
vum) age. 

aeternus. a, um, adj. (for aeviternus 
fr. aevum) lasting for ages or all 
ages, eternal. 

Aethiapia. ae.fi 1. a country of Afri- 
ca, divided'into Snperior and In- 
ferior. The former answers to 
modern Abyssinia, the latter to 
the southern parts of Africa. 

Aetkiops, opis, m. 3. an inhabitant 
of Aethiopia. 

Aetna, as. f. 1. a volcanic mountain 
of Sicily, now Mongibello. 

aevum. i, n. 2. (fr. aiuv) length of 
time, an age. 

Afer, ra, rum, adj. relating to Afri- 
ca, African. 

affabre, adv. skilfully, exquisitely. 
Fr. faber, ri. Ad modum fabrij 
workmanlike. Or ad is : very. 

offectus, a,, um, part, of officio, 
iffero, afferre, attuli, alldtum, irr. a. 
(ad et fero) to bring., cause. 

officio, icere, eci. ectum, a. 3. (ad et 
fdcio) to affect, influence ; ga,udio 
officer e, to fill with joy ; hostem 
cladibus officere, to defeat an ene- 
my ; afficifebri, to be seized with 
fever. 

affzgo, gere, xi, xum, <z. 3. (ad et 
flgo) to fix or fasten to. attach 
to ; affigere cruci, to crucify. 

affinis, e, adj. adjoining. That is, 
dwelling (ad fines) at or by the 
boundaries of another's estate or 
dwelling. Affines, relations. 

affirmo. dra,. d,vi. dtum, a. 1. (fir. fir- 
mus) to make firm or sure, to say 
firmly or positively, affirm. 

affixus, a, um, part, of affigo. 

afflatus, us, m. 4. (fr. afflo) a breath- 



118 



DICTIONARY. 



ing upon, gust of wind ; inspira- 
tion, enthusiasm. 

Africa, ae,f. 1. Africa. 

Africdnus, i, m. 2. the surname of 
two of the Scipios, Publ. Corne- 
lius, and Publ. Aemilianus, call- 
ed Africanus the younger. 

Africus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Africa, African. 

Agamemnon, onis, m. 3. king of 
Mycenae and Argos, brother to 
Menelaus. He was appointed 
commander-in-chief of the forces 
sent against Troy. 

Agathyrsi, drum, m. pi. 3. an efi% 
minate nation of Scythia, dwell- 
ing near the Maeotis Palus. 

dgellus, i, m. 2. dim. of ager, a 
small piece of ground, a little 
field. 

Agenor, oris, m. 3. a king of Phoe- 
nicia, was son of Neptune and 
Libya, and brother to Belus. 

ager, gri, m. 2. (dypog) a field, farm, 
land, estate, agri, rorum, the 
country in opposition to the city. 

agger, eris, m. 3. a heap, mound, 
rampart. 

aggredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. {ad 
et grddior) I go to or up to, enter 
upon, assail, attack. 

aggressus, a, um, part, of aggre- 
dior. 

agitator, oris, m. 3. (agito) a driver 

dgito, are, dvi, dtum,freq. a. 1. (fr. 
ago) to drive, stimulate, agitate, 
harass, think of, revolve in the 
mind. 

Aglaus, i, m. 2. the poorest man of 
Arcadia, pronounced by the ora- 
cle more happy than Gyges, king 
of Lydia. 

agmen, inis, n. 3. (for agimen fi 
ago) an army on march, a troop, 
band. 

agnitus, a, um, part. pass, of ag- 
nosco. 

agnosco, oscere, ovi, Hum, a. 3. (ad et 
nosco) to know, recognise, own. 

agnus, i, m. 2. a lamb. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, a. 3. (fr. 
ayiS) to do, act, carry on, lead, 
drive, spend the time ; funus, to 
perform funeral ceremonies; an- 
num, to be in a certain year ; 



diem, to pass a day ; bene, to be 
well. 

agricbla, ae, m. 1. (ager et colo) a 
husbandman, farmer. 

agricultura, ae, f. 1. tilling of the 
ground, agriculture. 

Agrigentum, i, n. 2. now Girgenti, 
a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from 
the sea. 

ahinum, i, n. 2. a brazen vessel, a 
caldron. 

aio, is, def to say, speak. 

Aja.v, dcis, m. 3. the name of one 
of the most celebrated Grecian 
heroes that fought before Troy. 
He was son of Telamon. 

dla, ae,f. 1. a wing, an armpit. 

aldcer, cris, ere, adj. livel} r , brisk, 
spirited. 

aldtus, a, um, adj. having wings, 
winged. 

Alba, ae,f. 1. Longa, a city of La- 
tium, built by Ascanius, B. C. 
1152. 

Alb anus, a, um, adj. mons Albanus, 
mount Albanus, which derived 
its name from Alba, was 16 miles 
from Rome, subst. m. 2. an in- 
habitant of Alba. 

Albis, is, m. 3. now the Elbe, a river 
of Germany falling into the Ger- 
man ocean. 

Albula, ae, m. 1. the ancient name 
of the river Tiber. 

albus, a, um, adj. white. 

Alcestis, idis,f 3. a daughter of Pe- 
lias, and wife of Admetus. 

Alcibiddes, is, m. 3. an Athenian 
general, disciple to Socrates; he 
was nephew of Pericles, and line- 
ally descended from Ajax. 

Alcinous, i, m. 2. was king of the 
Phaeacians, and is praised for his 
love of agriculture. His gardens 
are beautifully described by Ho- 
mer. 

Alcyone or Haley one, es,f. 1. daugh- 
ter of Aeolus, married Ceyx, 
king of Trachinia. They were 
both transformed into birds call- 
ed Halcyons. 

Alcybnius, a, um, adj. Alcyonii dies, 
halcyon days. 

Alexander, ri, m. 2. the 3rd, sur- 
named the Great, was son of 



DICTIONARY. 



119 



Philip and Olympias. He was 
born B. C. 356. 

Alexandria, ae,f. 1. a great and ex- 
tensive city of Egypt, built B. C 
33*2, by Alexander. 

algeo, ere, si, n. 2. to be cold, to 
shudder with cold. 

alicande, adv. (aliquis et unde) from 
some place. Properly, from some 
whence. 

aliendtus,a, urn, part, of alieno, 

alieno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
(alienum) different, estrange ; to 
make another's, transfer. 

alitnus, a, urn-, adj. (fr. alius) be 
longing to another, derived from 
another source, foreign. 

alio, adv. to another place. 

aliquamdiu, adv. for some time. 

aliquando, adv. {aliquis et quando) 
at some time, sometimes, for- 
merly. 

aliquantum, adv. somewhat, a little, 
rather. 

aliquis, qua, quod et quid, pro. some- 
body, some one. 

aliquot, ind. adj. some, some certain. 
a few. 

aliter, adv. in another way, other- 
wise. 

alius, a,, ud, gen. alius, dat.alii, adj. 
another, other, alii. ..alii, some... 
others. 

alldtus, a, urn, part, of affero. 

allectus, a, urn, part, of allicio. 

allivo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
levo) to lift up, lighten, mitigate, 
relieve. 

Attia, ae,f. 1. a river of Italy, flow- 
ing into the Tiber. It is now 
the Aia. 

allicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (ad et 
lacio) to allure, attract, entice. 

alligo, dre,dvi,dtum, a. \.(ad et ligo) 
to bind to. 

alloquor, qui, quutus vel cuius sum, 
d. 3. (ad et loquor) to speak to, 
address, accost. 

alluo, uere, ui, iitum, a. 3. (ad et luo, 
fr. Xovoj, to wash,) to flow hard 
by or near to, to lave. 

alo, ere, ui, Hum vel turn, a. 3. to 
nourish, support, feed. 

Aloeus, i, m. 2. a giant, son of Titan 
and Terra. 

Alpes, iumjf.pl. 3. the Alps. 



Alpfieus, i, m. 2. now Alfeo or Al- 
pheo, a famous river of Pelopon- 
nesus, which rises in Arcadia,and 
after passing through Elis falls 
into the sea. 

Alpinus, a, um, adj. relating to the 
Alps, Alpine. Alpini mures, 
marmots, quadrupeds about the 
size of the rabbit, allied to the 
murine tribe. They inhabit the 
higher regions of the Alps and 
Pyrenees. 

alte, tius, tissime, adv. high, high- 

l y- 

alter, era, erum, adj. one (of two) the 
other. 

altemus, a, um, adj, one after ano- 
ther, alternate. 

Altheae, ae, f.\. the wife of Oeneus, 
king of Calydon, and mother of 
Meleager. 

altitudo, inis,f. 3. (fr. alius) height. 

altrix, ids, f. 3. (fr. alo) a female 
nourisher, foster-mother, nurse. 

altus, a, um, adj. high, deep, loud j 
alta voce, with a loud voice ; aU 
turn silentium, profound silence. 

alumnus, i, m. 2. (fr. alo) one who 
is reared up, as a foster child, pu- 
pil, &c. 

alveus, i, m. 2. the channel or bed of 
a river; a ditch, trench. 

alvus, i,f. 2. the belly. 

amdrus, a, um, adj. bitter. 

Amazon, cnis. f. 3. (fr. a, non, et 
pa^ds, mamma) an Amazon. Amd- 
zones, a nation of female war- 
riors, who established themselves 
in Pontus, along the coast of the 
Euxine. 

ambitio, onis, f. 3. ambition. jFY, 
ambio ; properly a going round, 
canvassing for posts of honour. 

ambitus, us, m. 4. a going round > 
compass, circuit, 

ambo, ae, o, adj. pi. ("A/^w) both. 

ambulo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to walk, 
walk along. 

dmicitia, ae,f. 1. friendship. 

amicus, a, um, adj. (fr. amo) friend- 

ly ' . 

amicus, %, m. 2. a friend. 

dmitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. (a et 
mitto) to send away, dismiss ; suf- 
fer to go, lose. 

Ammo n et Hammou, onis, m,. 3 a a 



120 



DICTIONARY. 



name of Jupiter, worshipped in 
Libya. 

amrds. is, m. 3. a river. 

dmo, arc. dvi, dtum, a. 1. to love; 
amans aiicums rei, fond of any 
thing. 

dmoenus, a, w?i,#d;.plc!isant,charm- 
ing, delightful. 

amor, oris, m. 3. love. 

Amphinomus, i, m. 2. and Andpus. 
two brothers of Sicily, who. 
when Catana and the neighbour- 
ing cities were in flames by an 
eruption of Aetna, saved their 
parents on their shoulders. They 
received divine honours in Sicily 
after their death, and the place 
of their burial was called Camp- 
us piorum. 

Amphion, onis, m. 3. a son of Jupi- 
ter, who received from Mercury 
the lyre, by the sound of which he 
raised the walls of Thebes. 

ample, adv. amply. 

amplector, cti, xus sum, d. 3. (am, 
about, et plecto) to fold one's self 
about another, embrace. 

amplio, are, dvi, dtum, a.\. to in 
crease, enlarge; i. e. ampliusfa 
do. 

amplius, adv. (fr. ample,) more. 

ampins, a, um, adj. great, extensive, 
ample. 

Amulius, i, m. 2. king of Alba, was 
son of Procas, and younger bro- 
ther to Numitor. 

Amyclae, drum, f. pi. 1. a city of 
Laconia in Peloponnesus, south- 
west of Sparta, and in its vicini- 
ty- 

Amycus, i, m. 2. a son of Neptune, 
and king of the Bebryces. He 
was slain by Pollux, one of the 
Argonauts. 

an, adv. whether'] whether, or, 
else. 

Anacreon, tis, m. a famous lyric poet 
of Teos in Ionia, who flourished 
532 B. C. 

Andpus vel Anapius, i, m. 2. vel 
Anapis, is, 3. see Amphinomus. 

Anaxagbras, ae, m. 1. a philosopher 
of Clazomenae in Ionia, disciple 
to Anaximenes. and preceptor to 
Euripides and Pericles. 

anceps, ipitis, adj. doubtful. 



Anchises, ae, m. 1. son of Capys, 
and father of Aeneas. 

ancilla, ae,f. 1. a maid-servant. 

ancora, ae,f. 1. (ayxvpa) an anchor. 

Ancus, i, m. 2. Martius, the 4th king 
of Rome, was grandson to Numa, 
by his daughter. 

Andriscus, i, m. 2. a worthless per- 
son, called also Pseudophilippus, 
who incited the Macedonians to 
revox. against Rome. 

Andromeda, ae, f. 1. daughter of 
Cepheus, king of Aetniopia, oy 
Cassiope. 

ango, gtre, xi, a. 3. to press close, 
afflict, vex, trouble. 

angids, is, c. 3. a snake. 

angulus, i, m. 2. an angle, corner. 

angusliae,drum,f. 1. a narrow place 
or pass, narrowness. 

anguslus, a, um, adj. (fr. ango) nar- 
row, confined. 

anima, ae,f. 1. breath, life, the soul ; 
animam reddere, to give up life ; 
animam recipere, to come to one's 
self again. 

animadvcrto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (i. e. 
xerto animum ad) to take notice 
of, attend, observe. 

animal, dlis, n. 3. an animal. 

animosus, a, um, adj. spirited, coura- 
geous. 

animus, i, m. 2. the mind, disposi- 
tion of the mind, courage, soul, 
purpose or design ; generosus ani- 
mus, generosity ; uno animo, una- 
nimously ; animus mihi est, I have 
a mind, am inclined. 

Anio, enis, m. 3. now the Teverone, 
a river of Italy, flowing through 
the country of Tibur, and falling 
into the river Tiber, about 3 miles 
north of Rome. 

annecto, ectere, exui, exum, a 3. (ad 
et necto) to join to, attach, an- 
nex. 

annulus, i, m. 2. a ring. 

annumero, are, dvi, dtoim, a. 1. (ad 
et numero) to number, count, enu- 
merate. 

annuo, ere, ui, utuni, n. 3. (ad et 
nuo) to nod to, assent by a nod, 
assent. 

annus, i, m. 2. a year. 

annuus, a, um, adj. yearly. 

anser, is, m. 3. a goose. 



DICTIONARY. 



121 



anserinus, a, um, adj. of or per- 
taining to a goose j ova, goose 
eggs. 

ante, prep, cum ace. before. 

ante, adv. before, on a former occa- 
sion. 

antea, adv. formerly, afo-c-ume. 

antecello, ere, ui, a ?. \oMe et cello, 
to drive,) to surpass. 

antepovA. ponere, posui, pisitum, a. 
3. (ante et pono) to place before, 
prefer. 

antequam, adv. before that, before. 

Antiochia. ae, f. 1. now Antakia, a 
city of Syria, on the river Oron- 
tes, about 20 miles from its 
mouth. 

Antiochus, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral Syrian kings. 

Antiope, es.f. 1. the mother of Am- 
phion and Zethus. 

Antipdter, tris, m. 3. a poet of Si- 
don. 

antlquus, a, um, adj. old, ancient. 

Antiurn, i, n. 2. now Antio, a ma- 
ritime town of Italy, upon a 
promontory 32 miles from Os- 
tia. It was the capital of the 
Volsci. 

Antonius, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
ral Romans. 

antrum, i. n. 2. a cave. 

Apelles, is, m. 3. a celebrated paint- 
er of the island of Cos, son of 
Pithius. 

Apennlnus. i m. 2. the Apennines. 

aper, ri, m. 2. a wild boar, a boar. 

aperio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {ad et pa- 
rid) to open. 

apertus, a, um, part, of aperio, open- 
ed. 

apex, ids, m. 3. a top, a summit. 

apis, is.f. 3. a bee. 

Apis, is, m. 3. a god of the Egyp- 
tians worshipped under the form 
of an ox. 

Apollo, inis, m. 3. son of Jupiter 
and Latona, called also Phoe- 
bus. 

apparatus, us, m. 4. (fr. appdro) a 
preparing, preparation. 

appdrco, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. (ad et 
pared) to appear ; appdret, it is 
apparent. 

appellatus, a, um, part, of appello, 
addressed. 



appello, are, dvi, alum, a,. I. (ad et 
pello) to call to. ^ail upon, ad- 
dress. 

appendo, dire, di, sum, a. 3. (ad et 
ptndo) to hang to, to weigh. 

appeto, ere, ivi et ii< Itum, a. 3. (ad 
et peto) to try to get, aim at, de- 
sire vehemently. 

Appius, i, m. 2. the praenomen of 
an illustrious family at Rome. 

appono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (ad 
et pono) to place near, set before, 
apply to, attach, unite. 

appositus, a, um, part. pass, of ap- 
pono. 

appropinquo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
(ad et propinquo) to draw nigh, 
approach. 

apricus, a, um, adj. (jr. aperio) ex- 
posed to the sun, sunny, clear, 
warm. 

apto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fit, 
adapt. 

aptus, a, urn, part. (fr. apo vel apio t 
to bind), well suited, fit. 

apud, prep, cum ace. at, close by, 
near, among. 

Apulia, ae,f. 1 . now Puglia,o. coun- 
try of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
lying along the Adriatic. 

aqua, ae,f. 1. water. 

aquaedsuctus, iis, m. 4. an aqueduct. 

aquila, ae,f. 1. an eagle. 

Aquilo, onis, m. 3. the north-w r ind. 

Aquitdnia, ae, f. 1. a country of 
Gaul, between the Garumna or 
Garonne and Pyrenees. 

Aquitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Aquitania. 

dra, ae,f. 1. an altar. 

Arabia, ae,f. 1. a large country of 
Asia, forming a peninsula be- 
tween the Arabian and Persian 
gulfs. 

Arablcus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Arabia ; Arabicus sinus, the Red 
sea. 

Arabius, a, um, adj. Arabian. 

Arabs, obis, m. 3. an Arabian. 

arbitror, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to judge, 
think, imagine. 

arbor et arbos, oris, f. 3. a tree. 

area, ae,f. 1. a chest. 

Arcadia, ae, /.la country in the 
middle of Peloponnesus, sur- 
rounded on everv side bv land. 



122 



DICTIONARY. 



Areas, ddis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter 
and Callisto. He reigned in Pe- 
lasgia, called from him Arcadia. 

areeo, ere, ui, a. 2. to keep off, drive 
away; to keep in, restrain. 

areessitus, a, um, part. pass, of ar- 
cesso. 

arcesso, ere, Ivi, Hum, a.3. to call for, 
invite, summon. 

Archimedes, is, m. 3. a famous geo- 
metrician of Syracuse, born B.C. 
287. 

architectus, i, m. 2. an architect. 

Archytas, ae, m. 1. a Pythagorean 
philosopher of Tarentum, and an 
able astronomer and geometri- 
cian. He flourished 400 B. C. 

arete, arctius, aretissime, adv. tight- 
ly, closely. 

aretus, a, um. adj. confined, close. 

arcus, us, m. 4. a bow, an arch. 

Ardea, ae,f. 1. now Ardia, a town 
of Latium, near the coast, the ca- 
pital of the Rutuli. 

ardeo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. to glow, 
burn, be consumed by fire. 

arduus, a, um, adj. high, steep, dif- 
ficult. 

arena, ae,f. 1. sand. 

arenosus, a, um, adj. sandy. 

Arethusa, ae, f. 1. a fountain in 
Elis, said to force its way under 
the sea and rise again in the is- 
land of Ortygia, near Syracuse 
in Sicily. 

argentum, i, n. 2. silver. 

Argias, ae, m. 1. the founder of 
Chalcedon. 

Argivi, drum, m.pl. 2. the Argives, 
the inhabitants of Argosand Ar- 
golis in Peloponnesus. 

Arglvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Argos. 

Argonautae, arum, m. pi. 1. a name 
given to those heroes who went 
with Jason on board the ship Ar- 
go to Colchis, 1263 B. C. 

Argos, i, n. 2. el inplur. num. Argi, 
orum, m. 2. the capital of Argolis 
in Peloponnesus. 

arguo, ere,ui, iitum, a. 3. {fr. dpyds, 
white) to make clear, prove ; 
prove another to be guilty, con- 
vict. 

Ariminum, i, n. 2. now Rimini, a 



city of Umbria in Italy, at the 
mouth of the river Ariminus. 

Aristippus, i, m. 2. the elder, a phi- 
losopher of Cyrene, disciple to 
Socrates, and founder of the Cy- 
renaic sect, flourished about 392 
B.C. 

Aristobulus, i, m. 2. a name com- 
mon to some of the high priests 
and kings of Judaea. 

Aristoteles, is, m. 3. a famous phi- 
losopher, born at Stagira, B. C. 
384. 

arma, drum,, n. pi. 2. arms. 

armdtus, a, um, part. pass, of armo, 
armed. 

Armenia, ae,f. 1. now Turcomania, 
a large country of Asia, divided 
into Upper and Lower, called also 
Major. 

Armenius, a, um, adj. Armenian. 

armentum, i, n. 2. a herd (of large 
cattle). For ar amentum, fr. aro. 
As useful for ploughing. 

armilla, ae,f. 1. a bracelet. 

armo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to arm. 

aro, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. (dpuco, dpu) 
to plough. 

arreptus, a, um, part. pass, of arri- 
pio. 

arripio, ipere, ipui. eptum, a. 3. (ad 
et rdpio) to take by force, seize, 
lay hold of. 

arrogo, are, dri, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
rogo) to claim to one's self, 
claim more than one's right,arro- 
gate. 

ars. tis.f.3. art, occupation, craft. 

Artemisia, ae, /.La queen of Ca- 
ria, wife of Mausolus. 

artifex, icis, m, et f. 3. an artist. 

arundo, inis,f. 3. a reed. 

Aruns, Us, m. 3. a son of Tarquini- 
us Superbus. 

arx, eis.f. 3. (fr. axpa) a lofty place, 
citadel. 

Ascanius, i, m. 2. a son of Aeneas 
by Creusa. 

ascendo, ere, di, sum, a . 3. See ad- 
seendo. 

Asia, ae,f. 1. one of the three parts 
of the ancient world. 

Asiaticus. i, m. 2. the surname of 
Lucius Corn. Scipio, for his con- 
quests in Asia. 



DICTIONARY. 



123 



Asina, ae, m. 1. a surname of a 
branch of the gens Cornelia. 

asinus, i, m. 2. an ass. 

asper, a, um, adj. rough, rugged, 
harsh. 

asper go. See adspergo. 

asper nor, dri, dtus, sum, d. 1. (ad et 
sperno) reject, spurn, despise, dis- 
dain. 

aspis, idis, f 3. an asp. 

assequor, qui, quidus vel cutus sum 
d. 3. {ad et sequor) to come up 
with, reach, gain, procure 

asservo, are, dvi, alum, 0.1. (ad et 
servo) to watch over, preserve. 

assigno,dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
signo) to assign, allot 

assisto. See adsisto. 

assurgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, 
n. 3. (ad et surgo) to rise, rise up. 

astronomia, ae,f. 1. astronomy. 

astutus, a, um, adj. (fr. astus, us, 
craft) crafty, cunning. 

asylum, i, n. 2. (acrvAoj/) an asylum, 
sanctuary. 

at, conj. but. 

Atalanta, ae, /. 1. a daughter 
Schoeneus, king of Scyros. 

Athenae, drum,, f. pi. 1. the capital 
of Attica, founded 1556 B. C, by 
Cecrops and an Egyptian colony; 
called Athenae ('Adfjvai), in ho- 
nour of Minerva, ('AOnvrj). 

Atheniensis, is, m. 3. an inhabitant 
of Athens. 

Atilius, i, m. 2. a name of Regu- 
lus. 

Atlanticus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Atlas ; mare Atlaniicum, the 
Atlantic ocean. 

atque, conj. and. 

atrociter. adv. (atrox)cruel\y, fierce- 
ly- 

Attdlus, i, m. 2. a king of Perga- 
mus. 

attentus, a, um, adj. (fr. attendo) at- 
tentive, diligent. 

altero, terere, trlvi, trltum, a. 3. {ad 
et tero) to rub against, wear, des- 
troy. 

Atthis, idis, f 3. a name given to 
Attica from a daughter of Cra- 
naus the 2d, king of Athens. 

Attica, ae, f. 1. a country of Greece. 

Atticus, a, um, adj. Attic, Athenian. 



oMingo, tingere, tigi, tactum, a. 3. 
(ad et tango) to touch, border 
upon, reach, gain. 

attollo, ere, a. 3. {ad et tollo) to lift 
or raise up. 

attritus, a, um, part. pass, of altero. 

auctor, oris, m. 3. an author. 

auctoritas, dtis, f 3. authority. 

actus, a, um, part. pass, of augeo. 

audacia, ae, f. 1. (fr. audax) cou- 
rage, audacity. 

audax, dcis, adj. (fr.audeo) daring, 
bold. 

audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. p. 2. to 
dare, adventure. 

audio, Ire, Ivi, ltum ) a. 4. to hear, 
hearken. 

auditor, oris, m. 3. a hearer. 

auditus, a, um, part. pass, of audio. 

auditus, us, m. 4. a hearing, report. 

aufero, auferre,abstuli, abldtum, irr. 
a. {abs et fero) to carry off, take 
away, remove. 

aufugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
{abs etfugio) to flee or run away, 
fly from, 
of augendus, a, um, part, of augeo, to 
be increased. 

augeo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 2. to increase, 
enlarge. 

augurium, i, n. 2. (fr. avis et gero\ 
divination from the flight ana 
singing of birds ; an augury. 

auguste, adv. reverently. 

augustus, a, um, adj. august, vene- 
rable, sacred. 

Augustus, i, m. 2. Octavianus Cae- 
sar, second emperor of Rome, 
was son of Octavius, a senator, 
and Accia, sister to Julius Cae- 
sar. 

Aulis, idis et idos, f 3. a town of 
Boeotia on the sea-coast, where 
all the Greeks conspired against 
Troy. 

Aulus, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon among the Romans. 

Aurelius, i, m. 2. the name of many 
Romans. 

aureus, a, um, adj. golden. 

auriga, ae,f. 1. a charioteer. 

auris, is,f 3. the ear. 

aurum, i, n. 2. gold. 

auspicium, i, n. 2. (fr. auspex) an 
auspice. 



124 



DICTIONARY. 



ausus, a, um, part, of audeo, having 
dared. 

aut, conj. or ; aut. ..aut, either.., or. 

autem, conj. but. 

autumnus, i, m. 2. autumn. 

auxilium, i, n. 2. aid, help ; auxilia, 
auxiliaries. 

dvdritia, ae,f. 1. avarice. 

dvdrus, a, um, adj. covetous, avari- 
cious. 

aveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {a et veho) 
to carry away. 

dvello, ere, velli, et vulsi, vulsum, a. 
3. {a et vello) to tear or drag 
away. 

Avcntinus, i, m. 2. one of the seven 
hills on which Rome was built; 
it was not reckoned within the 
precincts of the city till the reign 
of the emperor Claudius. 

dversus, a, um, part. pass, of dverto. 

dverto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. {a etverto) 
to turn from or away, avert, re- 
move. 

avicula, ae, dim. of avis, /.La small 
bird. 

avidus, a, um, adj. (/r. aveo, to long 
for) eager, desirous, greedy. 

avis, is,/. 3. a bird. 

dvoco, are, dvi, dtum, a.\.\a et voco) 
to call off or away. 

dvolo, are, dvi, alum, n. I. (a et volo) 
to fly away. 

avunculus, i, m. 2. a maternal un- 
cle. 

dvus, i, m. 2. a grandfather. 

Axenus, i, m. 2. (a&vos) the ancient 
name of the Euxine. The word 
signifies inhospitable, and was 
highly applicable to the inhabit- 
ants of the coast. 

axis, is, m. 3. an axle, axis. 

B 

Babylon, onis, f. 3. a celebrated 
city, the capital of the Assyrian 
empire, on the banks of the Eu- 
phrates. 

Babylonia, ae, f. 1. a large province 
of Assyria, of which Babylon 
was the capital. 

bacca, ae,f. 1. a berry. 

Bacchus, i. m. 2. the son of Jupiter 
and Semele. the daughter of Cad- 
mus ; the god of wine. 



Bactridna vel Bactria, ae, /. 1. a 
country of Asia, which derived 
its name from the river Bac- 
trus. 

Bactridni, orum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Bactriana. 

Bactridnus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Bactria, Bactrian. 

baculum, i, n. et bacillus, i, m. 2. a 
staff, stick. 

Baetis, is, ace. Baetim, abl. Baeti, 
m. 3. now the Guadalquiver, a 
river of Spain, from which a 
part of the country has received 
the name of Baetica. 

Baeticus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the Baetis ; Baetica provincia, or 
simply Baetica, the southern part 
of Hispania Ulterior. 

Bagrdda, ae, m. 1. now Megerda, 
a river of Africa flowing between 
Utica and Carthage. 

ballista, ae,f. l.(fr. P&Wco, to throw) 
a warlike engine to shoot stones 
or darts with. 

Balticus, a, um, adj. mare Balticum, 
the Baltic sea. 

barbdrus, a, um, adj. barbarous, un- 
civilized; barbdri. barbarians,(not 
Greeks, or, not Romans ) 

Batdvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Batavia, now Holland. 

beatitudo, inis, f. 3. beatitude, feli- 
city. 

bedtus, a, um, adj. (fr. beo, to make 
happy) happy, blessed. 

Bebrycia, ae,f. 1. an ancient name 
of Bithynia, from the Bebryces 
who settled there, after passing 
from Europe. 

Belgae, drum, m. pi. 1. the most 
warlike people of ancient Gaul. 

Belgicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the Belgae. 

Belter ophon, tis, m. 3. the son of 
Glaucus, king of Ephyre, con- 
quered the Chimaera. 

bellicosus, a, um, adj. warlike. 

bellicus, a, um, adj. warlike ; bellica 
laus, military glory. 

belligero, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (bellum 
et giro) to wage war. 

bello. are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wage 
war. 

bellua, ae,f. 1. a beast, monster. 

Jbellum, i, n. 2. war. 



DICTIONARY. 



125 



BeluSy i, m. 2. one of the most an- 
cient kings of Babylon. 

bene, adv. oomp. melius, sup. optime, 
well ; bene pugnare, to tight with 
success. 

benef icium, i, n. 2. a kindness, fa-j 
vour, benefit. 

benevblentia, ae, f. 1. good will, be- 
nevolence. 

benigne, adv. kindly. 

benignus, a, urn, adj. kind, liberal. 

bestia, ae, f. 1. a beast. 

Bestia, ae". m. 1. Calpurnius Bestia. 
a Roman consul. 

bestibla, ae,f. 1. a little beast. 

Bias, antis, m. 3. one of the seven 
wise men of Greece, son to Teu- 
tamidas, born, at Priene. 

bibliotheca, ae,f. 1. (j3iP\io6)"]Krj) a li- 
brary. 

bibo, ere, i, Hum, a. 3. to drink, im- 
bibe ; bibere colorem, to take a 
colour. 

Bibulus, i, m. 2. a son of M. Cal 
purnius Bibulus by Portia. Cato's 
daughter. He was Caesar's col- 
league in the consulship. 

biduum, i, n. 2. the period of two 
days. 

bini, ae, a, distr. num. adj. two, two 
by two. 

bipes, edis, adj. two-footed. 

bis, num. adv. twice. 

Bithynia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, formerly called Bebry- 
cia 

blanditia. ae,f. 1. a complimenting; 
blanditiae, blandishments, flatte- 
ry. 

blandus, a, um, adj. soothing, flatter- 
ing. 

Boebtia.ae.f 1. a countryof Greece, 
north of Attica. 

bbnitas, dtis.f 3. goodness. 

bonus, a, um, adj. good ; melior, bet- 
ter ; optimus, best ; bonum, a good 
thing, good ; bona, goods ; boni, 
upright men. 

Bbredlis, e, adj. northern. 

Boreas, ae, m. 1. the north wind. 

Borysthenes, is, m. 3. a large river 
of Scythia, falling into the Eux- 
ine, now called the Dnieper. 

Borysthenis, idis,f 3. a town situ- 
ate at the mouth of the Borys- 
thenes. 



bos, bbvis, c 3. an ox, a cow. 

Bosphbrus vel Bosporus, i, m. 2. 
1 nracius, now the Straits of Con- 
stantinople, which connect the 
Propontis with the Euxine ; 
Cimmerius, now the Straits of 
Caff a or Theodosia, which con- 
nect the Maeotis Palus with the 
Euxine. 

brachium, i, n. 2. an arm. 

brevi, adv. (sett, tempore) shortly. 

brevis, e, adj. short. 

brevitas, atis. f 3. shortness, brevi- 
ty. 

Brigantia, ae, f 1. Brigantiae la- 
cus, a lake of Rhaetia between 
the Alps, now lake of Con- 
stance. 

Britannia, ae,f 1. Great Britain. 

Britannicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Britain, British. 

Britannus, a, um, adj. British ; Bri- 
tanni, the Britons. 

bruma, ae, f 1. the shortest day of 
the year, the winter solstice ; win- 
ter. 

Bruttium, i. n. 2. a promontory of 
Italy. 

Bruttii, brum, m. pi. 2. a people in 
the farthest part of Italy. 

Brutus, i, m. 2. the name of a noble 
family at Rome. 

Bucephalus, i, m. 2. a horse of Alex- 
ander's. 

Bncephdlos, i, f 2. et Bucephdla, ae } 
f 1. a city of India, on the Hy_- 
daspes, built by Alexander in 
honour of his horse. 

buxeus, a, um, adj. (fr. buxum) of 
box, of a pale yellow, like box, 

Byzantium, i, n 2. now Constanti- 
nople, a town situate on the Eu- 
ropean side of the Thracian Bos- 
phorus. 



Cabira, ind. a town of Pontus, on 
the river Iris. 

cacumen, inis, n. 3. the top or sum- 
mit of any thing. 

Cadmus, i. m,. 2. the son of Agenor, 
king of Phoenicia. 

eddo. cadere, cecidi, edsum, n. 3. to 
fall ; bene, to turn out well ; male, 
ill. 



126 



DICTIONARY. 



caducus, a, um, adj. ready to fall 
falling. 

Caecilius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family. 

Caecubum, i, n. 2. vel Caecubus ager. 
a district in Latium, famous for 
its wines. 

Caecubus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Caecubum. 

caedes, is, f 3. slaughter. 

caedo, caedere, cecldi, caesium, a. 3. 
to cut, fell, kill. 

caeldtus, a, um, part, of caelo, en 
graved ; columnae caeldtae, fluted 
columns. 

caelo, are, dvi, dtum, a, 1. to carve, 
engrave, emboss. 

caepe, n. ind. an onion. 

Caepio, onis, m. 3. a surname of one 
of the branches of the Servilian 
family. 

Caesar, aris, m. 3. a surname of the 
Julian family. 

cacsius, its, m. 4. (fr. caedo, to strike) 
a gauntlet, boxing glove. 

caesus, a, urn-, 'part, of caedo. 

carter a, (el cetera) ae,f. caeterum, i, 
n. (in the oblique cases used also 
in the masculine) adj. the rest, 
residue, other. 

caeterum, adv. as for the rest, but. 

Cams, i, m. 2. a praenomen v^ery 
common at Rome. 

Calais, is, m. 3. son of Boreas, bro- 
ther of Zethes. 

calamitas, diis, f 3. calamity, mis- 
fortune. 

calamus, i, m. 2. a reed (for writing 
with). 

calathiscus, i, m. 2. a little basket. 

calef dcio. facer e, feci, factum, a. 3. 
( jr. cdleo et fdcio) to make warm. 

calef actus, a, urn, part. pass, of cale- 
fio. 

calef to, fieri, f actus sum, pass. irr. 
to be warmed, grow hot. 

calidus, a, urn, adj. warm. 

callidus, a, um,, adj. {fr. calleo) skil- 
ful, practised, crafty. 

color, oris, m. 3. heat. 

Calpe, es, f 1. now r Gibraltar, a 
mountain in the south of Spain, 
opposite Abyla on the African 
coast. 

Calpumius, i, m. 2. the name of a 
noble Roman family. 



Calydonius, a, um,, adj. pertaining 
to Calydon, a city of Aetolia in 
Greece. 

camelus, i, c. 2. a camel. 

Camillus, i, m. 2. (L. Furius) a ce- 
lebrated Roman. 

Campania, ae,f. 1. now Campagna, 
a country of Italy, south-east of 
Latium. 

campestris, e, adj. belonging to a 
plain, even, level. 

campus, i, m. 2. a plain, field. 

cancer, cri, m. 2. a crab. 

candidus, a, um, adj. white. 

candor, oris, m. 3. sheeny white- 
ness, brightness, splendour. 

cdnis, is, c. 3. a dog. 

Cannae, drum, f pi. 1. a village of 
Apulia, near the Aufidus. 

Canne?isis, e, adj. pertaining to Can- 
nae. 

cdno, cdncre, cecini, cantum, a. 3. to 
sing, sound, blow. 

caiithdrus, i, m. 2. a beetle. 

Cantium, i, n. 2 a country in the 
south-eastern extremity of Bri- 
tain, now called Kent. 

canto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (fr. 
cdno) to sing often, to sing. 

cantus, us, mA.a. song ; galli cantus, 
the crowing of the cock. 

cdnus, a, um, adj. hoary, gray. 

cdpax, dcis, adj. (fr. cdpio) contain- 
ing, capacious. 

cdpesso, ire, Ivi, itum, n. 3. (fr. ca- 
pio) to take, undertake, enter up- 
on. 

cdpiendus, a, um, part, of capio. 

cdpio, cdpere, cepi, captum, a. 3. to 
take, make captive ; take to one's 
self, enjoy. 

cdpitdlis, e, adj. capital, dangerous ; 
capitate odium, deadly hatred. 

cdpitolium, i, n. 2. a celebrated tem- 
ple and citadel at Rome on the 
Mons Capitol in us. 

capra,ae,f. 1. a goat. 

captlvus, a, um, adj. captive. 

captivus, i, m. 2. a prisoner, cap- 
tive. 

capto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (fr. 
co.pio,) to catch at ; auguria, to 
watch for auguries. 

captus, u, um, part, of capio. 

Capua, ae, f 1. the chief city of 
Campania in Italy. 



DICTIONARY. 



127 



caput, itis, n. 3. a head, life ; capitis 

damnare, to condemn to death : 

praecipua capita, the chief points 

2. a chief city. 
carbonarius, i, m. 2. a collier. 
career, eris, m. 3. a prison. 
car do, inis, m. 3. a hinge, 
careo, ere, ui, itum, (cum ablativo) 

to be without, want. 
Cares, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
ants of Caria, anciently called 

Leleges. 
Caria, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia 

Minor, south of Lydia. 
carica, ae,f. 1. a fig. 
carmen, inis, n. 3. a verse, song, 

poem. 
Carneddes, is, m. 3. a philosopher 

of Cyrene in Africa. 
caro, nis,f. 3. the flesh of animals. 
carpentum, i, n. 2. a kind of carriage, 

chariot, wagon. 
Carpitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. a people 

of Spain. 
carpo, pere, psi, ptum. a. 3. to gather, 

pluck, tear. 
Carrae, drum, f. pi. 1. a very an 

cient townof Mesopotamia,south- 

east of Edessa. 
Carthaginiensis, e, adj. pertaining to 

Carthage. 
Carthago, inis, f. 3. a celebrated 

city of Africa. 
cdrus, a, urn, adj. dear, precious, 

costly. 
edsa, ae, /.La cottage or cabin, 

hut. 
Casca, ae, m. 1. one of Caesar's 

assassins, who gave him the first 

blow. 
edseus, i, m. 2, cheese. 
Cassander, dri, m. 2. a Macedonian, 

son of Antipater. 
Cassiope, es, f. 1. married Cepheus. 

king of Aethiopia, by whom she 

had Andromeda. 
Cassius, i, m. 2. the name of many 

Romans. 
Castalius, a, um, adj. of Castalia, a 

fountain of Parnassus in Phocis, 

sacred to the Muses. 
castlgdtus, a. um, part, of castigo. 
cast.igo, are, dvi, dtum, a.lAo chas- 
tise, punish. 
castrum, i, n. 2. a castle, fort ; cas- 

tra, drum, a camp, encampment ; 
PART I. M 



castra ponere, to pitch a camp, 
encamp. 

casus, us, m. 4. a falling, accident, 
chance, occurrence. 

Calabathmus, i.f. 2. (^Kara^aQ^ds) a 
great declivity separating Cyre- 
naica from Egypt. 

Catdna, ae, f. 1. a town of Sicily, 
at the foot of Mount Aetna. 

Catdnensis, e, adj. pertaining to Ca- 
tana. 

Catienus. i, m. 2. Plotlnus, a man 
who burnt himself upon the fu- 
neral pile of his patron. 

Catillna, ae, m. 1. L. Sergius, a no- 
ble Roman, who formed a con- 
spiracy against his country, but 
was baffled in his attempts by Ci- 
cero. 

Cato, onis, m. 3. a surname of the 
Porcian family. 

Catulus, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
ral distinguished Romans. 

catulus, i, m. 2. a young dog, whelp ; 
the young of other animals. 

Caucasus, i, m. 2. the name of the 
highest and most extensive range 
of mountains in the northern part 
of Asia. 

cauda, ae,f. 1. a tail. 

Co.udlnus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Caudium, a town of the Sam- 
nites. See faux vel furcula. 

caula, ae,f. 1. a sheep-cote, fold. 

causa, ae, /. 1. a cause, reason ; 
mea causa, on my account; ali- 
cujus rei causa, on account of a 
thing. 2. a matter in dispute, law- 
suit ; thus, causam habere cum alt- 
quo. 

cautes, is, /. 3. a rugged rock, cliff. 

cdveo, cdvere, cdvi, cautum, n. 2. to 
beware, or take heed of; cavere 
ab aliquo, to beware of any one. 

cdverna, ae,f. 1. a hollow place, ca- 
vern. 

cdvus, a, um, adj. hollow. 

Cecropia, ae,f. 1. the original name 
of Athens. 

Cecrops, bpis, m. 3. an Egyptian, 
deemed the first founder of 
Athens. 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. to 
give place, give way, yield, de- 
part ; loco alicui, to give way to 
any one. 



128 



DICTIONARY. 



celeber, bris, e, adj. frequented, much 
resorted to, famous. 

celebrdtus, a, urn., part, of celehro. 

celebritas, dtis,f. 3. celebrity, fame. 

celcbro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fre- 
quent, resort to, celebrate. 

celeritas, dtis,f. 3. swiftness, quick- 
ness, speed. 

celeriter, ins, rime, adv. speedily. 

Celeus, i, m. 2. a king of Eleusis, 
father to Triptolemus. 

Clio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to hide, 
conceal. 

Celtae, drum, m. pi. 1. a name given 
to a part of the Gauls, whose 
coun try, called GalliaCeltica, was 
situate between the rivers Sequa- 
na and Garumna. 

censeo, ere, ui, um vel Hum, a. 2. to 
count, reckon ; thus, censere in- 
ter, to count or enrol among ; 
hence, 2. to estimate, judge, 
think. 

Censorinus, i, m. 2. a Roman gene- 
ral, sent against the Carinagini- 
ans. 

eensorius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the censor ; so eensorius (vir), one 
who has been a censor. 

census, us, m. 4. a valuation of 
every man's estate, a rating, tax- 
ing.. 

centeni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
hundred. 

centesimus, a, um, or A. num. adj. the 
hundredth. 

centies, num. adv. a hundred times 

centum, ind. num. adj. pi. a hun- 
dred. 

centurio, onis, m. 3. a centurion. 

Ccphallenia,ae,f. l.now Cefalonia, 
an island in the Ionian sea, be- 
low Corcyra. 

cera, ae,f. 1. wax. 

Cerberus, i, m. 2. a dog of Pluto 
with 50 heads according to He- 
siod, and three according to 
others ; he was stationed, as a 
keeper, at the entrance to the in 
fernal regions. 

Cercasum,, i, n. 2. a town of Egypt 

Ceres, Iris, f. 3. the goddess of corn 
and harvests. 

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. to 
distinguish, see, descry. 

certdmen, inis, n. 3. a contest, strife 



eerie, ius, issime, adv. certainly, as- 
suredly. 

certo, are, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1. to 
contend, strive, fight. 

certus, a, um, adj. established, sure, 
certain. 

cerva, ae,f. 1. a hind. 

cervmus, a, um, adj. of a stag or 
hart. 

cervix, lcis,f. 3. the neck. 

cervus, i, m. 2. a stag. 

cessdtor, oris, m. 3. a loiterer, lin- 
gerer, idler. 

cesso, are, dvi, dtum, ft. 1. to give 
over, intermit, cease. 

cetcri, ae, a. See caeteri. 

ceterum. See caeterum. 

cetum, i, n. 2. any large sea-fish, a 
whale. 

Ceyx, ycis, m. 3. a king of Trachi- 
nia, husband of Alcyone. 

CKalcedon, bnis, f. 3. now Kadi- 
Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, 
opposite Byzantium. 

Chaldaicus, a, um, adj. of Chaldaea, 
a country of Asia, between the 
Euphrates and Tigris. 

charla, ae,f. 1. paper. 

Chersiphron, onis, m. 3. a builder of 
the temple at Ephesus. 

Chersonesus, i, f. 2. (xepvovrjoos) a 
peninsula. 

Chilo, onis, m. 3. a Spartan philoso- 
pher, who has been called one of 
the seven wise men of Greece. 

cibus, i, m. 2. food. 

cicatrix, icis,f. 3. a scar, wound. 

Cicero, onis, m. 3. a native of Ar- 
pinum, son of a Roman knight, 
one of the most celebrated of the 
ancient orators. 

cicoma, ae,f. 1. a stork. 

Cilicia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of the Medi- 
terranean. 

Cimbri, drum, m. pi. 2. a people of 
Germany, who occupied the 
Chersonesus Cimbrica, or mo- 
dern Jutland. 

ductus, a, um, part, of cingo. 

Cineas, ae, m. 1. a Thessalian, mi- 
nister and friend of Pyrrhus,king 
of Epirus. 

cingo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to gird, 
encompass, surround. 

cinis, eris, m. 3. ashes. 



DICTIONARY. 



129 



Cinna, ae, m. . L. Cornelius, a par 
tisan of Marius. during the civi 
wars between him and Sylla. 
cinndmum, i, n. 2. cinnamon. 
circa, prep, cum ace. about, around 

in the neighbourhood of. 
circultus, us, m. 4. a going around. 

circuit. 
circumddtus, a, urn, pari, of circum- 

do. 
circumdo, dare, dedi, oldtum, a. 1. 
{circum et do) to put or set around, 
surround, encompass. 
circumeo, Ire, Ivi, et ii, itum, irr. n. 

{circum et eo). 
circumjluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow 

round or about. 
circumjaceo, ere, ui, n. 2. {circum 
et jaceo,) to lie about, border up- 
on. 
circumsto, stare, steti, n. 1. {circum 

et sto) to stand round, beset. 
circumvenio, enire, tni, entum, a. 4. 
{circum et venio) to surround, cir- 
cumvent, defraud. 
circumventus, a } um, part, of circum- 
venio. 
Ciris, is, f. 3. {fr. Keipco, to cut) a 
name of Scylla, daughter of Ni 
sus, king of Megara. It means 
a lark, into which she was chang- 
ed. 
Cisalplnus, a, um, adj. (i. e. qui cis 
Alpes est) on this side of the Alps 
(with reference to Rome), Cisal- 
pine. 
cista, ae,f. 1. a basket of osiers, a 

chest. 
citdtus, a, um, part, et adj. stirred 

up, hurried, swift. 
Cithaeron, onis, m. 3. a mountain of 

Boeotia. 
citb, tiiis, tissime, adv. quickly. 
citra, prep, cum ace. et adv. on this 

side. 
citus, a,, um, adj. quickly. 
civtcus, a, um, adj. {fr.civis) relat- 
ing to a citizen ; corona civica, a 
civic crown. 
civilis, e, adj. of a citizen, civil. 
civis, is, c. 3. a citizen. 
civitas, dtis, f. 3. a city, a state, a 
constitution, the right of citizen- 
ship. 
clades, is, f. 3. overthrow, destruc- 
tion, disaster. 



clam, adv. secretly ; {pr. cum ace. et 

abl.) without the knowledge of. 
clamo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cry 

out or aloud, to call on. 
clamor, oris, m. 3. a loud voice, cry, 

shout. 
clandestinus, a, um, adj. secret, hid- 
den. 
claritas, dtis,f. 3. brightness, fame. 
clarus, a, um, adj. clear, loud, re- 
nowned. 
Claudius, i, m. 2. the name of an 
illustrious patrician family at 
Rome. 
claudo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to shut, 

close. 
claudus, a, um, adj. lame, limping. 
clausus, a, um, part, of claudo. 
clavus, i, m. 2. a nail. 
clemens, tis. adj. mild, merciful. 
dementia, ae,f. 1. mildness, mercy, 

clemency. 
Cleopatra, ae.f. 1. a queen of Egypt, 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. 
cloaca, ae, f. 1. a common sewer, 

sink. 
Cluentius, i, m. 2. a Roman citizen, 

of the family of the Cluentii. 
Clusium, i, n. 2. now Ckiusi, a town 
of Etruria, on the banks of the 
Clanis. 
clypeus, i, m. 2. a shield. 
Cueius, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon among the Romans. 
coactus, a, um, part, of cogo. 
coccyx, ygis, m. 3. a cuckoo. 
Codes, itis, m. 3. PvJ). Horatius } a 

Roman famed for his valour. 
coctilis, e, adj. dried, burnt ; later cu- 
ius, brick. 
coctus, a, um, part, of coquo. 
coelum, i, n. 2. et in plural num. coe- 
li, drum, m. 2. heaven, the cli- 
mate. 
coena,, ae,f. 1. supper. 
coepi,coepisse, def.pret. I begin, have 

begun, or taken in hand. 
coeptus, a, um, part, of coepi, begun. 
coerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {con et ar- 
ced) to keep in, confine, restrain, 
check, control. 
cogitdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a thought, deli- 
beration. 
cogitdtum,i, n. 2. a thought. 
cogito, are, dvi, dtum i a. 1. (for coa- 
gito) to think. 



130 



DICTIONARY. 



cognilus, a, um, part, of cognosco^comedendus, a, urn, part, of comedo , 



known. 
cognomen, inis, n. 3. a surname. 
cognosco, oscere, dvi, itum, a. 3. (con 



comedo, edere, edi, esum, a. 3. (con et 

edo) to eat up. 
com.es, itis, c. 3. a companion. 



et nosco) to know, learn, deter- ] comissor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go 



mine judicially ; de causa, to de 
cide a cause. 

cogo, cog ere, coegi, coactum, a.3.(con 
et ago) to lead together, collect, 
compel, constrain ; cogere agmen, 
to bring up the rear. 

cohaereo, rere, si, sum, n. 2. (con et 
haereo) to hang together, be unit- 
ed to. 

cohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (con et 
hdbeo) to hold, hold in, restrain, 

cohors, tis, f. 3. a cohort, the tenth 
part of a legion. 

Colchis, idis,f. 3. now Mingrelia, a 
country of Asia, east of the Eux- 
ine sea. 

colldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. (con et 
labor) to fall down, give way. 

colldre, is, n. 3. a collar, a kind of 
band for the neck. 

Collatlnus, i, m. 2. L. Tarquinius 
a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, 
husband of Lucretia. 

collectus, a, um, part, of colligo. 

cottega, ae, m. 1. a colleague. 

collegium,, i, n. 2. a college, society. 

colligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. (con 
et lego) to gather together, col 
lect. 

collis, is, m. a hill. 

collbcdtus, a, um, part, of collbco. 

collbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con el 
loco) to place, settle, 

colloquium, i,n. 2. conversation, con- 
ference. 

collbquor, qui. quietus vel cuius sum, 
d. 3. (con et Ibquor) to speak with 
one, converse. 

collum, i, n. 2. the neck. 

cblo, colere, colui, cultuvi, a. 3. to cul- 
tivate, look up to with respect, 
honour, inhabit. 

colonia, ae,f. 1. a colony. 

colonus, i, m. 2. a colonist. 

color, oris, m. 3. a colour. 

columba, ae,f. 1. a dove, pigeon. 

columbdre, is, n. 3. a dove-cot. 

columna, ae,f. 1. a column. 

comburo, urere, ussi,usium, a. 3. (for 
comuro, con et uro) to burn, con- 
sume. 



to a feast, to go to. 

comitor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to ac- 
company, follow. 

commembro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
(con et membro) to make mention 
of. 

commendo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con 
et mando) to commit to one's 
charge, commend. 

commeo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con et 
meo) to go, pass, go together. 

commercium, i, n. 2. commerce, traf- 
fic. 

commigro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con 
et migro) to migrate. 

comminuo, utre, ui, utum, a. 3. (con 
et minuo) to break in pieces, 
bruise, lessen. 

comminutus, a, um, part, of commi- 
nuo. 

commissus, a, um, part, of committo. 

committo, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. (con 
et mitto) to join together, com- 
mit, consign; pugnam, to join 
battle ; crimen, to commit a 
crime. 

commbditas, dtis,f. 3. aptness, con- 
venience. 

commbdum, i, n. 2. profit, advan- 
tage. 

commbrior, mbri, mortuus sum, d. 3. 
(con et morior) to die along with. 

commbror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (conet 
mbror) to abide, stay, tarry. 

commblus, a, um, part, of commbveo. 

commbveo, bvere, bvi, btum, a. 2. 
(con et mbveo) to move together, 
move, stir; bellum, to begin a 
war. 

communico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
communis) to share with one, im- 
part, communicate. 



communis, e, adj. common. 
moedia 
medy. 



, ad) 



comoedia, ae, f. 1. (*co//w<5ra) a co- 



compdratus, a,um,part. of compdro. 

compdro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (con 
et pdro) to compare, acquire, pro- 
cure. 

compello, pellere, puii, pulsum, a. 3. 
(con et pcllo) to drive together, 



DICTIONARY. 



131 



drive, compel ; in fugam, to put 
to flight. 
compenso, are, avi, atum, a. 1. (conet 
penso) to weigh one thing against 
another, compensate. 
comperio, erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. (con 
et pdrio.) to find out, discover, 
learn. 
complector, cti, xus, sum, d. 3. (con et 
plecto) to embrace, to take hold of; 
complecti arnore, to love. 
ccmpono, 6nere,osui,ositum, a.3. (con 
et pono) to put together, compose 
perform. 
compositus, a, um, part, of compono. 
comprehendendus, a, um.part. of com- 
prehends, to be seized. 
comprehendo, dere. di, sum, a. 3. (con 
et prehendo) to lay hold of, com- 
prehend. 
comprehensus, a, um. part, of com 

prehendo. 
compulsus, a, um. part, of compello, 
condtus, a, um, part, of Conor, 
concedo, dere. ssi, ssum, a. 3 (con et 

cedo) to yield, concede, allow. 
conceptus, a, um, part, of concipio. 
concessus, a, um, part, of concedo. 
concha. ae,f. 1. a shell-fish, a shell. 
conchylium, i, n. 2. a shell-fish. 
concliio, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to unite, 
join together, conciliate, gain 
over, reconcile ; conciliare sibi, to 
acquire for one's self. 
concinnus, a, um, adj. well-adjusted, 

elegant, agreeable. 
concio,onis.f 3. an assembly,a meet- 
ing of the people. 
concipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. {con 

et capio) to conceive, draw up. 
concito, are, avi, dtum.freq. a. I. (con 
et cito) to stir up, rouse to action, 
excite. 
concito', oris, m. 3. one who rouses 

or stirs up. an exciter. 
concoquo, autre, xi, ctum, a. 3. (con 
et coquo) to boil, digest, concoct. 
Concordia, o,e,f. I. union in (corde) 
heart or mind, unanimity, con- 
cord. 
concredo, ere, idi, Uum, a. 3. {con et 
credo) to consign, confide, en- 
trust. 
concremo, are, avi, atum, a. 1. (con et 
cremo) to burn with, consume by 
fire. 

m2 



concurro, currere, curri et cucurri t 
cur sum, n. 3. (con et curro) to run 
together ; meet. 
concussus, a, um, part, of concutio, 
concutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3. {con 
et quatio) to shake, agitate, dis*- 
quiet. 
condendus, a, um, part, of condo. 
conditio, 6nis,f. 3. a state, situation, 
condition ; stipulation, terms of 
agreement. 
conditus, a, um, part, of condo. 
condo, ere, idi, Uum, a. 3. (con et do) 
to lay or treasure up, hide ; to 
lay together (as bricks in build- 
ing), construct, found. 
conduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (con et 

duco) to hire, bargain for, 
confectus, a, um, part, of conficio. 
confer o,ferre, tuli, latum, irr.a. (con 
etfero) to carry or bring together, 
collect; se conferre, to betake 
one's self, go. 
conficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {con 
etfacio) to do thoroughly, finish, 
complete ; do up, destroy ; senec- 
titte, to weaken, exhaust ; plagis, 
to beat severely ; helium, to ter- 
minate a war. 
confido, fidere, fisns sum, n. p. 3. 

to trust, put confidence in. 
conflatus, a, um, part, of conflo. 
confllgo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con et 
filgo) to dash one thing against 
another, contend, engage. 
conflo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (conetflo) 
to blow together, melt together, 
compose, unite. 
confluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. {con et 
fluo) to flow together, flock, 
crowd. 
confodA, odere, odi, ossum, a. 3. (con 

et fodio) to dig, pierce, stab. 
confossus, a, um, part, of confodio. 
confugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
(conet fugio) to flee to, take refuge 
with, have recourse to. 
congero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3, {con et 
giro) to carry together, heap up, 
accumulate. 
congrtdior, idi, gressus sum, d. 3. 
(con etgredior) to go together, join 
battle, encounter. 
congregdlus, a, um, part, of congre- 

congrego, are. avi, dtum } a. 1. {con 



132 



DICTIONARY. 



et grex) to collect together, as- 
semble. 

conjectus, a, um, part, of conjicio. 

conjicio, icere, tci, ectum, a. 3. {con 
etjdcio) to throw together, conjec- 
ture. 

conjugium, i, n. 2. marriage, wed- 
lock. 

conjunctus, a, um, part, of conjungo. 

conjungo, gere, xi, clum, a. 3. {con et 
jungo) to join together, unite. 

conjurdtus, a, um, part, of conjuro 

conjuro, are dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
juro) to swear together, league 
together, conspire. 

conjux or unx, ugis, c. 3. a hus- 
band, wife. Fr. jugo or jungo, 
to couple. 

conor, dri, dtus, sum, d. 1. to strive, 
endeavour, attempt. 

conqueror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. {con et 
queror) to complain, bewail, la- 
ment. ' 

conscendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {con 
et scando) to climb up, mount, as- 
cend. 

conscensus, a, um, part, of conscendo, 

conscieutia,ae,f. 1. joint knowledge 
conscience. 

conscisco, iscere, ivi, itum, a. 3. {con 
et scisco) to execute, put in execu- 
tion ; mortem sibi consciscere, to 
lay violent hands on one's self. 

conscius, a, um, adj. conscious, privy 
to. 

consecro, are, dvi,dtum, a. 1. {con et 
sacro) to consecrate, dedicate. 

consenesco, escere, ui, inc. 3. {con et 
senesco) to grow old. 

consentio, tire, si, sum, n. 4. {con et 
sentio) to be of the same opinion, 
agree, unite. 

consequor, qui, quiitus vel cutus sum, 
d. 3. {con et sequor) to procure, 
obtain. 

consequutus or cutus, a, um, part, of 
consequor. 

consero, erere, erui, ertum, a. 3. {con 
et sero) to join. 

conservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
servo) to preserve, protect. 

consideo, idere, edi, essum. n. 2. {con 
et sided) to sit together. 

consldo, idere, edi, essum, n. 3. {con 
et sido) to sit down together, en 
camp. 



consilium, i, n. 2. counsel, a plan, 
purpose, council ; eo consilio, ut, 
with the intention of, to the end 
that. 

consisto, sistere, stiti, n. 3. {con et 
sisto) to stand firmly, stand, con- 
sist. 

consolor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {con et 
solor) to console, comfort, solace. 

conspectus, a, um, part, of conspicio. 

conspectus, us, m. 4. a sight ; in con- 
spectu, in the sight. 

conspicdtus, a, um, part, of conspicor. 

conspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {con 
et specio) to behold, observe. 

conspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be- 
hold. 

conspicuus, a, um, adj. conspicuous, 
ill ustrious. 

constans, tis, adj. firm, steady. 

constituo, uere, ui, iitum, a. 3. {con 
et stdtuo) to set up, appoint, es- 
tablish. 

constitutus, a, um, part, of constituo. 

consto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. 1. to 
consist of; magno, to be dear; 
constat, imp. it is certain, evident, 
known. 

construo, ere, xi, ctum., a. 3. {con et 
struo) to put together, construct, 
build, pile up. 

consuesco, escere, evi, etum, n. 3. {con 
et suesco) to be accustomed or 
used to, to be in the habit of. 

consuetudo, inis,f. 3. custom, usage, 
habit. 

consul, ulis, m. 3. a consul. 

consuldris, e, adj. pertaining to the 
consul ; {vir), one who has held 
the consulship. 

consuldtus, iis, m. 4. the consulship. 

consulo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to consult, 
deliberate. 

consulto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. to 
ask advice, consult, deliberate. 

consumo, umere, umsi et umpsi, um- 
turn et umptum, a. 3. {con et sumo) 
to destroy, consume, waste. 

consumtus, vel ptus, a, um, part, of 
consumo. 

contdgiosus, a, um, adj. contagious. 

contemnendus, a, um, part, of con- 
temn o. 

contemno, nere, si vel psi, turn vel 
ptum, a. 3. {con et temno) to un- 
dervalue, contemn, despise. 



DICTIONARY. 



13S 



contempldtus, a, um, part, of contem- 
plor. 

contemplor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
view steadfastly, observe, con- 
template. 

contemtim et ptim, adv. contemptu- 
ously, scornfully. 

contemtus vel ptus, a, um, part, of 
conternno. 

contemtus vel ptus, s. m. 4. contempt, 
scorn. 

cantendo, dere, di, sum or turn, a. et 
n. 3. to contend, engage, solicit, 
ask ; ad aliquem, to go to some 
one. 

contentio, 6nis,f. 3. a straining; ef- 
fort, exertion, contention. 

contentus, a, urn, adj. content, satis 
fled. 

contero,terere, trivi, trltum, a. 3. {con 
et tiro) to break or bruise small, 
wear out. 

continent, tis. part, et adj. adjoining, 
adjacent; continued, successive; 
temperate. 2./. 3. the continent 
main land. 

contineo, inere^ inui, entum, a. 2.{con 
et teneo) to hold together, contain 
comprehend. 

contingo, tingere, ttgi, tactum, a. 3. 
{con et tingo) to touch ; contingit 
(imp.) mini, it happens to me, I 
have the fortune. 

continuus, a, um, adj. continual, con- 
tinued, following in close succes- 
sion. 

contra, prep, cum ace. right opposite 
to, against ; adv. on the other 
hand. 

contractus, a, um, part, of contraho. 

contradlco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con- 
tra et dico) to speak against, con- 
tradict. 

contradictus, a, um, part, of contra- 
dico. 

contraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con 
ettrdho) to draw together, collect, 
contract. 

contrdrius, a, um, adj. opposite, con 
trary. 

contueor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. {con et 
tueor) to gaze upon, behold, sur- 



vey. 
contundo, tundere, tudi, tusum, a. 3. 
{con et tundo) to break, strike, 
bruise, crush. 



contusus, a,um,part. of contundo. 

convalesco, escere, ui, n. 3. {con et 
valesco) to grow strong, return to 
a state of health, recover. 

convenio, enire, eni. entum, n. ^.{con 
et venio) to come together, meet. 

converto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. {con et 
verto) to turn, convert, change ; 
in usum suum convertere, to apply 
to his own use ; apply to ; conver- 
tere se in preces, to have recourse 
to entreaties: converti infugam, 
tony. 

conversus, a, um, part, of converto. 

convicium, i, n. 2. loud noise, abuse, 
reproof. 

covivium, i, n. 2. a banquet, enter- 
tainment. 

convoco, are, dvi, dtum, a.\. {can et 
voco) to call together. 

convolvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. {con et 
volvo) to roll together ; convolvi, 
to roll one's self together. 

cooperio, Ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {conet 
pdrio) to cover. 

copia, ae, f. 1. plenty, abundance, 
a swarm, multitude; pi. copiae, 
troops, forces. 

copiose, adv. plentifully, abundant- 

coquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to boil, 

bake. 
coquus, i, m. 2. a cook. 
cor, dis, n. 3. the heart. 
coram, prep, cum abl. in the presence 

of, before ; adv. face to face, open- 

Corey ra, ae, f. 2. now Corfu, an isl- 
and in the Ionian sea, on the 

coast of Epirus. 
Corinthius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

Corinth, Corinthian. 
Corinthus, i. f. 2. an ancient city of 

Greece, now called Corito, on the 

isthmus of Corinth. 
Coriolanus, i, m. 2. the surname of 

C. Marcius, from his victory over 

Corioli. 
Corioli, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of 

Latium, on the borders of the 

Volsci. 
corium, i, n. 2. the skin or hide of a 

beast. 
Cornelia, ae,f. 1. a Roman lady. 
Cornelius, i, m. 2. the name of an 

illustrious family at Rome. 



134 



DICTIONARY. 



credo, dere, didi,ditum,a. 3. to credit, 

believe, trust. 
credulus, a, um, adj. easy of belief, 

ciedulous. 
Cremera, ae, /. 1. a small river of 
Tuscany, falling into the Tiber. 
et rego) to make straight, make cremo, are, dvi, atmm, a. 1. to burn, 
better. set on fire. 

corripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3.{con creo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to make, 



comix, ids, f. 3. a crow. 
cornu, u, n. 4. a horn. 
corona, ae,f. 1. a crown. 
corpus, oris, n. 3. a body, corpse. 
correptus, a, um, part, of corripio. 
corngo, igtre, exi, ectum, a. 3. (con 



et rapid) to lay hold of hastily 
seize. 

cor r 6 do, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {con et 
rodo) to gnaw. 

corrosus, a, um, part, of corrodo. 

corrumpo, umpire, iipi, upturn, a. 3. 
(con et rumpd) to waste, injure, 
corrupt, bribe, 

corruo, uere, ui, n. 3. {con et ruo) to 
fall together, go to ruin, decay. 

corruytus, a, um, part, of corrumpo. 

Corsica, ae, f.\. an island in the 
Mediterranean, north of Sardi- 
nia. 

coruscus, a, um, adj. glittering, shin- 
ing, bright. 

Corvinus, i, m. 2. a name given to 
M. Valerius. 

corvus, i, m. 2. a raven. 

Corycius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Corycus, a town and promontory 
of Cilicia Campestris ; antrum 
Corycium,the Corycian cave near 
the town. 

Cos. an abridgment for Consul and 
Consulem. 

Coss. an abridgment for Consules 
and Consulibus. 

Cotta, ae, m. 1. the surname of a fa 
mily which belonged to the gens 
Aurelia. 

crambe, es,f. 1. a sort of cabbage or 
cole wort, 

crassus, a, um, adj. thick, coarse. 

Crassus, i, m. 2. the surname of a 
family belonging to the gens Li- 
cinia. 

crater, iris, m. 3. {xparfjp) a bowl 
goblet ; the basin, crater, or hol- 
low on the top of a volcano. 

Crates, is, m. 3. a philosopher of 
Thebes in Boeotia,disciple of Di- 
ogenes the Cynic. 
credtus, a, um, part, of creo. 
creber. bra, brum, adj. thick, close 

frequent. 
crebro, adv. frequently. 



create, appoint, elect. 

cresco, escere, evi, etum, n. 3. to in- 
crease, grow. 
Creta, ae,f. 1. now Candia, one of 
the largest islands of the Mediter- 
ranean sea, at the south of all the 
Cyclades. 
Cretensis, e,adj. pertaining to Crete, 
Cretan. 

crimen, inis, n. 3. charge, accusa- 
tion, a crime. 

ci'inis, is. m, 3. the hair. 

Crixus, i, m. 3. a leader of gladia- 
tors. 

crocodilus, i, m. 2. a crocodile. 

crucidtus, a, um, part, of crucio. 

crucidtus, its, m. 4. torment, tor- 
ture. 

crucio, d,re, dvi, atum, a. 1. to tor- 
ture, afflict. Fr. the tortures (cru- 
ris) of the cross. 

crudelis, e,adj. savage, cruel. 

crudeliter, adv. cruelly. 

crudus, a,, um, adj. raw, rough, 
rude. 

cruentus, a, um. adj. bloody. 

cruor, oris, m. 3. blood, gore. 

crus, uris, n. 3. the leg. 

crux, ucis,f. 3. a cross. 

cubitum., i, n. 2. et cubitus, i, m. 2. 
the arm below the elbow, the el- 
bow. 

culex, iris, m. 3. a gnat. 

culpa, ae, /. 1 . a fault, offence ; 
blame. 

culyo, are, dvi, atum, a.l.to blame. 

cultellus, i, m. 2. a knife. 

cultus. a, um. part, of colo. 

cum. prep, cum abl. with ; adv. when ; 
cum. ..turn ..both. ..and. In compo- 
sition cum increases the force of 
the simple word. 

cunctdtio, 6nis,f. 3. delay, a linger- 
ing, hesitation. 

cuniculus, i, m. 2. a rabbit. 

cupiditas, dtis, f. 3, a desire eager- 
ness. 



DICTIONARY. 



135 



cupldo, %nis,f. 3. desire. 

cupidus. a, um, adj. desirous. 

cupio, ere Ivi. et ii, ikim, a. 3. to 
desire. 

cur, adv. why 1 for what reason 1 

cur a, ae,f. 1. care, solicitude, anx- 
iety. 

Cures, item, f. pi. 3. a town of the 
Sabines, of which Tatius was 
king. The inhabitants, called 
Quirites, were carried to Rome. 

curia, ae, f. 1. a curia, one of the 
thirty parts into which Romulus 
divided the Roman people ; a 
place of meeting, the senate- 
house. 

Curiatii, drum, m. pi. 2. a family of 
Alba, carried to Rome by Tullus 
Hostilius, and entered among the 
patricians. The three Curiatii, 
who engaged the Horatii, were 
of this family. 

euro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to take 
care of attend to, be concerned 
about. 

eurro, currere, cucurri, cursum, n. 3. 
to run. 

currus, us, m 3. a chariot. 

Cursor, oris, m. 3. L. Papirius, an 
illustrious citizen of Rome. 

cursus, us, m. 4. the act of running, 
running; a course. 

curvus, a, um, adj. curved, crook- 
ed. 

custodia, ae, f. 1. the act of keep 
ing, a guard, guard-house, pri- 
son. 

custodio, ire, Ivi, IPum, a. 4. to 
guard. 

rustos, odis, m. 3. a guard, keep- 
er. 

cutis. is,f. 3. the skin. 

cyaneus, a, um, adj. (kvolvios) of a 
bright blue, azure. 

Cyclddes, um,f. pi. 3. a name given 
to certain islands of the Aegaean 
sea, that surround Delos, as with 
a circle (k-vkX^). 

Cyclopes, um, m. pi. 3. a race of 
men of gigantic stature, who in- 
habited the western parts of Si- 
cily. 

Cydnus, i, m. 2. a river of Cilicia 
Campestris, which falls into the 
sea a little below Tarsus, 



CylUne, es,f. 1. a mountain of Ar- 
cadia. 

cymba, ae,f. 1. a boat. 

cymbdlum, i, n. 2. a cymbal, hollow 
musical instrument of brass. 

Cynicus, i, m. 2. a Cynic, one of the 
Cynici, a sect of philosophers 
founded by Antisthenes. 

Cynocephdlae, drum, f. pi. 1. emi- 
nences in Thessaly. 

Cynocephdli, orurn, m. pi. 2. a na- 
tion in India, who have the head 
of a dog. according to some tra- 
ditions ; probably a species of 
baboons. 

Cynocephdlus , i, m. an Egyptian 
deity. 

Cynossema, dtis, n. 3. a promontory 
of the Thracian Chersonesus. 

Cynthus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 
Delos. 

Cyrenaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Cyrene. 

Cyrenaica, ae, f. 1. a country of 
Africa, east of the Syrtis Minor. 
It corresponds with the modern 
Barca. 

Cyrene, es, et Cyrenae, drum, f. 1. 
the capital of Cyrenaica. 

Cyrencnsis, e, adj. pertaining to 
Cyrene. 

Cyrnus, i, m. 2. (Kvpvos) a name of 
Corsica. 

Cyrus, i, m. 2. a king of Persia. 

Cyzlcus, i,f. 2. an island of the Pro- 
pontis ; a town upon the island. 

D. 

Daedalus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, the 
most ingenious artist of his age. 

damnandus, a, um, part, of damno. 

damndtus, a, um, part, of damno. 

damno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to con- 
demn ; damnare capitis, to con- 
demn to death. 

damnosus, a, um, adj. hurtful, pre- 
judicial, injurious. 

Danaus, i, m. 2. a son of Belus and 
brother of Aegyptus, who esta- 
blished himself on the throne of 
Argos. He was the first of the 
race of the Belldes. 

dandus, a, um, part, of do. 

Danuhius, i, m. 2. the Danube^ the 



136 



DICTIONARY. 



largest river in Europe, except 
the Rha or Volga. 

daps, ddpis,f. 3. a banquet, repast, 
meal. 

Dardania, ae, f. ■ 1. a district of 
Troas, in the north-western part 
of Asia Minor, extending from 
Abydos to the promontory of 
Rhoeteum. 

ddturus, a, um, part, of do. 

ddtus, a, urn., part, of do. 

de, prep. c. abl. of, from, outof,touch- 
ing, concerning. 

dea, ae,f 1. a goddess. 

debelldtus, a, um, part, of debello. 

debello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
bello) to finish a war, vanquish, 
subdue. 

debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to owe, be 
in debt, be obliged. 

debilis, e, adj. feeble, infirm. 

debilito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ener- 
vate, enfeeble. 

debitus, a, um, part, owing, due. 

dice do, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (de et 
ctdo) to go away, withdraw, yield, 
depart this life, die. 

decemvir, i, m. 2. one of ten men 
appointed to execute jointly any 
public commission ; thence called 
Decemviri. 

decemo, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. 
(de et cerno) to judge, determine, 
decree, contend ; bellum alicui, to 
delegate to one the command of a 



decumbo, umbere, cubui, ubitum, n. 3. 

(de et cubo) to lie down. 
decurro, cur r ere, curri et cucurn t 

cursum, n. 3. (de et curro) to run 

down, flow down. 
deditio, onis.f 3. a yielding up, sur- 
render. 
deditus, a, um, part, of dedo. 
dedo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. to give 

up, surrender. That is, (Do) I 

give (de) away from myself. 
dediico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 

diico^ to bring down, lead forth. 
deductus, a, um, part, of deduco. 
defatigdtus, a, um, part, of defatigo. 
defatigo, are, dvi, dtum. a. 1. (de et 

faligo) to weary out, fatigue. 
defeclio, onis, f. 3. et defectus, its, m. 

4. a deficiency, want ; also, an 

eclipse (of the sun or moon). 
defendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (de et 

fendo, to hit) to hit off, ward off; 

protect, defend. 
defensus, a, um, part, of defendo. 
defer o, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (de 

ctfero) to carry down or along, 

bring, bestow. 
deficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. et n. 3. 

(de etfdcio) to decrease, fail, be 

wanting. 
defleo, ere, evi, Hum, a. 2. (de etfleo) 

to bewail, lament, deplore. 
defiuo, uere, uxi, uxum, n. 3. (de et 

fluo) to flow down. 
defodio. odere, odi. ossum, a. 3. (d* 

etfodio) to dig, bury. 



war. 

decerpo, ere, si, turn, a. 3. (de et carpo)\deformis, e, adj. deformed, ugly 
to pluck off, take away, lessen, ideformitas dtis.f. 3. deformity. 
decido, idere, idi, n. 3. (de et cado) defossus, a, um, part, of defodio. 



to fall from or down, fall. 
decimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 

tenth. 
Decius, i, m. 2. a name among the 

Romans. 
decldro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 

cldrd) to declare, show clearly, 

manifest. 



defunclus, a, um, part, of defungor, 

(vita) dead. 
defungor, gi, ctus sum, d. 3. (de et 

fungor) to perform, be freed 

from. 
dego, gere, gi, a. et n. 3. (for deago. 

i. e. vitam, aetatem, tempus,) to 

lead, pass, spend, dwell. 



decoctus, a, um, part, of decoquo. degusto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
decoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et gusto) to taste. 

coquo) to boil, boil away. deinde, adv. after that, next in 

decorus, a, um, adj. comely, beauti- order. 



ful, decorous, decorated. 
decretus, a, um, part, of decemo. 
deer e sco, crescere, crevi, cretum, n. 

3. (de et cresco) to decrease, wear' Minor by Pompey. 

away. \dejectus, a, um, part, of dejicio. 



Deiotdrus, i, m. 2. first distinguished 
as tetrarch of Galatia, and after- 
wards made king of Armenia 



DICTIONARY. 



137 



dejicio, icere, eci, ectum. a. 3. {de et 
jdcio) to throw down. 

deldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {de et 
labor) to fall or slide down. 

delapsus, a, um, part, of delabor. 

deldlus, a, um, part, of defero. 

delecto, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. (fr. de- 
licto, delectum,fr. lacio) to delight, 
please. 

delectus, a, um, part, of deligo. 

delendus, a. um, part, of deleo. 

deleo, ere, evi, etum, a.2. to blot out. 
efface, destroy. 

dcletus, a, um, part, of deleo. 

deliciae, drum,/. 1. delights, luxu- 
ries. 

delictum, i, n. 2. a fault. Fr. delin- 
quo, delictum, a failure in duty. 

deligo. igere, egi : ectum, a. 3. {de et 
lego) to choose out. select. 

Delphicws, a. um, adj. pertaining to 
Delphi. 

Delphi, drum, m. pi. 2. now Caslri, 
a town of Phocis, famous for a 
temple and oracle of Apollo. 

delphinus, i, m. 2. (AeA</>iV) a dol- 
phin. 

Delta., ae, f. 1. that part of Egypt 
near the Mediterranean, be- 
tween the Canopic and Pelusiac 
mouths of the Nile. It was so 
called from its resemblance to the 
form of the fourth letter of the 
Greek alphabet, A. 

delubrum-, i, n. 2. {fr. deluo, to 
cleanse, purify) an altar, temple, 
or" sacred place. 

Delus vel-os, i, f. 2. an island of the 
Aegaean, situate in the centre of 
the Cyclades, the birth-place of 
Apollo and Diana. 

Demardtus, i. m. 2. a rich citizen of 
Corinth, father of Lucumo, after- 
wards Tarquinius Priscus. 

demergo, gtre, si, sum, a. 3. {de et 
mergo) to plunge, sink, drown. 

demersus. a. um, part, of demergo. 

Demetrius, i, m. 2. a prince of Ma- 
cedonia. 

deniissus, a. um, part, of demitto. 

demitto ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. {de et 
mitto) to throw or send down. 

Democritus, i, m. 2. a celebrated phi- 
losopher of Abdera, commonly' 
known under the appellation ofj 
the laughing philosopher. 



demonstrdturus, a, um, part, of de- 
monstro. 

demons tro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de 
et monstro) to point out, show, de- 
monstrate. 

Demosthenes, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
orator of Athens, born B. C. 
381. 

demum, adv. at length, in fine, only, 
merely. 

deni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. pi. every 
ten. 

denique, adv. in fine, lastly. 

dens, lis, m. 3. a tooth. 

densus, a, um } adj. thick, close. 

Dentdtus, i, m. 2. Siccius, celebrat- 
ed for the large number of re- 
wards which he earned by his 
valour. 

denuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 
nuntio) to denounce,declare,fore- 
warn. 

depascor, ci, tus sum, d. 3. (de etpas- 
cof) to feed upon, eat up. 

depingo, ngere, nxi, ctum, a. 3. {de et 
pingo) to paint, depict, figure. 

deploro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
ploro) to deplore, lament, be- 
wail. 

depono, onere, osui, bsitum, a. 3. (de 
et pono) to lay or put down. 

depopuldtus, a, um, part, of depapu- 
lor. 

depopulor, dvi, dtus sum, d. 1. {de et 
populor) to lay waste, ravage, de- 
populate. 

deprehendo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {de 
et prehendo) to seize, catch, take 
unawares. 

deprehensus, a, um, part, of depre- 
hendo. 

depulso, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (de 
etpulso) to drive down or away. 

descendo, dere, di, sum, n. 3. {de et 
scando,) to descend. 

descrlbo. here, psi, plum, a. 3. (de et 
scribo) to describe, arrange, dis- 
tribute. 

desero, rere, rui, rtum, a. 3. (de et 
sero) to abandon, forsake. 

desertum, i, n. 2. a desert. 

desertus,a,um, part. et. adj. forsaken, 
lonely, uninhabited, waste. 

desiderium, i, n. 2. a longing for, 
desire ; grief for the want of, re- 
gret. 



138 



DICTIONARY. 



disino, sinere, slvi et sii, sltum, a. et 

n. 3. (de et sino) to cease, leave 

off, give over, abandon. 
desptrdtus, a, um, part, of despero 
despero, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. {de et 

spero) to despair of. 
desponsdtus, a, um, part, of despon- 

so. 
desponso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. freq. 

(fr. despondeo,) to promise in 

marriage, betroth. 
destino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 

fast, fix, assign, appoint, aim at. 
desum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. n. {de 

et sum) to be wanting, fail. 
deterior, adj. comp. deterrimus, sup. 

(no positive), {fr. dettro) worse. 
deterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (de et 

terreo) to deter, frighten, discour- 
age. 
detestor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {de et 

testor) to detest. 
detractus, a, um, part, of detraho. 
detrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et 

traho) to draw down or off, to 

take away. 
detrlmentum, i, n. 2. damage, loss. 

Fr. detrilum, supine of dettro. 
deus. i, m. etf. (Qeds) God, a deity 

divinity. 
deveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 

veho) to carry down, convey, 

transport. 
devexus, a, um, adj. inclining down 

wards, sloping. 
dtvictus, a, um, part, of dexinco. 
devmco, vincere, vici, victum, a. 3. 

(de et vinco) to conquer, van 

quish. 
devolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (de et 

volo) to fly down, fly away. 
devorandus, a, um, part, of devoro. 
devordtus, a, um, part, of devoro. 
devoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 

voro) to devour, eat up. 
devotns, a, um, part, of devoveo. 
devoveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. {de et 

voveo) to vow, doom, devote, offer 

up, immolate. 
dexter, ter a, et tra,terum, ettrum, adj. 

right, on the right hand. 
dextra, ae,f. 1. the right hand. 
diadema, atis, n. 3. (SidSn^a) a di- 
adem. 
Diagcras, ae, m. 1. an athlete of 

Rhodes, 460 B. C. He saw his 



three sons crowned the same day 
at Olympia, and died through 
excess of joy. 

dialectus, i'f. 2. a dialect. 

Diana, ae,f. 1. the sister of Apollo. 

dico, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.to assign, 
dedicate, consecrate. 

dlco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to say, tell, 
speak. 

dictator, oris, m. 3. {fr. dido) a chief 
magistrate elected on extraordi- 
nary occasions, and vested with 
absolute authority; a Dictator. 

dido, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. {freq. of 
dico) to speak or dictate what an- 
other may write. 

dictum, i, n. 2. a word, saying, ex- 
pression. 

dictus, a, um, part, of dlco. 

dies, Bi, m. vel f. in sing. m. in pi. 
5. a day. 

differo, differre, distuli, dildtum, irr. 
a. etn. to carry hither and thither, 
be different. 

difficile, adv. with difficulty. 

difficilis, e, adj. difficult. For dis- 
facilis; dis contradicts, as in dis- 
similis. 

difficultas, atis, f 3. difficulty, trou- 
ble, a bad condition. 

digitus, i, m. 2. a finger, a finger's 
breadth. 

digndtus, a, um, part, of dignor. 

dignitas, atis, f. 3. dignity, rank, 
honour. 

dignor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to think 
{dignum) worthy; to think a 
thing worthy to do, deign to do. 

dignus, a, um, adj. worthy, deserv- 
ing of. 

dildnio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (di et 
lanio) to tear or rend in pieces, 
mangle. 

diligens, tis, adj. {fr. dlligo) fond 
of, partial to a pursuit, diligent, 
attentive. 

dlligenter, adv. {ius,issime)di\igent- 
\y, attentively. 

dlligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to es- 
teem highly, love. For dilego, 
to choose one apart from oth- 
ers. 

dimicdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a flight, encoun* 
ter, contest. 

dlmicdtus, a, um, part, of dlmico. 

dimico, are, dvi, (rarely ui,), dtum t 



DICTIONARY. 



139 



a. 1. (di et micoi) to fight, encoun- 
ter, contend. 

dlmissus, a, um, part, of dlmitto. 

dlmittendus, a, um, part, of dlmitto, 

dlmitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (di et 
mitto) to let go, dismiss. 

Diogenes, i, m. 3. a celebrated Cy- 
nic philosopher of Sinope. 

Diomedcs, is, m. 3. a king of Aetolia, 
one of the bravest of the Grecian 
chiefs in the Trojan war. 

diphthongus, i, f 2. a diphthong. 

diremturus, a. um, part, of dirimo. 

direptus, a, um, part, of dlripio. 

dirimo, imere, emi, emtum xel emp- 
tum, a. 3. (dis et emo) to divide, 
separate, determine. 

dlripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (di et 
rdpio) to plunder, spoil, pillage, 

dlruo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (di etruo) 
to overthrow, destroy. 

dlrus, a, um, adj. dreadful, dire, por- 
tentous. 

dlrutus, a,, um, part, of dlruo. 

discedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (dis et 
cedo) to go away, depart. 

discendus, a, um, part, of disco. 

discerpo, pere, psi, ptum, a. 3. (dis et 
carpo) to tear in pieces, rend. 

discerptus, a, um, part, of discerpo. 

disciplina, ae,f. 1. instruction, dis- 
cipline. 

discipulus. i, m. 2. (fr. disco)a, learn- 
er, pupil. 

disco, discere, didlci, a. 3. to learn. 

discordia, ae,f. 1. discord, disagree- 
ment. 

discordo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to be 
at variance, disagree, differ. 

discrepo, are, dvi vet ui, n. 1. (dis et 
crepo) to differ in sound, vary, dis- 
agree. 

diserte, adv. clearly, expressly, elo- 
quently. 

disputdtio, onis, f. 3. a learned dis- 
cussion, discourse. 



dissimilis, e, adj. (dis et siinilis) m> 
like, dissimilar. 

distinctus, a, um, part, of distinguo, 

distinguo, guere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
(di et stinguo) to distinguish by 
marks, mark, adorn. 

disto, stdre, n. 1. (di etsto) to stand 
apart, be distant. 

distribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (dis et 
tribuo) to divide, distribute. 

ditior, v. dives. 

ditissimus, v. dives. 

diu, adv. (diutius, diutissime.) for a 
long time. 

diurnus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) diur- 
nal, daily. 

diutinus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) last- 
ing. 

diuturnitas, dtis,f. 3. length of time, 
long duration. 

diuturnus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) last- 
ing. 

dlvello, vellere, velli, (saepius quam 
vulsi), vulsum, a. 3. (di et vello) to 
pull asunder, disjoin, pull off. 

dlversus, a, um, adj. different. 

dives, itis, (ditior for dlvitior, di' 
tissimus for dlvitissimus) rich, 
wealthy. 

dlvido, idere, Isi, isum, a. 3. to di- 
vide. 

dlvlnus, a, um, ^'.relating to(ZHi;i) 
the Gods, divine. 

dlvlsus, a, um, part, of dlvido. 

dlvitiae, drum, f. pi. 1. (fr. dives- 
itis) riches. 

divulsus, a, um, part, of dlvello. 

do, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. (fr. Jow, 
Sco) to give ; dare viam, to give 
way ; dans, a giver ; poenasdare 1 
to suffer punishment ; crimini, to 
accuse. 

doceo, ere, ui, turn, a. 2. to teach. 

docilitas, dtis, f. 3. aptness to learn, 
docility. 

djoctrlna, ae, f 1. instruction. The 
art of making (doctum) learned. 

doctus. a, um, part, of doceo. 



disputo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to de- 
bate, argue. Said of persons who 

in discourse (putant diversa) dire^Dddona, ae, /La famous city of 
of opposite sentiments. Epirus ; with a forest in the neigh- 

dissemino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bourhood,situate near the sources 
spread abroad. of the Acheron. 

dissero, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to say, de- doleo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to grieve, 
bate, discuss. sorrow, be in pain. 

dAssidium, i,n. 2. (fr. dissideo ,to dis- dolor, oris, m. 3. (fr. doleo) grief, 
agree with) disagreement. i pain. 

PART I. N 



140 



DICTIONARY. 



dolus, i, m. 2. (AoXos) a device, art- 
ful contrivance, wile. 
domesticus, a,um, adj. appertaining 

to (domum) a house, domestic 
domicilium, i, n. 2. (fr. domus) a 

house, place of abode. 
domina, ae,f. 1. a mistress {domiis) 

of a house. 
domindtio, onis, f. 3. dominion, des- 
potism, tyranny, 
dbminus, i, m. 2. a master {domus) 

of a house ; master, lord. 
domitus, a, urn, part, of dbmo. 
domo, are, ui, itnm, a. 1. (/r. Safxau, 

w) to subdue, vanquish, break or 

tame wild animals. 
domus, i et us, 2. et 4. (Afyo?) a 

house. 
dondtus, a, um, paH. of ^6710. 
donee, adv. while, until. 
dono, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to give, 

bestow freely, present. 
donum, i, n. 2. a gift. 
Doricus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

the Dorians, Doric. 
dormio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. 4. to sleep 
dorsum, i, n. 2. the back. 
dos, dotis, f. 3, (Aws) a marriage- 
portion, dowry. 
draco, onis, m. 3. (Apaxcov) a dragon. 
Druidae, drum, m. pi. 1. the Druids, 

priests of Britain and Gaul. A 

Celtic word. 
dubitdtio, onis, f. 3. a doubting ; 

doubt, hesitation. 
dubito, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {dubius) 

to be in doubt, hesitate. 
dubium, i, n. 2. doubt ; sine et pro- 

cul dubio, without doubt, beyond 

a doubt, doubtless. 
ducendus, a, um, part, of duco. 
ducenti, ae, a, card. num. adj.pl. two 

hundred. 
duco, cere., xi, ctum, a. 1. to lead, 

cany, draw; uxorem, to marry; 

exequias, to discharge the last 

duties to any one. 
ductus, a, um, part, of duco. 
Duillius, i, m. 2. C. Nepos, a Roman 

consul, the first who obtained a 

victory over the naval power of 

Carthage, B. C. 260. 
dulcis, e. adj. sweet. 
dum, adv. as long as, whilst, until 
duo, ae, o, card. num. adj. pi. (AxJo) 

two. 



duodecim, card. num. adj. pi. ind. 
twelve. 

duodecimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the twelfth. 

duodeviginli, card. num. adj. ind. 
two from twenty, eighteen. 

duritia, ae,f. 1. vel durities, iei, f, 
5. (durus) hardness. 

diirus, a, um, adj. hard, harsh, se- 
vere. 

dux, duds, c. 3. (fr. duco, ducci) a 
leader, guide, general. 

Dionysius, i, m. 2. the 1st, or the 
elder, a tyrant of Syracuse. The 
2nd, surnamed the younger, was 
son of the 1st, and succeeded his 
father as tyrant of Sicily. 

E. 

e, ex, prep. c. abl. (e£) from, out of, 

among. 
ebibo, ibere, xbi, ibitum, a. 3. (eet bibo) 

to drink up. 
ebrietas, dtis,f.3. {fr. ebrius, drunk) 

drunkenness. 
ebur, oris, n. 3. ivory. 
edico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {e et dico) 

to speak out, declare publicly, 

announce. 
editus, a, um, part, of edo. 
edo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {e et do) 

to give out, publish, proclaim; 

spectaculum, to give an exhibi- 
tion ; slragem, to make a slaugh- 
ter, to overthrow. 
edo, edere, vel esse, edi, esum, irr. a. 

(iSco) to eat. 
eduedtus, a, um, part, of educo. 
educo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 (/r. duco) 

to bring up, educate. 
educo, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (e et duco) 

to lead forth. 
efficio, icere, eci, eclum, a. 3. (e et 

fdcio) to bring to pass, accomplish, 

make. 
effigies, iei,f. 5. an image. 
efflo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. (e etflo) to 

breathe out ; animam, to breathe 

one's last, die. 
effugio, ugere, ugi, ngitum, a. et n. 3. 

(e etfugio) to fly from, fly away, 

escape. 
effundendus, a, um, part, of effun- 

do. 
effundo, f under e, fudi, fiisum, a. 3. 



DICTIONARY. 



141 



(e et fundo) to pour out, spill, 

waste. 
effusus, a, um, part, of effundo. 
egeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be in want of, 

want. 
Egeria, ae, f. a nymph of Aricia 

in Italy, who was courted by 

Numa, and according to Ovid be- 
came his wife. 
egero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. (e et gero) 

to carry out. cast out. 
egestus, a, um part, of egero. 
ego, mei, pro. I. 
egredior, di, ssus sum, d. 3. (e et 

grddior) to walk out, go forth. 
egregie, adv. in a distinguished 

manner. 
egregius, a, um, adj. eminent, sur- 
passing ; one chosen {e grege) out 

of the flock. 
egressus, a, um, part, of egredior. 
eldbor, bi, psus sum, d.o. (e et labor) 

to slide away, escape, disappear. 
elapsus, a, um, part, of eldbor. 
Elephantis, idis,f. 3. an island and 

city of the Nile in Egypt. 
elephantus, i. m. 2. et elephas, antis, 

m. 3. an elephant. 
Eleusinii, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Eleusis. 
Eleusis et -in. Inis, f. 3. a town of 

Attica, celebrated for the festivals 

of Ceres. 
elido, dere, si., sum, a. 3. {e etlaedo) 

to dash in pieces, crush. 
cligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 

lego) to pick out, select. 
eloquens, tis, adj. -ntior, -ntissimus, 

eloquent. 
eloquentia, ae, f. 1. eloquence. 
eloquor, qui, quutus vel cutus sum, 

d. 3. (e et loquor) to speak out or 

plainly, say. 
6luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. (e et luceo) to 

shine forth. 
Zmergo, gere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et 

mergo) to come out, rise up, 

emerge. 
emineo, ere, ui, n. 2. {e et mdneo) to 

rise above, be conspicuous, be 

eminent. 
emitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. {e et 

mitto) to send forth; in mare 

emitti, to empty into the sea. 
emo, emere, emi, emtum vel emptum, 



a. 3. to take ; as in demo, adimo, 
buy, purchase. 

embrior, mbri, mortuus sum, d. 3. to 
die. 

emtus vel emptus, a, um, part, of emo. 

enascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. (e et 
nascor) to spring from, grow up, 
be born of. 

endtus, a, um, part, of enascor. 

nneco, are, ui, turn, vel dvi, dtum, a. 
1. (e et neco) to kill, slay. 

enervo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weak- 
en, enervate. 

enim, adv. for, indeed. 

Enna, ae,f. 1. a town of Sicily, situ- 
ate on an eminence in the middle 
of the island. 

Ennius, i, m. 2. an ancient poet, 
born at Rudiae in Calabria, flou- 
rished towards the close of the 
first Punic war. 

enuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {e et 
nuntio) to pronounce, publish, de- 
clare. 

eo, Ire, Ivi, itum, irr. n. (ecu) to go. 

ed, adv. thither, so far. 

Eous, i, m. 2. Lucifer, the morning 
star. 

Eous, a, um, adj. ('H£os fr. 'Hwj 
the morning) of the morning, 
eastern. 

Epaminondas, ae, m. 1. a famous 
Theban, descended from the an- 
cient kings of Boeotia. 

EpMsus, i, m. 2. a city of Ionia, 
famous for a temple of Diana, 
one of the seven wonders of the 
world. 

Ephialtes, is, m. 3. a giant, son of 
Neptune and brother of Otus. 
They were called Aloides, from 
their reputed father Aloeus. 

Epimenides, is, m. 3. an epic poet oi 
Crete, contemporary with Solon. 

Eplrus, i, f. 2. a country of Greece, 
to the west of Thessaly, lying 
along the Hadriatic. 

epistbla, ae, f. 1. (eTrto-roX)?) an epis- 
tle, a letter. 

epitome, es.f. 1. (e-mroufi) an abridg- 
ment, abstract. 

epitlae, drum,/. 1. (for edxpulae,fr, 
edo) food, a feast, banquet. 

epulor, art, dtus, sum, d. 1. to feast, 
banquet. 



142 



DICTIONARY. 



eques, His, m. 3. a horseman 
knight. 

equidem, conj. indeed, truly, for my 
part. 

equitdtus, its, m. 4. cavalry. 

equito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ride. 

equus, i, m. 2. a horse. 

erectus, a, um, adj. et part. (fr. eri- 
go) raised up, upright, erect. 

erepius, a, um, part, of ertpio. 

erga, prep. c. ace. over against, to- 
wards. 

ergo, conj. on account of, there 
fore. 

erigo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 
rego) to set upright. 

erindceus, i, m. 2. a hedge-hog. 

eripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (e et 
rapio) to take away by force. 

erro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wander, 
stray, err. 

erodo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (e et ro- 
do) to gnaw off, eat into, con- 
sume. 

eriidio, ire, ivi, et ii, itum, a. 4. to 
instruct, inform. E rudi doctum 
facio. 

eruditio, onis, f. 3. a teaching, in- 
struction, learning. 

eruditus, a, um, part, of erudio. 

esurio, Ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. {fr. esu- 
rus,fr edo) to desire to eat, be 
hungry. 

et, conj. and, also, even; et...et, 
both. ..and. 

etiam, conj. also; with the comp 
even. For etjam, and now, now 
further. 

Etruria, ae,f. 1. a celebrated coun- 
try of Italy, lying to the west of 
the Tiber. 

Etrusci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit 
ants of Etruria. 

Etruscus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Etruria. 

Euboea, ae, f. 1. now Negroponte, 
an island of the Aegaean, on the 
eastern coast of Greece, separat- 
ed from the main land by the 
Euripus. 

Eumenes, is, m. 3. a Greek officer 
in the army of Alexander ; the 
2d, a king of Pergamus, celebrat- 
ed for his love of learning. 

Euphrates, is, m. 3. a large river of 
Asia, which rises in a part of the 



most northern chain of Taurus, 
joins the Tigris, and with it emp- 
ties into the Sinus Persicus. 

Euripides, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
tragic poet, born at Salamis the 
day on which Xerxes was defeat- 
ed by the Greeks. 

Euripus, i, m. 2. a narrow strait di- 
vid ingEuboea from the main land 
of Greece. 

Europa, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
Agenor,king of Phoenicia, whom 
Jupiter, under the form of a bull, 
carried to Crete ; one of the 
three main divisions of the an- 
cient world, supposed to have 
taken its name from the daugh- 
ter of Agenor. 

Eurotas. ae, m. 1. a river of Laco- 
nia, flowing by Sparta. It is 
now called Vasilipotamo, a cor- 
ruption of Basilipotamos (king of 
rivers), a name given it by way 
of eminence. 

Euxinus, i, m. 2. {fr. 'Evfcvos, hos- 
pitable) the Euxine, an inland 
sea, north of Asia Minor, now the 
Black Sea. 

evddo, dere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et vddo) 
to go out, escape. 

eversus, a, um, part, of everto. 

everto, tere, ti, sum, a.3.(e et verto) 
to overturn, overthrow, destroy. 

evoedtus, a, um, part, of evoco. 

evoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. \.{eet voco) 
to call out, invite, summon. 

evolo, are, dvi, dtum. n. l.(e et volo) 
to fly out or away. 

evomo, ere, ui, itum, a. 3. {e et vomo) 
to vomit forth, cast out. 

ex, prep. c. abl. (s£) from ; v. e. 

exactus, a, um, fart, ofexigo. 

exaequo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
aequo) to make equal or even, to 
equal. 

exdnimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et 
animo) to deprive of life, kill. 

exardesco, desctre, si, n. inc. 3. to 
grow hot, be on fire, burn. 

exasperdtus, a, um, part, of exaspc- 
ro. 

exaspero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
provoke, exasperate. That is, to 
make (asperum) sharp in tem- 
per. 

excedo, dere, ssi ) ssum } n. 3. {ex et 



DICTIONARY. 



143 



cido) to go forth, depart ; go be- 
yond, exceed. 

excello, ire, ui, n. 3. {ex et cello, to 
urge forward) to be high, excel, 
surpass. 

excelsus, a, um, adj. (fr. celsum, sup. 
of cello) high. 

excidium. in. 2. (fr. excido) destruc- 
tion, ruin, an overthrow. 

excido, ere, i, n. 3. {ex et cddo) to 
fall out. 

excido, dire, di, sum, a. 3. {ex et 
caedo) to cut or hew Out, hew 
down. 

excipio, ipire, ipi, eptum, a. 3. {ex et 
c&pio) to receive, take up, sus- 
tain. 

excisus, a, um, part, of excido. 

excitandus, a, um, part, oiexcito. 

excito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
cito) to call out, stir up, awaken, 
cause. 

excldmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
clamo) to cry out, exclaim. 

excludo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. (ex et 
claudo) to shut out, exclude, 
hatch. 

excaeco vel -coeco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
(ex et caeco) to make blind. 

excolo, cblire, cblui, cultum, a. 3. {ex 
et cblo) to cultivate, improve, ex- 
ercise. 

excrucio, are, dvi, dtum., a. 1. (exet 
crucio) to torture greatly, excru- 
ciate. 

excubiae, drum,/, pi. 1. {fr. excubo, 
to lie out) watches (properly, by 
night ;) the sentry, guard. 

excusdtio, onis, f. 3. an excusing, 
excuse, defence. 

exido, idire et esse, edi, isum, irr. 
a. (ex et ido) f o eat up. 

exemplum, i, n. 2. an example. 

exiquiae, V. exsiquiae. 

exerceo, ire, ui, itum. a. 2. (exetar- 
ceo, vel fr. i&pyeu)) to exercise, 
practise ; odium, to hate ; agros, 
to till a field. 

exercitus, us, m. 4. an army. Fr. 
part, of exerceo, as being trained 
and exercised. 

exhaurio, rlre, si, stum, a. 4. (ex et 
haurio) to draw out, exhaust. 

exigo, igire, igi, actum, a. 1. (ex et 
ago) to lead or thrust out, ba- 
nish, 

n2 



exiguus, a, um, adj. slender, small. 
exilis, e, adj. slight, small, feeble. 
exilium, i, n. 2. (for exulium,fr. exul, 

an exile) banishment. 
eximie, adv. remarkably, excellent- 

eximius, a, um, adj. (fr. eximo, to 
choose out) choice, excellent, re- 
markable. 

existimdtio,6nis,f. 3. opinion, credit^ 
honour. 

existimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 2. (ex et 
aestimo) to think, esteem, judge. 

exitium, i, n. 2. {fr. sup. of exeo) 
ruin, destruction. 

exitus, us, m. 4. a going out, event, 
issue. 

exoptdtus, a, um, adj. greatly wished 
or longed for. 

exordtus, a, um, part, of exoro. 

exbrior, or iris, oriri, ortus sum, d. 3. 
et 4. {ex et brior) to rise, arise, 
spring up. 

exorno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
orno) to adorn, embellish. 

exoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
or 6) to pray earnestly, gain by en- 
treaty. 

exortus, a, um, part, of exorior. 

expecto vel -specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
1. (ex et specto) to look for, wait 
for. 

expedio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, a. 4. to disen- 
tangle, rid, prepare, equip. That 
is, to take one's {pedem) foot (ex) 
out of confinement. 

expiditio, onis,f. 3. (fr. expedio) a 
military expedition. 

expello, vellire, pilli, pulsum, a. 3, 
(ex et pello) to drive out, ba- 
nish. 

expers, tis, adj. for expars, being 
without any part in a concern, 
without, destitute. 

expetendus, a, um, part, of expeto. 

expito, ire, ivi, et ii, itum, a. 3. (exet 
peto) to seek out, long for. 

expio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to expi- 
ate, atone for. 

expleo, ire, ivi, itum, a. 2. (ex etpleo) 
to fill up. 

explico. are, dvi, dtum, et ui, itum, 
a. 1. (ex etplico) to unfold, devel- 
ope, explain. 

explordtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. explora, a 
spy, scout. 



144 



DICTIONARY. 



expblio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to polish 
well, finish, adorn. 

expono, onere, osui, ostium, a. 3. (ex 
etpono) to set forth, explain. 

exprobo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to up- 
braid, reproach. 

expugndtus, a, um, part, of expug- 

UO. 

expugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (exet 
P'wgno) to take by storm or as- 
sault, conquer. 

expulsus, a, um, part, of expello. 

cxsequiae, drum, f. 1. pi. funeral 
solemnities; properly, a following 
to the grave,/r. sequor. 

exsequor, qui, quutus, vet cuius sum, 
d. 3. (ex et sequor) to follow, pur- 
sue, prosecute. 

exsilio, ire, ui et ii, ultum, n. 4. (ex 
et salio) to spring forth. 

exspecto, V. expecto. 

exspiro vel -piro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
1. (ex et spiro) to breathe out. 
expire. 

exstinctus, vel -tinctus, a, um, part. 
of exstinguo. 

exstinguo vel-tinguo, guere, xi, ctum 
a. 3. (ex et stinguo) to put out, 
extinguish, kill ; extingui morbo. 
to die a natural death. 

exstructus vel -tructus, a, um, part. 
of exstruo. 

exstruo vel -truo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3 
(ex et struo) to build up. 

exsurgo, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. (ex 
et surgo) to rise, rise up. 

exter vel exterus, a, um, adj. -tirior, 
-timus, of another country, fo- 
reign. 

externus, a, um, adj. outward, ex- 
ternal. 

exto vel -sto, are, Ui, atum, n. 1. (ex 
et sto) to appear or be above, re- 
main, exist. 

extorqueo, quere, si, turn, a. 2. (ex et 
torqweo) to wrest from, extort. 

extra, prep. c. ace. without, beyond. 

extractus, a, um, part, of extraho. 

extraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ex et 
traho) to draw out, extract. 

extrtmus, a, um, adj. sup. of exterus, 
the utmost, last ; extrema senec- 
tus, extreme old agp 



F. 

fdba, ae, /. 1. a bean. 

fdber, ri, m. 2. (for fdciber,fr. facto) 
a workman, artificer. 

Fabius, i, m. 2. the name of a no- 
ble and powerful family at Rome, 
who derived their name from 
faba, a bean, because some of 
their ancestors cultivated it. 

fabrica, ae,f. 1. (fr. fdber) a shop, 
the art of framing or forging. 

Fabricius, i, m. 2. Caius Luscinus, 
a Roman general, distinguished 
by his consummate knowledge 
of military affairs, and his incor- 
ruptible fidelity. 

fabrico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. fd- 
ber) 10 make, frame, forge, con- 
struct. 

fdbula, ae, f 1. (fr. for, faris) a re- 
port, tale, fable, play. 

fdbulosus, a, um, adj. fabulous. 

faciendus, a, um, part, of facio. 

fades, iei, f 5. (fr. facio, as species 
fr. specio) the make, appearance, 
countenance. 

facile, ius, lime, adv. easily. 

f acinus, oris, n. 3. (fr. facio) a 
deed. 

facio, faclre, feci, factum, a. 3. to 
make, do, value ; pluris, to value 
higher ; fac, imper. take care. 

factum, i, n. 2. a deed, action. 

facturus, a, um, part, of facio. 

f actus, a, um, part, oifio. 

faex, faecis, f. 3. lees, dregs. 

Falerii, drum, m. pi. 2. now Falari, 
a town of Etruria, of which the 
inhabitants were called Falisci. 

Falernus, i, m. 2. a fertile plain of 
Campania, with a mountain, fa- 
mous for its wine. 

Falernus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Falernus, Falernian. 

Falisci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit- 
ants of Falerii. 

fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, a. 3. to 
deceive, escape the notice of. 

falsus, a, um, adj. deceitful, faith- 
less, false. 

fama, ae, f. 1. ((pfjftrj) report, rumour, 
fame. 



DICTIONARY. 



14c 



fdmelicus, a, um, adj. hungry. 

fames , is,f. 3. hunger. 

fdmilia, ae, f. 1. (for famulia fr. 

famulus) the slaves belonging to 

a master, a family. 
fdmllidris, e, adj. belonging to the 

same (familia) family, intimate. 

familiar. 
fdmilidritas, dtis, f. 3. friendship, 

intimacy, confidence. 



femineus, a, um, adj. of a woman, 

womanly, 
/era, ae,f. 1. a wild beast. 
ferax, acts, adj. {fr.fero) fruitful. 
fere, adv. about, nearly, almost. 
ferinus, a, um, adj. {fera) of wild 

beasts. 
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (<pepoi) 

to bear, carry, relate ; ferunt, 

they say -, fei-tur, it is said. 



fdmilidriter, adv. familiarly, as if ferox, oris, adj. {fr. fera) fierce, 



he were one of the same family. 

famula.ae.f. 1. a female slave, maid 
servant. 

fas, n. ind. divine law, justice, 
right ; non fas est, it is not allow- 
ed. 

fascis, is, m. 3. a bundle of wood, 
twigs. &c. the fasces carried be- 
fore the Roman magistrates were 
generally of birch. 

fatdlis, e, adj. (fr.fatum) destined 
by fate, fatal. 

fdteor, fdteri, fassus sum, d. 2. to 
own. confess. 

fdtidicus, a, um, adj. foretelling fu- 
ture events, prophetic. 

fat? gains, a, um, part, of fatigo. 

fatigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weary, 
fatigue. 

fdtiscor. fatisci, fessus sum, d. 3. to 
be exhausted, wearied 

fdtum, i. n. 2. a prophecy; fate, 
destiny : falo fungi, to die 

Faustulns,' i, m. 2. the shepherd 
who preserved Romulus and Re- 
mus. 

faux, cis, f. 3. the throat, a pas- 
sage, defile ; Caudinae Furculae 
vel Fauces, a defile near Caudi 
or Caudium, where a Roman ar- 
my was obliged to surrender to 
the Samnites ?md pass under the 
yoke. 

fdveo, favere, fdvi, f avium, n. 2. to 
favour. 

favor, oris. m. 3. favour. 

febris, is, f 3. a fever. 

fecundus, a, um, adj. fruitful, fertile. 

felicitas, dtis,f 3. happiness, good 
fortune. 

filiciter, adv. happily, fortunately. 

ftlis, is, f 3. a cat. 

"felix, iris, adj. happy, felicitous. 

femina, ae, f. 1. a female, woman. 



wild, bold. 

ferreus, a, um, adj. iron, cruel, hard- 
hearted. 

ferrum, i, n. 2. iron. 

fertilise. adj. { fr.fero) fertile, fruit- 
ful. 

fertilitas, dtis,f 3.fertility,fruitful- 
ness. 

ferula, ae,f. 1. a reed, rod, staff. 

ftrus, a, um, adj. {fr. fera) savage, 
wild. 

fervco, vere, vi et bui, n. 2. to boil, 
seethe, foam, be hot, glow. 

fessus, a, um, part, of fatiscor. 

festino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to has- 
ten, be in a hurry. 

festum, i, n. 2. a feast. 

festus, a, um, adj. festive, jovial, 
merry. 

fictilis, e, adj. {fr. fetus, part, of fin- 
go) made of earth or clay. 

ficus, i et iis, f 2. et 4. a fig-tree. 

fig- 

ft delis, e, adj. faithful, fr. fides. 

fides, ei, f. 5. eredit, faith, integri- 
ty ; infidem, in confirmation ; in 
fidem accipere, to give an assu- 
rance of protection, to accept a 
capitulation. 

fidus, a, um, adj. faithful. 

figo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. to fix, fast- 
en. 

filia, ae,f 1. a daughter. 

filius, i, m. 2. a son. 

finolo, findere, fidi, fissum, a. 3. to 
cleave, cut, split. 

fingo, fingere, finxi, ficPum, a. 3. to 
form, frame; devise, feign. 

finio, Ire, ivi, Itum, a. 4. to end, 
conclude, finish. 

finis, is, m. et f the end or conclu- 
sion, a limit, boundary. 

finitus, a, um, part, of finio. 

finitimus, a, um, adj. neighbouring 



146 



DICTION AH Y. 



flo, fieri, factus sum, irr. n. to be 
made or done, happen, become. 

firmdtus, a, um, part, offlrmo. 

firmiter, adv. firmly, steadfastly. 

Jlrmo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to make 
firm, establish. 

flrmus, a, um, adj. firm, steady, 
sure. 

flssus, a, um, part, of flndo. 
flagello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (Jr. 
fldgellum, a whip) to whip, 
scourge. 

fldgitiosus, a, um, adj. infamous, 
flagitious, wicked. 

fldgilium, i, n. 2. a shameful crime, 
reproach. 

fldgro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to burn, 
be on fire. 

Flaminius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral distinguished Romans. 

flamma, ae,f. 1. a flame, 

flecto, ctere, xi, xum, a. 3. to bend, 
twist, turn. 

fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, a. 2. to shed 
tears, weep. 

fletus, its, m. 4. weeping. 

Flevo, onis, m. 3. a lake formed by 
the Rhine, which, having been in 
progress of time much increased 
by the sea, assumed the name of 
Zuyder Zee or Southern Sea. 

fiexus, a, um, part, of flecto. 

floreo, ere, ui, n. 2. (flos) to flourish, 
bloom. 

flos, oris, m. 3. a flower, a blossom. 

fluctus, us, m. 4. {Jr. fluo) a wave. 

fliimen, inis, (fr.fluo)n. 3. a stream, 
river. 

fluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow. 

fluvins, i, m. 2. (Jr. fluo) a river. 

fodio, fodere, fddi, fossum, a. 3. to 
dig. 

foecunditas, dtis,f. 3. fruitfulness. 

foecundus, a, um. adj. fruitful. 

foedus, eris, n. 3, a league. 

folium, i, n. 2. a leaf. 

Jons, tis, m. 3. a fountain. 

forem, def. I shall be ; fore, to be 
about to be. 

fbris, adv. without doors, abroad. 

forma, ae,f 1. a figure, form, beau 

formica, ae,f 1. an ant. 
formiddbilis, e, adj. to be feared 
formidable. 



formido, hiis,f. 3. fear. 

formidolosus, a, um, adj. fearful. 

formositas, dtis,f. 3. beauty. 

formosus, a, um, adj. beautiful, 
handsome. 

fors, tis,f 3. chance. 

fortasse, adv. perhaps. 

forte, adv. (the abl. of fors, used ad- 
verbially) by chance, accidental- 
ly- 

fortis, e, adj. (-ior, -issimus) brave, 
valiant. 

fortiter, (-ius, -issime) bravely, vali- 
antly. 

fortitudo,nis,f. 3. bra very, fortitude. 

fortuna, ae,f. 1. (fr.fors) fortune, 
chance, luck, destiny. 

forum, i, n. 2. a market-place, a 
public place in Rome, where as- 
semblies of the people were 
held, and justice was administer- 
ed. 

fossa, ae, f. 1. {fr. fossum, sup. of 
fodio) a ditch. 

fovea, ae,f. 1. a pit. 

fbveo, fovere, fovi, fotum, a. 2. to 
keep warm, cherish. 

fractus, a, um, part, of frango. 

frdgilis, e, adj. (fr. frango) easily 
broken, frail, perishable. 

frdgilitas, dtis, f 3. brittleness, 
frailty. 

fragmentum, i, n. 2. a fragment. 

frango, frangere, fregi.fr actum, a. 
3. to break, break in pieces, break 
down, weaken. 

f rater, tris, m. 3. a brother. 

fraudulentus, a, um, adj. (fr.fraus) 
fraudulent. 

fraus, dis,f 3. fraud, deceit. 

frequens, tis, adj. frequent,constant, 
numerous. 

fretum, i, n. 2. a strait, a sea. 

frico, are, ui, turn, a. 1. to rub, 
chafe. 

frigeo, gere, xi, n. 2. to be cold. 

frigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. frigeo) 
cold. 

frigus, oris, n. 3. (fr. frigeo) cold. 

frons, dis, f 3. the leaf of a tree, 
a branch with leaves, a green 
bough. 

fructuosus, a, um, adj. fruitful, pro- 
fitable. 

fructus, us, m. 4. fruit. 



DICTIONARY. 



147 



frugalitas, dtis, f 3. temperance, Gaditdnus, a, um, adj. of Gades ; 

frugality. /return Gaditanum, the straits of 

frumentum, i, n. 2. corn, grain. Gibraltar. 

fruor, i, itus et ctus sum, d. 3. to Galatia, ae,f. 1. called also Gallo- 

enjoy. | graecia, a country of Asia Minor, 

frustra, adv. to no purpose, in vain, south of Paphlagonia. 
frustrdtus, a, w, part, of frustr or. Gallia, ae.f. 1. Gaul, an extensive 
frustr or, art, dtus sum, d. 1. to de- and populous country of Europe. 

ceive, disappoint, frustrate. Gallicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

frutex, ids, m. 3. a shrub. Gaul. 

frux, gis, f 3. (frux rarely found) gallina, ae,f. 1. a hen. 

the fruit or produce of the earth, gallindceus, i, m. 2. a cock. 

corn. gallus, i, m. 2. a cock. 

fuga, ae,f. 1. (<pvyfi) flight. . Gallus, i, m. 2. a Gaul. 

fugdtus, a. um, part, of fugo. Ganges, is, m. 3. a famous river of 

fugio, ugere, iigi, itgitum, n. 3. to' India. 

fly, run away, escape. \Garumna, ae,f. 1. a river of Gaul, 

fugo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to put to which falls into the Sinus Can- 



flight, rout. 
fulgeo, gere, si, n. 2. to shine, glitter. 
fuligo, inis,f 3. soot. 
fullo, onis, m. 3. a fuller. 
fulmen, inis, n. 3. lightning, thun 



tabricus, now the Bay of Biscay. 

It is now called the Garonne, 
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, n.p. 

2. to rejoice, be glad. 
gaudium, i, n. 2. joy, gladness. 



der. Fr.fulgcojulgimenfulmen^go.vlsus, a. um, part, of gaudeo. 
fiindle, is, n. 3. a torch. \gelidus, a, um, adj. cold as (gelu) 

funditus, adv. (fr. fundus) from ice. 

the very bottom, utterly. \gelu, n. et m. ind. ice, frost. 

f undo, f under e, fiidi, fusum, a. 3. to geminus, a, um, adj. double ; gemini 



pour out ; lacrimas, to shed tears ; 

hostes, to rout the enemy. 
fundus, i, m. 2. the bottom of any 

thing, ground ; a field, farm. 
funestus, a, um, adj. {fr. funus) 

deadly, fatal, inauspicious. 
funis, is, m. 3. a rope, cord. 
funus, eris, n. 3. a funeral. 
fur, furis, c. 3. (<bup) a thief. 
furcula, ae, f. (a dimin. of J 'urea, 

a fork) a little fork; Furculae 

Caudinae, v. faux, 
furiosus, a, um, adj. furious, mad. 
Furius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
ly at Rome, which Camilms first 

raised to distinction. 
furtum, i, n. 2. (fr. fur) theft. 
fiisus, a, um, part, oifundo. 
futurus, a, um, part, of sum. 

G. 

Gades, ium,f et m. pi. 3. now C#- 
^>,thenameofaflourishingcom- 
mercial city of Spain, situate on 
an island of the same name, at 
the mouth of the Baetis. 



fratres, twins. 

gemmdtus, a, um, part, of gemmo % 
set with precious stones. 

gemmo, are, dvi, dtum, m.l.to bud, 
shine like precious stones. 

gener, i, m. 2. a son-in-law. 

genero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beget, 
produce. 

generositas, dtis, f 3. nobleness of 
mind, generosity, magnanimity. 

generosus, a, um, adj. born of a no- 
ble (generis) race, noble-heart- 
ed. 

genitrix, lcis,f 3. a mother. 

genitus, a, um, part, of gigno. 

gens, tis. /.3. a clan among the Ro- 
mans, nation, tribe. 

genus, Iris. n. 3. (Vivos) a family, 
race, kind. 

geometria, ae, f 1 . geometry. 

Germania, ae. f 1. an extensive 
country of Europe at the east of 
Gaul. 

Geivnanicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Germany, German. 

Germdnus, i, m. 2. an inhabitant of 
Germany. 



148 



DICTIONARY. 



germdnus, a, um, adj. german ; /ra- 
ter, a full brother. 

gero, rere, ssi, slum, a. 3. to bear, 
carry, do ; res, to do actions ; odi- 
um, to entertain hatred; onus, to 
bear a burden. 

Geryon, onis, m. 3. et Geryones, ae, 
m. 1. a celebrated monster who 
lived in the island Erythia, near 
Gades. 

gesto, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. freq. of 
gero, to bear, carry. 

gestus, a, um, part, of gero ; res ges- 
tae, exploits. 

Getae, drum, m. ph 1. a tribe of 
Scythians remarkable for their 
strength and fierceness. 

gigas, antis, m. 3. (JOiyas) a giant. 

gigno, gignere, genui, geniium, a. 3. 
to beget, produce. 

glaber, bra, brum, adj. smooth, bald 

glades, ei,f. 5. ice. 

gladiator, oris, m. 3. (fr. gladius) a 
sword-player, gladiator. 

glddidtorius, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to a gladiator. 

gladius, i, m. 2. a sword. 

glans, dis,f. 3. an acorn. 

glisco, ere, n. 3. to grow, increase. 

gloria, ae,f. 1. glory. 

glorior, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to boast. 

Gorgias, ae, m. 1. a celebrated ora- 
tor and sophist, born at Leontium 
in Sicily ,whence he was surnam- 
ed Leontinus. 

gracilis, e, adj. slender, lean, light. 

Gracchus, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
ral distinguished Romans. 

grddior, grddi, gressus sum, d. 3. to 
go, walk. 

gradus, its, m. 4. a step. 

Graecia, ae,f. 1. Greece. 

Graecus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Greece. 

grandis, e, adj. big, large. 

Granicus, i, m. 2. a river of Bithy- 
nia, famous for the victory of 
Alexander over Darius, B. C. 
334. 

grassor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go on, 
advance, rage against. 

grates, f. pi. 3. thanks ; agere, to 
give. 

gratia, ae, f. 1. thanks, gratitude, 
grace ; gratiam redder c, referre, 
to give thanks ; agere, to thank ; 



habere, to owe thanks; in grattam t 
in favour of. 

grdtuldtus, a, um, part, of gratulor. 

grdtulor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to con- 

, gratulate, 

grdtus, a, um, adj. grateful, agreea- 

j ble, pleasing. 

gravis, e, adj. heavy, weighty, se- 

j vere ; grave coelum, an oppressive 
climate. 

grdvitas, dtis,f. 3. heaviness, gravi- 
ty- 

grdviter, adv. heavily. 

grdvo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to burden, 
load. 

gregdtim, adv. in herds. 

gressus, us, m. 4. a step. 

gre-x, gis, c. 3. a herd, flock. 

grus, uis, m. etf. 3. a crane. 

gubernqfor, oris, m. 3. a pilot, go- 
vernor. 

Gyarus, i,f. 2. a small island of the 
Archipelago. 

Gyges, is, m. 3. a minister of Can- 
daules, king of Lydia, who mur- 
dered his master, and usurped the 
throne about 718 B. C. 

Gymnosophista, ae, m. 1. one of a 
class of Indian philosophers, the 
same with the Brachmani, who 
were called gymnosophists,or nu- 
ked philosophers, by the Greeks, 
from their going naked. 

H. 

habeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to have, 
hold, consider. 

habito, are, dvi, dtum, a. l.freq.fr. 
habeo, to inhabit. 

hdbiturus, a, um, part, of habeo 

habitus, a, um, part, of habeo. 

habitus, iis, m. 4. condition, dress, 
manner. 

hactenus, adv. thus far, hitherto. 

Hadridnus, i, m. 2. the 15th em- 
peror of Rome, successor to Tra- 
jan. 

Haemus, i, m,. 2. a chain of moun- 
tains forming the northern boun- 
dary of Thrace, and separating 
it from Moesia. 

halcyon, 6nis,f. 3. the halcyon. 

Halicarnassus, i,f. 2. now Bodron, 
a famous maritime city of Caria, 
in Asia Minor. 



DICTIONARY. 



149 



Hamilcar, oris, m. 3. a Carthagini-] Asia, Africa, and the islands of 
an general. the Mediterranean. 

Hannibal, alls, m. 3. a Carthaginian7ier£#, ae.f. 1. an herb ; grass, herb- 
general, the inveterate enemy of age. 



Rome 
Hanno, onis, m. 3. a Carthaginian 

general. 
Harmonia, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 

Mars and Venus, who married 

Cadmus. 



herbidus, a, um, adj. full of herbs, 

grassy. 
Hercules, is, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 

son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 
Hercynia, ae,f. 1. a very extensive 

forest of Germany. 



Harpyiae, drum, f pi. 1. three wing-] He reimius, i, m. 3. a general of the 
ed monsters, who had the face of Samnites. 

a woman, the body of a vulture, *heres vel haeres, edis, c. 3. an heir, 
and had their feet and fingers Mri, adv. yesterday. 



armed with sharp claws, 

haruspex, icis. m. 3. a soothsayer. 

Hasdrubal. alis, m. 3. a Carthagi- 
nian general. 

hasta, ae,f. 1. a spear. 

haud, adv. not. 

haurio, rlre, si, stum et sum, seldom 
rivi et rii, ritum, a. 4. to draw, 
drink off. 

haustus, a, um, part, of haurio. 

haustus, iis, m. 4. a draught. 

hebes, etis, adj. blunt, dull. 

hebesco, ere, n. inc. 3. to grow blunt, 
dim, or languid. 

Hebrus, i, m. 2. now Marisa, the 
largest river of Thrace. It emp- 
ties into the Aegaean. 

Hecuba, at,f. 1. the second wife of 
Priam, king of Troy. 

hedera, ae,f. 1. ivy. 

Hegesias, ae, m. 1. a philosopher of 
Cyrene. 

Helena, at,f. 1. the most beautiful 
woman of her age, daughter of 
Jupiter and Leda. 

Helicon, onis, m. 3. a famous moun- 
tain in Boeotia, near the gulf of 
Corinth, sacred to the Muses 
and Apollo. 

helleborus. i, m. 2. hellebore. 

Hellesponhis. i. , m. 2. now the Dar- 
danelles, a narrow strait between 
Asia and Europe, near the Pro- 
pontis. 

Helvetia, ae.f. 1. now Switzerland, 
a country of Gaul. 

Helvetii, orum, m. pi. 2. now the 
Swiss, the inhabitants of Helve- 
tia. 

Herdclca, ae,f. 1. a name given to 
more than 40 towns in Europe, 



Hero, us. f. 3. a beautiful priestess of 
Venus at Sestos, greatly beloved 
by Leander, a youth of Abydos. 

Hesperus, i, m. 2 a son of Japetus, 
brother to Atlas. He came to 
Italy, and the country received the 
name Hesperia from him, accord- 
ing to some accounts. 

heu, int. alas ! 

hiatus., us, m. 4. a gaping ; opening, 
aperture. 

Hibernicus. a, um, adj. Irish ; mare, 
the Irish Sea. 

hibcrnus, a, um, adj. wintry ; hiber- 
num tempus, the winter. 

hie. adv. here. 

hie. fuiec, hoc, pro. this. 

Hiempsal. alis, m. 3. a brother of 
Ad herbal, put to death by Ju- 
gurtha. 

hiems vel hyems, ends. f. 3. winter. 

Hicro, onis. m. 3. a king of Sicily. 

Hierosolyma, ae.f. I. et a, drum, n. 
pi. 2. Jerusalem. 

hinc, adv. hence, from this place. 

hinnio, Ire, ivi, Itum, n. 4. to neigh. 

hinnltus, its, m 4. a neighing. 

hinnuleus, i, m. 2. a young hind or 
fawn. 

hio, are, dvi, alum, n. 1. to gape, 
yawn, open. 

Hipparchus, i, m. 2. a son of Pisis- 
tratus. who succeeded his father 
as tyrant of Athens. 

Hippoljjtus, i, m 2. a son of The- 
seus and Hippolyte. 

Hippomenes, is, m. 3. a son of Ma- 
careus, who married Atalanta 
with the assistance of Venus. 

hippopotamus, i, m. 2. the hippopo- 
tamus or river-horse. 



150 



DICTIONARY. 



Mispania, ae, f. 1. now Spain, an 
extensive country, forming a 
kind of peninsula, in the S. W. 
of Europe. 

Hispdrius, a, um, adj. Spanish ; m. 
2. a native of Hispania. 

hodie, adv. (for hoc die) to-day. 

hoedus, i, m. 2. a kid. 

Homerus, i % m. 2. a Greek poet, the 
most celebrated and ancient of 
all the profane writers. 

homo, inis, c. 3. a man. 

honesias, dtis,f. 3. dignity, honour, 
virtue. 

honestus. a, um, adj. honourable. 

honor, et -os, oris, m. 3. honour, a 
post of honour, office. 

honorifice, (centius, centissime) ho- 
nourably. 

hora, ae,f. 1. ("£2p«) an hour. 

Hordtius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral Romans; Horatii, three 
brave Romans, born at the same 
birth, who fought against the 
Curiatii. 

horreo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be rough. 

horridus, a, um, adj. (fr. horreo) 
rough, hideous, frightful. 

Hortensius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral Romans. 

hortdtus, us, m. 4. (fr. hortor) an ex- 
hortation. 

hortor, dri, at/its sum, d. 1. to excite, 
encourage, exhort. 

hortus, i. m. 2. a garden. 

hospes, iiis, c. 3. a stranger, guest. 

hospitium, i, n. 2. the act of receiv- 
ing (hospitcs) strangers, hospi- 
tality; hospitio accipere, to enter- 
tain. 

hostia, ae, f. 1. a victim, animal 
sacrificed. 

hostilis, e, adj. (fr. hostis) of an ene- 
my, hostile. 

Hosiilius, i, m. 2. Tullus, the third 
king of Rome, succeeded Numa. 

hoslis, is, c. 3 an enemy. 

hue, adv. hither; hnc.illuc, now 
here. ..now there. 

hujusmodi, adj. ind. (hie et modus) 
of this kind or sort, such. 

humdnitas, dtis,f 3. (hum-anus) hu- 
man nature, humanity. 

humdnus, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
man, human. Fr. homo, or allied 
to it. 



humerus, i, m. 2. the shoulder. 

hiimidus, a, um, adj. moist. Fr. hu- 
mor. 

humilis, e, adj. low (humi) on the 
ground, low; humili loco natum 
esse, to be of humble origin. 

humor, oris, m. 3. moisture. 

humus, i, f. 2. the ground ; humi, on 
the ground. 

hyaena, ae,f. 1. the hyaena, "Yaiva. 

hydrus, i, m. 2. ('Ydpog) a water- 
serpent. 

hymnus, i, m. 2. ('Ypvog) a song. 

Hyperboreus, a, um, adj. ('Y-rrepflopcos) 
northern, wintry. 

hystrix } icis,f. 3. ("Yotoi£) a porcu- 
pine. 



I. 



Iberus, i, m. 2. now the Ebro, one 
of the largest rivers of Spain, 
which empties into the Mediter- 
ranean. 

ibi, adv. there. 

ibidem, adv. in the same place. 

Ibis, idis, f 3. ("Ifits) the ibis ; an 
Egyptian bird like a stork, which 
devours serpents. 

Icarus, i, m. 2. the son of Daeda- 
lus. 

Icarius, a, um, adj. of Icarus; 
mare, a part of the Aegaean sea 
near the islands Myconos and 
Gyaros. 

Ichneumon, onis, m. 3. ('I%i'«Y(wi>) 
the ichneumon or Egyptian rat. 

Ichniisa, ae, f. 1. a name given to 
the island of Sardinia, from its 
resembling a human footstep 
(ixvos). 

ico, icere, lei, ictum, a. 3. to hit, 
strike ; icere foedus, to make, ra- 

„ tify. 

ictus, a,, um, part, of ico. 

ictus, us, m. 4. {fr. Ico, ictum) a 
stroke, blow. 

Idem, eddem, idem, pro. the same. 

idoneus, a, um, adj. lit, proper, suit- 
able. 

igitur, conj. therefore. 

igndrus, a, um, adj. (fr. in, not, ei 
gndrus, knowing) ignorant. 

igndvus, a, um., adj. (in, not, et gnd- 
vus, industrious) idle, inactive, 
cowardly. 



DICTIONARY. 



151 



ignis, is, m. 3. fire. 

ignobilis, e, adj. {in, not, et nobilis) 
unknown, mean, ignoble. 

ignoro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. (fr. ig- 
ndrus) to be ignorant of. not to 
know. 

ignotus, a, um, adj. (in et notus) 
not known, unknown. 

Ilium, i, n. 2. a name of Troy, de- 
rived from Ilus, one of its kings. 

Hiatus, a, um, part, of infero. 

ille, a. ud, pro. he, she, that. 

illecebrae, drum, f. h (fr. illicio) 
enticements, allurements. 

illico, adv. (illoco, in hoc loco) in 
that place, on the spot, instantly. 

illuc. adv. to that place, thither ; 
huc.illuc, now here. ..now there. 

illustris, e, adj. (fr. illucco) clear, 
bright, illustrious, far-famed. 

illustro. are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
lustro) to illuminate, illustrate, 
make renowned. 

Illyria, ae, f. I. et Illyricum, i, n. 2. 
a country bordering on the Adri- 
atic Sea, opposite Italy. 

imago, inis, f. 3. an image, figure, 
likeness. 

imbecillis. e, adj. weak,feeble. That 
is, resting (in bacillum) on a 
stick. 

imber, bris, m-. 3. (fr. Sp(3pos) a 
shower. 

imitdtio, 6nis,f 3. (fr. imitor) imi- 
tation. 

imitor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to imi- 
tate. 

immdnis, e, adj. horrible, cruel, 
monstrous. 

immemor, oris, adj (in, not, et me- 
mor) forgetful, regardless. 

immensus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et 
meiior,mensus)imme&sumb\e,im 
mense, boundless. 

immeritus, a, um, part, (in, not, et 
meritus) undeserved, undeserv- 
ing- 

immineo. Ire, ui, n. 2. (in et mined) 
to hang over, threaten, be at hand. 

immissus a, um, part, of immitlo. 

immitto, ittere. isi, issum, a. 3. (in et 
mitto) to send or let in, to send to. 
to throw at. 

immobilis, e, adj. (in, not, et mobilis) 
immoveable. 



immolo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sa- 
crifice, immolate. That is, to 
sprinkle (mblam) a salted cake 
(in) upon a victim. 

immortdlis, e, adj. (in et mortdlis) 
immortal. 

immotus, a, um, part, (in et motus) 
unmoved. 

immutdtus, a, um, part, of immulo ; 
nihil immutdtus, unchanged. 

immuto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
muto) to alter greatly, change. 

impdtiens, tis, adj. (in et potior, pd- 
tiens) that cannot or will not 
bear, impatient ; frigoris, unable 
to withstand the cold ; morae, im- 
patient of delay. 

impidio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to hin- 
der, check, prevent. Fr. in et 
pedes. That is, to throw any 
thing against the feet of another, 
and hinder his progress. 

impeditus, a, um, part, of impedio. 

impendeo, dere, di, n. 2. (in et pen- 
deo) to hang over, impend, threa- 
ten. 

impenetrdbilis, e, adj. (in etptnetrd- 
bilis) impenetrable. 

impense, adv. (fr. impendo, to lay 
out money upon) at great cost 
of labour and pains, extraordina- 
rily. 

imperdtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. impero } 
imperdtum) a commander-in- 
chief of an army, general. 

imperito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. impero) to command, govern. 

imperltus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et 
perltus) unskilful, ignorant, inex- 
perienced. 

imperium, i, n. 2. (fr. impero) com- 
mand, authority, government. 

impero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (/r. 
pdro) to command, rule over, go- 
vern. 

imvertio, ire, Ivi, Itum, a. 4. to im- 
part, share. That is, to give 
(partem) a part. 

impetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
pairo, to effect) to accomplish, ac- 
complish the object of a request, 
obtain by request. 

impetus, us, m. 4. (fr. impeto, to as- 
sail) an assault or fury with which 
we assault any one, violence; 



PART I. 



152 



DICTIONARY. 



impelum facere in aliquem, to 
make an attack upon one. 

vnipius, a, um, adj. (in et plus) im- 
pious, wicked. 

impleo. ere, evi, elum, a. 2. (pleo fr. 
rrXeco) to fill, fulfil, accomplish. 

implicitus, a, um, part, of implico. 

implieo, are, ui et dvi, itum et dtum, 
a. 1. (in et plied) to entangle, in- 
volve; impliedri morbo, to be seiz- 
ed with. 

vnvploro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
plord) to call upon with weeping, 
beseech. 

impono, onere, osui, bsitum, a. 3. (in 
et pond) to lay upon, impose. 

importunus, a, um, adj. importunate, 
outrageous, outrageous in de- 
mands, tyrannical, cruel. 

impositus, a, um, part, of impono. 

imprbbdtus, a, um, part, of imprcbo. 

vmprbbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
prbbd) to disapprove of. 

imprudens, tis, adj. (in et prudens) 
imprudent, inconsiderate. 

impugndlurus, a, um, part, of im- 
pugno. 

impugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
pugno) to attack. 

impiine, adv. without punishment,, 
with impunity. 

imus, a, um, adj<. (fr. infimus, sup. 
oiinferus) the lowest. 

in, (prep. e. aec. et abl.) in, into, 
against, at, about, amongst, for; 
in dies, from day to day ; in eo 
esse, to be on the point of. 

indnis, e, adj. empty, void, vain. 

inaresco, escere, ui, n. ine. 3. to be- 
come dry. 
inctdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (in el 
cedo) to go against or krwards, 
go, come. 
ineendium, i, n. 2. (fr. ineendo) a 

fire, conflagration. 
ineendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (fr. can- 
do) to set fire to, burn. 
incensus, a, um, part, of ineendo. 
incertus, a, um, adj. (in et certus) 

uncertain. 
inehoo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to be- 

incido, cidere, cidi, edsum. n. 3. (in 
el eddo) to fall into or upon, hap- 
pen ; in aliquem, to fall in with 
one. 



incipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum y a. 3. 

(in et edpio) to begin. 
incitdtus, a, um, part, of incito. 
ineito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 

eito) to rouse, excite, stimulate. 
ineludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (in et 
claudo) to shut in or up, include. 
inclusus, a, um, part, of ineludo. 
ineljjtus, a, um, adj. (fr. k\vt6s) re- 
nowned, illustrious. 
inebla, ae, e. 1. (fr. inebld) an inha- 
bitant. 
incblo, cblere, eblui, cultum, a. 3. (in 
et colo) to inhabit, abide or dwell 
in. 
ineolumis, e, adj. (in et cblumis) safe, 

sound, unpunished. 
ncompertus, a, um, part, (in, not, 
et compertus) not discovered, un- 
known. 
inconsiderate, adv. inconsiderately. 
incredibilis, e, adj. (in et credibilis) 

incredible. 
ineredib ililer, adv. incredibly. 
inerementum, t, n. 2. an increase. 
Fr. incresco, increvi, whence in- 
erev imentum , inerementum . 
increpo,dre,ui,itum,a. l.(fr. crepo, 
to make a noise) to make a noise 
at, upbraid, reprove. 
incruentus, a, um, adj. (in et cruen- 

tus) not bloody, bloodless. 
inculte, adv. rudely, uncouthly, in- 
elegantly. 
incultus, a, um, adj. et part, (in et 
cultus) uninhabited, uncultivated , 
desert. 
incumbo, eumbere, eubui, cubitum, n. 
3. (in et cubo) to lean, lie, or re- 
cline upon, to attend or apply to; 
gladio vet in gladium, to fall 
upon one's sword, slay one's self. 
incursio, onis, f. 3. (fr. incurro, in- 
cursum) a running upon, incur- 
sion, attack. 
incus, udis, f. 3. an anvil on which 

smiths (incudunt) forge iron. 
inddgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
indu, within, et ago) to trace out 
as hunters do, investigate. 
inde, adv. from that place, thence. 
index, icis, m. etf. (fr, indico) one 
who shows or discovers, a sign, 
mark, index. 
India, ae,f. 1. an extensive country 
of Asia, which took its name 



DICTIONARY. 



153 



from the Indus, its western boun-^ 
dary. 

indico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (dico) 
to show, discover, disclose. 

indico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in el di- 
co) to declare, proclaim. 

indictus, a, um, part, of indico. 

Indicus, a, um, adj. Indian. 

indigena, ae,c. 1. a native of a place. 
For indugcna, fr. indu, in, and 
geno for gigno. 

indoles, is,f. 3. natural disposition. 

indiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
diico) to lead in, induce, per- 
suade. 

inductus, a, um, part, of indiico. 

induo, uere^ui, ulum, a. 3. (fr. ivSvu) 
to put on, clothe. 

Indus, i, m. 2. a celebrated river of 
India, falling, after a course of 
1300 miles, into the Indian Ocean 
It forms the western boundary of 
India. 

industria, ae,f. 1. industry. 

indiitus, a, um, part, of induo. 

inedia, ae,f. 1. (fr. in, not, and edo. 
to eat) want of food, hunger. 

ineo, ire, Ivi et ii, Hum, irr. a. et n. 
to go into, enter ; foedus, to form 
a league. 

inermis, e, adj. (fr. in, not, and 
anna) without arms, defence- 
less. 

inexplicdbllis, e, adj. (in et expllcd- 
btlis) inexplicable, intricate. 

infdmis, e, adj. (fr.fama) infamous, 
disgraceful. 

infans, tis, c. 3. an infant. Fr.for. 
fans. One who cannot speak. 

infer i, drum, m. 2. the infernal re- 
gions ; the infernal gods ; the 
shades. 

inferior, us, adj. cornp. of inferus. 

infer o, inferre, intuli, illdtum, irr. 
a. (in etfero) to bring into, bring 
against; bellum alicui, to wage 
war against. 

inferus, a, um, (inferior, infimus 
vel Imus) which is below- 

infesto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to an- 
noy, molest, injure. Infestus sum 
in. 

infestus, a, um, adj. (in, not, etfes- 
tus) hostile. 

infidus, a, um, adj. (in, not, etfidus) 
"unfaithful, faithless. 



inflgo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. (in et 
figo) to fix, fasten in. 

infimus, a, um, adj. lowest. For 
inferrimus, fr. inferus. 

infinitus, a, um, adj. (in et finltus) 
without bounds, infinite; influx- 
turn argenti, an immense quanti- 
ty of silver. 

infirmus, a, um, adj. (in et flrmus) 
weak, infirm. 

infiammo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {flam' 
mo) to set on fire, inflame, ex- 
cite. 

infldtus, a, um, part, of inflo. 

inflgo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
figo) to inflict, strike. 

i7iflo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et fid) 
to blow into or upon, puff up. 

infrendeo,ere, ui, n. 2. {inetfrendeo) 
to gnash with the teeth. 

infringo, ingcre, egi, actum, a. 3. 
(in et frango) to break in pieces, 

infundo, fundere, fiidi, fusum, a. 3. 
(in et fundo) to pour into. 

ingenium, i, n. 2. {fr. ingeno, in- 
genui) natural disposition or ca- 
pacity, genius, character. 

ingeno, same as ingigno, gignere* 
genui, gentium, a. 3. (in et gigno) 
to engender, produce. 

ingens, tis, adj. great, large. 

ingenuus, a, um, adj. (fr. ingeno) 
native, freeborn, liberal, candid. 

ingredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. (in 
et grddior) to walk into, go in, 
enter. 

ingressus, a, um, po,rt. of ingredior, 

ingruo, uere, ui, n. 3. to fall violent- 
ly on, assail. 

inhaereo-, rere, si, sum, n. 2. (in et 
haereo) to cling to, adhere to ; 
cogitationibus, to be lost in 
thought. 

inhio, are, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1. (in 
et hio) to gape for, covet. 

inimlcus, a, um. adj. (in et amicus) 
unfriendly, hostile. 

inique. adv. (in et aeque) unequally, 
unjustly. 

inlquus, a, um,, adj. (in et aequus) 
unequal, unjust. 

initium, i, n. 2. {fr. ineo, initum) a 
beginning. 

initurus, a, um, part, of ineo. 

injiciu. icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (in et 
jdcio) to cast into, throw upon. 



154 



DICTIONARY. 



vnjucundus, a, urn, adj. (in et jucun-Hnsidiae, drum, f. pi. (fr. insideo) 
dus) unpleasant, harsh. an ambush, lying in wait, treach- 

injuria, ae,f. 1. injury, wrong. Fr. ery ; per insidias, treacherously. 
jus, juris. Quod non jure fit. insidior,dri, dtus sum., d. 1. (tnsidAas 

innascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. (in facio) to lie in wait, plot against. 
et nascor) to grow in. insigne, is, n. 3. (fr. signum) a sign 

inndto, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (in et or mark of distinction, ensign. 



ndlo) to swim into, float upon. 

inndtus, a, um, part, of innascor, 
inbred, innate. 

innltor, ti, sus vel xussum, d. 3. (in 
et nitor) to lean or rest upon, de- 
pend, upon. 

innbcens, tis, adj. innocent, guilt- 
less. 

innbcentia, ae,f. 1. innocence. 

innotesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (nohis 
fio) to become noted or known. 

htnoxius, a, um, adj. (in et noxius) 
inoffensive, harmless. 

innumerdbilis, e, adj. (in et numera 
bilis) innumerable. 

iwnumirus, a, um, adj. countless, in 
numerable. 

inopia, ae,f. 1. (inops) want. 

inops, bpis, adj. poor, needy. Qui 
est sine ope. 

Inbpus, i, m. 2. a river of Delos. 
which the inhabitants supposed 
to be the Nile, coming from 
Egypt under the sea. Near its 
banks Apollo and Diana were 
born. 

in vel im- prlmis, adv. especially. 

inquam, is, it, def. I say. 

inquindtiirus, a, um, part, of inqui- 
no. 

inquino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to de- 
file, contaminate, stain. 

inquiro, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. (in et 
quaero) to seek for, inquire, in- 
vestigate. 

insdnia, ae,f. 1. (insdnus) madness 

. foll y- 

insdnio, Ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. (insdnus 

sum) to be mad. 
inscrlbo, here, psi, ptum, a. 3. (in et 

scribo) to write upon, inscribe. 
imscriptus, a, um, part, of inscrlbo. 
xnsectum, i, n. 2. (inseco, insectum) 

an insect. 
inslquens, Us, part, of insequor. 
insequor, qui, quutus vel cutus sum., 

d. 3. (in et sequor) to follow. 
insideo, idere, edi, essum, n. 2. (in 

et sedeo) to sit or rest upon. 



insignis, e, adj. distinguished by 
some (signum) mark or sign, dis- 
tinguished. 

insimulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in et 
simulo) to pretend a charge 
against, to accuse. 

insislo, sistere, stili, stdtum, n. 3. 
(in et sisto) to stand upon, insist. 

insolabiliter , adv. inconsolably. 

insblens, tis, adj. insolent, arrogant. 

insblenter, adv. (fr. insblens) arro- 
gantly. 

insolitus, a, um, part, et adj. unac- 
customed, unusual. 

inspecto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
of inspicio) to look into, observe, 
behold. 

insperdtus, a, um, part, et adj. not 
hoped for, unexpected. 

instdtiirus, a, um, part, of insto. 

inslituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (in et 
stdtuo) to appoint, institute. 

institutum, i, n. 2. (fr. instiluo) a 
practice, institution. 

institutus, a, um, part, of instituo. 

insto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. 1 . (in et 
sto) to stand near, urge, request 
earnestly. 

instrumentum, i, n. 2. (fr. instruo) 
an instrument. 

instruo, ere,xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et struo) 
to furnish, provide, tit out, in- 
struct ; epulas, to prepare a meal. 

Insubres, um, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
ants of Insubria, a country near 
the Po, supposed to be of Gallic 
origin. 

insuesco, escere, evi, etum, n. inc. 3. 
to become accustomed. 

insula, ae,f. 1. an island. 

insuper, adv. moreover. 

integer, gra, gruvi, adj. (grior, ger- 
rimus) whole, entire, uncorrupt- 
ed, unhurt. 

inlego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
tego) to cover. 

integritas. diis, f. 3. (fr. integer) 
integrity. 

intellectus, a, um, part, of intelligo. 



DICTIONARY. 



155 



tntetttgo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (in- 
ter et lego) to understand, per- 
ceive, discern, know. 

inter, prep. c. ace. between, among. 

intercipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. 
(inter et capio) to take by surprise, 
intercept. 

inter dico, cere, xi, dum, a. 3. (inter 
et dico) to forbid, prohibit. 

inter didus. a, um,part. of inter 'dico. 

inter din, adv. by day. 

interdum, adv. now and then, some- 
times. 

inter ea, adv. (inter ea negotia) in the 
meanwhile. 

interemtus vel -emptus, a, um, part. 
of interimo. 

intereo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. 
(inter et eo) to go to ruin, perish. 

interest, imp. (inter et sum) it con- 
cerns, or is the interest of; mea, 
it concerns me. 

interfector, oris, m. 3. (fr. interficio, 
inter f edum) a murderer. 

interficio, icere, eci, edum, a. 3. (in- 
ter etfdcio) to kill, murder. 

interim, adv. in the meanwhile. 

interimo, imere, e?ni, cmtum or emp- 
tum, a. 3. (inter et emo) to take in 
the midst, take away, kill. 

int,erjedus, a, um, part, of inter jicio . 

interjicio, icere, eci, edum, a. 3. (in- 
ter et jdcio) to throw between or 
among. 

interior, us. adj. (comp. of interns) 
more within, inner, interior. 

internecio, onis, f. 3. a massacre, 
carnage, destruction. 

internodium, i, n. 2. the space be- 
tween two knots or joints. 

internus, a, urn, adj. (fr. inter) in- 
ner, internal; Mare Internum, 
Mediterranean sea. 

interpres, etis, m. 3. an interpreter. 
Fr. inter and partes, or inter and 
pretium. 

interregnum, i, n. 2 (inter et reg- 
nurn) an interreign, the space of 
lime in which a throne is vacant 
between the death of one king! 
and the- accession of another. 

inter 'rogatus.a, urn, part.oHnterrogo. 

inter r ago, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 

intersv.m, esse, fin, futurus, irr. n. 
(inter et sum) to be in the midst, 
be present at. 

o2 



interns, a, urn, adj. (fr. inter) which 
is within. 

intervallum, i, n. 2. the space {inter 
vallos) between the stakes of the 
rampart of a camp, any interval. 

intervenio, venire, veni.ventum. n. 4. 
(inter et venio) to come between. 

intexo, ere. ui, turn. a. 3. (in et texo) 
to interweave. 

intimus, a, um, adj. (for interrimus 
fr. interns) innermost, very inti- 
mate. 

intra, prep. c. ace. within ; adv. in- 
ward. 

intrlpidus, a,, um, adj. (in, not, et 
trepidus) fearless, intrepid. 

intro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (intro eo) 
to go into, enter. 

introduco. cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (intro 
et duco) to lead in, introduce. 

introitus, us, m. 4. (fr. introeo, in- 
troitum) a going in, entrance. 

intueor, eri, itus sum. d. 2. (in et 
tueor) to look steadfastly at, be- 
hold. 

intus, adv. (evros) within. 

inusitdtus, a, um, adj. (in etusitdtus) 
unusual, uncommon. 

inutilis, e, adj. (in et utilis) useless, 
unserviceable. 

invddo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (in et 
vddo) to enter, fall upon, attack. 

invenio, venire, veni, ventum, a. 4. 
(in et venio) to come upon, light 
upon, find, invent. 

inventrix, ids, f 3. (fr. invenio) 
an inventress. 

inventus, a, um, part, of invenio. 

investigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
trace or find out by (vestigiis) the 
prints of the feet, to investigate, 
discover. 

invicem,adv. alternately, mutually. 

invictus, a, um, part, (in et vidus) 
unconquered. 

invideo, videre, vidi, visum, a,. 2. (in 
et video) to envy. That is, keep 
one's eye fixed on an object with 
sentiments of secret jealousy. ■ 

invidia, ae,f 1. envy, hatred, spite. 

invisus, a. um, adj. odious, hateful, 

invitdlus, a, um, part, of invito. 

invito, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to ask, 
invite. 

invius, a, um, adj. (fr. via) impas- 

I sable. 



156 



DICTIONARY. 



invoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 

voco) to call upon, invoke. 
Jones, um, m. pi. 3. the inhabitants 

of Ionia. 
Ionia, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia 

Minor, on the coast of the Ae- 

gaean. 

^ nicus ' a > um > l adj. Ionian. 

Iomus, a, um, ) J 

Iphicrdtes, is, m. 3. a celebrated ge- 
neral of Athens, who rose from 
the lowest station to the highest 
offices in the state. 

Iphigenia, ae, /. 1. a daughter of 
Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. 

ipse, a, um, pro. he himself, she 
herself, itself; he, she, it ; et ipse, 
he also. 

Ira, ae,f. 1. anger, passion, resent- 
ment. 

irascor, irasci, d. 3. (fr. ird) to be 
angry or enraged. 

irdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. ira) angry, 
enraged. 

irretio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. (fr. rete) 
to ensnare, entangle. 

irrideo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (in et 
rlded) to laugh at, scoff. 

U'rigainis, a, um, part, of irrigo. 

irrigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
rigo) to water, bedew, irrigate. 

irrlto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pro- 
voke, enrage, irritate. 

irruo, uere, ui, n. 2. (in et ruo) to 
rush in or on furiously, attack. 

is, ea, id, pro. this, he, she, it. 

Isocrates, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
Athenian orator, son of Theodo- 
rus. 

Issicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Issus. 

Issus, i, f. 2. now Aisse, a town of 
Cilicia, on the confines of Syria. 

iste, a, ud, pro. this, that, he, she, it. 

Ister, tri, m. 2. a large river of Eu- 
rope, falling into the Euxine sea. 
called also Danubius. 

Isthmicus,a,um, adj. Isthmian ; ludi, 
sacred games among the Greeks, 
which received their name from 
the isthmus of Corinth, where 
they were observed. 

Isthmus, i, m. 2. ('Iofydj) an isth 
mus, neck of land separating two 
seas. 

%ta, adv. so, thus. 



Italia, ae, f. 1. Italy, a celebrated 
country of Europe. 

Itdlicus, a, um t ) ^. j rf . 

Italus, a, um, ) J 

itdque, adv. therefore. That is, 
and so. 

iter, itineris, n. 3. (fr. eo } Hum) a 
journey, way, march. 

ittrum, adv. once more, again. 

Ithaca, ae,f. 1. a mountainous and 
rocky island, with a city of the 
same name, situate north-east of 
Cephallenia. It was famous for 
being a part of the kingdom of 
Ulysses. 

itidem, adv. in like manner, like- 
wise. 

iturus, a, um, part, of eo. 

J. 

jaceo, ere, ui, ztum, n. 2. to lie. 

jacio, jdcere, jeci, jactum J a. 3. to 
throw, cast, hurl. 

jacto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq.fr. 
jacio,) to throw to and fro, toss. 

jactus, a, um, part, of jacio. 

jdculor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to throw 
(jaculum) a javelin, hurl. 

jam, adv. now, presently, already. 

jamdudum, adv. long ago. 

Janiculum, i, n. 2. now Montorio, 
one of the seven hills at Rome, 
on the opposite shore of the 
Tiber. Ancus Martius joined 
it to the city by the bridge Subli- 
cins. 

Japetus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus or 
Titan and Terra. 

Jason, cnis, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 
son of Aeson. He was leader 
of the Argonauts. 

jejunus, a, um,adj. fasting, hungry. 

jocor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to speak 
in jest, joke. 

juba, ae, f 1. a mane. 

jubep, jiib e, jussi, jussum, a. 2. to 
order, bid, command. 

jucundus, a, um, adj. (fr.juvo) de- 
lightful, sweet. 

Judaea, ae,f 1. a province of Pa- 
lestine, forming the southern di- 
vision. 

Judaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Judaea ; Judaeus, i, m. 2. a Jew. 

judex, ids, c. 3. (jus et dico) a judge. 



DICTIONARY. 



157 



judicdtus, a, um, part, of judico. 

judicium, i, n. 2. judgment; a sen- 
tence, decision. 

judico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (judex) 
to judge, determine, think. 

jiigerum, i, n. 2. an acre of land. 

jugum, i, n. 2. a yoke ; the summit 
of a mountain. Fr. tfyov. Or 
fr. jugo, jungo. 

Jugurtha, ae, m. 1. a son of Masta- 
nabal, the brother of Micipsa. 

Julius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
ly of Alba, brought to Rome by 
Romulus, where they soon rose 
to the highest honours of the 
state. 

junctus, a, um, part, of jungo. 

jungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to join ; 
jungere currum, to put the horses 
to the chariot. 

junior, us, adj. comp. (for juvenior 
fit. juve?iis) younger. 

Junius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
ly at Rome. 

Juno, onis.f. 3. the wife of Jupiter 

Jupiter, Jbvis. m. 3. the son of Sa- 
turn and Ops, and king of the 
gods. 

jurgiosus, a. um, adj. (fr. jurgium) 
quarrelsome. 

jurgium, i, n. 2. a quarrel. 

juro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. jus, 
juris) to swear. 

jus, juris, n. 3. law, right, justice ; 
jus civitatis, citizenship ; jure, 
justly, reasonably. Fr. jussifr 
jubeo. That which is ordained 
by laws human or divine. 

jussus, a, um, part, of jubeo. 

jussus, iis, m. 4. (fr. jubeo, jussum) 
a command. 

justitia, ae,f 1. (f Justus) justice. 

Justus, a, um, adj. (fr. jus) just 
right, upright. 

juvenca, ae,f 1. a heifer. 

juvlnis, is, adj. (comp junior, for 
juvenior) young, youthful; subst. 
c. 3. a youth, young man or wo- 
man. Fr. juvo. One who has 
arrived at that time of life which 
admits of bis being of use to his 
countrv, to his family, and to him 
^ self. 

juventus, ulis, f. 3. (fr. juvenis) 
youth. 



juvo, juvdre, juvi, juium, a. 1. to 

succour, help, assist. 
juxta, ;?r<?p.c.#cc. immediatelyupon, 

hard by, near; adv. nearly alike, 

equally. 



labor et -os, oris, m. 3. toil, labour. 

labor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. to fall, 
glide, flow. 

Idboriosus, a, um, adj. (fr. labor) 
toilsome, laborious. 

labor o, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (labor) 
to labour, be oppressed with, suf- 
fer with ; morbo, to be sick ; fame t 
to be hungry. 

labi/rinthus, i, m. 2. (Aa/3vpiv8os) a 
labyrinth. 

lac, tis, n. 3. milk. 

Ldcedaemonhcs, a, um, adj. Lace- 
daemonian. 

Lacedaemon, onis, f. 3. a noble city 
of the Peloponnesus, the capital 
of Laconia, called also Sparta. 

lacerdtus. a,, um, part, of lacero. 

Idcero, are. dvi. dtum, a. \.(fr. lacer t 
torn) to tear in pieces, maim. 

lacessltus, a, um, part, of lacesso. 

Idcesso, ere, ivi, Hum, a. 3. to rouse, 
provoke, irritate. 

La,conicus, a, um, adj. Spartan, La- 
conic. 

lacrifma, ae,f 1. a tear. 

lacus, its, m. 4. a lake. 

laedo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to hurt, 
harm. 

laetdtus, a, um. part, of laetor. 

laetitia, ae,f. 1. (fr. laetus) joy. 

laetor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be glad, 
rejoice. 

laetus, a, um, adj. glad, joyful, pros- 
perous, flourishing, fruitful, plen- 
tiful. 

Laevinus, i, m. 2. P. Valerius, a 
Roman consul, sent against Pyr- 
rhus; Laevini a familybelonging 
to the gens Valeria. 

laevor, oris, m. 3. smoothness. 

Lagus, i, m. 2. a Macedonian of 
mean extraction, who adopted 
Ptolemy (thence called Lagus or 
Lagides), the first Macedonian 
king of Egypt. 

Idna, ae,f. 1. wool. 



/58 



DICTIONARY. 



Idndtus, a, um, adj. having or bear- 
ing wool, woolly. 

Idnidtus, a, um, part, of lanio. 

lanio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to tear, to 
cut in pieces. 

lapicidina, ae, f 1. (fr. lapicida, 
fr. lapis et caedo) a quarry ; mar- 
mbris, a marble-pit, quarry of 
marble. 

Idpideus, a, um, adj. (fr. lapis) stony. 

lapis, idis. m. 3. a stone. 

lapsus, a, um, part, of labor. 

laqueus, i, m. 2. a noose, halter 
snare. 

largior, Iri, Itus sum, d. 4. to grant 
[large) largely, lavish, give, grant, 

largitio, 6?iis, f 3. (fr. largior) a 
giving freely, grant, gift. 

largus, a, um, adj. large, extensive, 
copious. 

late. adv. widely, far and wide. 

latehra, ae,f. 1. (fr. lateo) a hiding- 
place. 

lateo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lurk, lie hid 
escape the observation of. 

later, eris, m. 3. a brick or tile. 

laterculus, i, m. 2. a small brick or 
tile. 

Latinus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Latium, Latin. 

Latinus, i, m. 2. a son of Faunus 
and Marica, king of the Abori- 
gines in Italy, who from him 
were called Latini. 

Idtitudo, Inis, f 3. (fr. latus) 
breadth. 

Ldtona, ae,f. 1. the mother of Apol- 
lo and Diana. 

latrandus, a, um, part, of latro. 

latro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to break, 
bark at. 

latro, onis, m. 3. a robber. 

latrocinium, i, n. 2. robbery. 

laturus, a, um, part, of fero. 

latus, a, um, adj. broad, wide. 

Idtu, eris, n. 3. a side. 

lauddtus, a, um, part, of Ian do. 

laudo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. lams, 
laudis) to praise. 

laus, dis, f 3. praise. 

laute, adv. sumptuously, magnifi- 
cently. 

lavo, lav are, lav dvi et saepius lavi. 
lavdtum, laulum et lotum, a. I. et 
3. to wash, rinse, bathe. 



leaena, ae,f 1. (Aiaiva) a lioness. 

Leander, dri, m. 2. a youth of Aby- 
dos. 

Icbes, etis, m. 3. (Aifiris) a kettle. 

lectus, a, um, part, of lego. 

Leda, ae, f. 1. the wife of Tynda- 
rus. king of Sparta, was mother 
of Pollux and Helena, and also 
of Castor and Clvtemnestra. 

legdtio, 6nis l f. 3. (legatus) an em- 
bassy. 

legdtus, i, m. 2. (fr. lego) an am- 
bassador, lieutenant. 

legio, onis, f. 3, a legion, body of 
soldiers consisting of ten co- 
horts. 

legislator, oris, m. 3. (lex etfero, la- 
tum) a lawgiver, legislator. 

lego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to send or 
depute as an ambassador, or as a 
deputy or lieutenant. 

lego, legere, legi, tectum, a. 3. (Af- 
yco) to gather, choose, read, read 
aloud. 

Lemdnus, i, m. 2. a lake in the coun- 
try of the Allobroges, now called 
the lake of Geneva. 

lente, adv. slowly, remissly. 

leo, onis, m. 3. (Auov) a lion. 

Leonidas, ae, m. 1. a king of Spar- 
ta, celebrated for his bravery and 
patriotism. He led the 300 Spar- 
tans who fell at Thermopylae. 

Leontinus, i, m. 2. pertaining to 
Leontium. 

Leontium, i, n. 2. a town of Sicily. 

Lepid.us, i, m. 2. M. Aemilius, a Ro- 
man celebrated as being one of 
the triumvirs, with Octavianus 
and Antony. 

lepus, oris, m. 3. a hare. 

letdlis, e, adj, (fr. letum, death) 
mortal, deadly, fatal. 

levis, e, adj. light. 

levis et laevis, e, adj. (fr. leTos) 
smooth, polished. 

levitas, dtis, f 3. (fr. levis) light- 
ness. 

levo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. levis) 
to lighten, relieve, alleviate. 

lex, legis,f. 3. a law, condition. 

Ubenter. adv. (fr. Irbens, willing) 
willingly, cheerfully. 

liber, era, erum, adj. free. 

liber, bri, m. 2. (fr. \iiro^ ) bark) 



DICTIONARY. 



159 



the inward bark or rind of a tree, 
a book. 

liber dliter, adv. in a manner befit- 
ting a (liberum virum) freeman or 
gentleman, liberally. 

liberdtus, a, um, part, of liber o. 

liber e, adv. freely. 

liber i, drum, m.pl. 2. children, (free- 
born, not slaves). 

liber o, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to free 
set at liberty. Liberum f ado. 

libertas, dtis. f 3. (fr. liber) liber- 
ty- 

Libya, ae, f. 1. properly that part 
of Africa which borders on the 
Mediterranean, adjoining Egypt. 
The poets have extended the 
name to all Africa. 

licet, tbat, Ucuit, vel licitum est, imp. 
it is just or right, it is lawful or 
allowed. 

Licinius, i, m. 2. the name of an il- 
lustrious family at Rome. 

licet, conj. although. 

lienosus, a, um, adj. (lien, enis, 
spleen) splenetic, affected with 
spleen. 

ligneus, a, um, adj. (fr. lignum) of 
wood, wooden. 

lignum, i, n. 2. wood. 

ligo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bind. 

Liguria, ae, f. la country in the 
west of Italy, along the Ligusti- 
cus Sinus or Gulf of Genoa. 

Ligus, uris, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
Liguria. a Ligurian. 

Ligusticus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Liguria ; Sinus vel Mare, now 
the Gulf of Genoa. 

Lilybaeum, i. n. 2. a promontory of 
Sicily, looking towards Africa, 
with a town of the same name in 
its vicinity. 

limpidus, a, um, adj. clear, limpid 

limus, i, m. 2. mud, -lime, clay. 

lingua, ae, f 1. (fr. lingo, to lick) 
the tongue; speech, language. 

linum, i, n. (Aivov) flax, linen. 

liquefdcio, facer e, feci, fa cium, a. 3. 
( liquere fdcio) to melt, dissolve. 

liquidus, a. um. adj. {fr. liquor) li- 
quid, pure, clear. 

lis, litis, f. 3. strife, dispute. 

litter a, ae,f 1. a letter, litlerisman- 
dare, to commit to writing; lit- 



terae, drum, pi. a letter, epistle; 
also, letters or learning, the arts, 
the sciences. 

litterdrius, a, um, adj (fr. litter a) 
relating to letters, literary. 

litus vel littus, oris, n. 3. (fr. \iaa6^ ) 
\iT-ds, smooth) a shore, a bank. 

loco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to place, 
deposite ;virgoducenda locatur, a 
girl is bestowed or given in mar- 
riage. Fr. locus. That is, in 
loco pono. 

locus, i, m.. 2. loci et Idea, drum, pi. 
m et n. a place. 

Ibcusta, ae,f. 1. a locust. 

longe. adv. (fr. longus) a long way 
off. far, wide. 

longinquus, a, um, adj. {fr. longus) 
being a long way off, distant. 

longitiido, inis. f. 3. (fr. longus) 
length. 

longus, a, um, adj. long. 

loquiiturus vel -cuturus, a, um, part. 
of loquor. 

loquiitus vel cutus, a, urn, part, of 
loquor. 

loquor. qui, quutus vel ciitus sum, <L 
3. (fr. \6y^, a word) to .speak. 

lorica, ae,f. 1. a breast-plate, coat 
of mail. Fr.lorum. As ancient- 
ly made of leathor or leathern 
thongs. 

lorum, i, n. 2. a thong, whip, 
scourge. 

lubens vel libens, tis, part, of liibet, 
willing. 

lubentervellibenter, {ius, issime) adv. 
willingly. 

lubet vel libel, ebat, uit vel itum est, 
impers. 2. it pleases, it is agree- 
able. 

lubido vel libido, inis,f. 3. (fr. Ubet) 
desire, inclination, lust. 

lubricus, a, um, adj. (for labricusfr. 
labor) slippery. 

luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. (fr. lux, lucis) 
to shine. 

Lucius, i, m. a praenomen among 
the Romans. 

Lucretia, ae,f 1. a celebrated Ro- 
man lady, daughter of Lucretius, 
and wife of Tarquinius Collati- 
nus. 

Lucretius, i, m. 2. Sp. Tricipitinus, 
father of Lucretia. 



160 



DICTIONARY. 



luctus, us, m. 4. (fr. lugeo i luctum) 
mourning. 

LmcuIIus, i, m. 2. Lucius Licinius, a 
Roman, celebrated for his fond- 
ness of luxury, and for his mili- 
tary talents. 

lucus, i, m. 2. a grove. 

ludo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to play. 

ludus, i, m. 2. play, a game ; litte- 
rarius, a school ; gladiatorius, a 
school for gladiators ; ludi magis- 
ter, a school-master. 

lugeo, gere. xi, clum, n. 2. (fr. \v$a), 
to sob) to lament, bewail. 

lumen, lids, n. 3. (for lucimen fr 
luceo) the light, a light, an eye. 

luna, ae, f 1. (for lucina Jr. luceo) 
the moon. 

lupa, ae,f. 1. a she- wolf. 

lupus, i, m. 3. (fr. \vkos) a wolf. 

luscinia, ae,f. 1. a nightingale. 

Jjiisitdnia, ae,f 1. a part of ancient 
Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
answering nearly to the modern 
kingdom of Portugal. 

lustro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to expi- 
ate, purify, muster, review. 

lustrum, i, n. 2. the lair or den of 
wild beasts. 

lusus, us, m. 4. (fr. ludo, lusum) 
play, sport, a game. 

Uutatius, i, m. 2. C. Catulus, a Ro- 
man naval commander, famous 
for his victory over the Carthagi- 
nian fleet, off the Aegaies insu- 
lae. 

Lutctia, ae, f. 1. now Paris, a town 
of Belgic Gaul, on an island in 
the Sequana or Seine, which re- 
ceived its name, as some suppose, 
from the quantity of (lutum) clay 
in its neighbourhood. 

lutum, i, n.2. clay, mire, dirt. 

lux, lucis, f. 3. (fr. A™ 17, dawn, or 
kuiroj, bright) light. 

luxuria, ae,f. 1. luxury. 

Jjycia, ae, f 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, in the south. 

Jjycius, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
Lycia, Lycian. 

Lycomedes, is,m. 3. a king of ScyrosJ 
an island in the Aegaean sea, a 
son of Apollo and Parthenope. 

Jjycurgus. i, m. 2. a celebrated law- 
giver of Sparta, son of king Eu- 
nomus. 



Lydia, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia 

Minor, south of Mysia. 
Lysander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated 

general of Sparta. 
LysimacJius, i, m. 3. king of Thrace, 

one of the captains of Alexander 

the Great. 

M. 

Macedo, bnis, m. 3. a Macedonian. 

Macedonia, ae,f. 1. now Roumelia i 
a country of Europe, lying to the 
west of Thrace, and north and 
north-east of Thessaly. 

Mdcedonicus, a, um, adj. Macedo- 
nian. 

indexes, iei, f 5. (fr. maceo t to be 
lean) leanness, 

Macrobii, drum, m. pi. 2. (fr. paKpos, 
long, and fiios, life) a people of 
Aethiopia, celebrated for their 
longevity. 

mactdtus, a, wn, part, of macto. 

macto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sacri- 
fice, immolate, slay. 

macula, ae,f 1. a spot, stain. 

macuiosus, a, um, adj. spotted, stain- 
ed. 

madeo, ere, ui, n. 2. (Macaco) to be 
wet or moist. 

Maenades, um, f pi. 3. (Matvddes) 
priestesses of Bacchus. 

Maeotis, idis, f 3. Palus, a large 
lake or part of the sea, at the 
north of the Euxine, now called 
the sea of Azoph or Zaback. 

magis, adv. more, rather. 

magister, tri, m. 2. a master, teach- 
er; magister equitum, a general 
of horse, or the dictator's lieute- 
nant. 

magislra, ae, f 1. a mistress, in- 
structress. 

magistrdtus, its, m. 3. (fr. magister) 
a magistracy, magistrate. 

Magnesia, ae,f 1. the name of two 
cities in Lydia, of which one was 
situate in the south near the 
Maeander, and the other in the 
northern part, near the junction 
of the Hermus and Hyllus. 

magnifice, adv. -ccntius,-centissime, 
magnificently. 

magnificentia, ae } f. 1. magnifi- 

i cence. 



DICTIONARY. 



161 



magnificus, a, um, adj. -centior, 
-centissimus, magnificent. 

magnitude?, inis. f. 3. (fr. magnus) 
greatness, magnitude. 

tnagnopere, adv. i. e. magno opere, 
with much toil, greatly, very 
much. 

magnus, a, um } adj. (comp. major, 
sup. maximus) great. 

majores, um, m. pi. 3. forefathers, 
ancestors. 

male, adv. (comp. pejus, sup. pessi- 
me) badly. 

mdledico, cere, xi, ctum, a- 3. {male 
et dico) to speak ill of, rail at, re- 
vile. 

tndledicus, a, um, adj. -centior, cen- 
tissimus, slanderous, reproachful,' 
abusive. 

mdleficus, a, um,adj. -centior, -cen- 
tissimus, (fr. malefacio) hurtful, 
mischievous, wicked. 

mdlo. malle, malui, irr. n. {fr. magis 
and volo) to be more willing,wish, 
rather, prefer. 

malum, i, n. 2. (fr. jxrfKov, Dor. ^a\ov) 
an apple. 

malum, i, n. 2. evil, misfortune, ca- 
lamity. 

mains, a, um, adj. (pejor, pessimus) 
bad, wicked ; mali. bad men. 

Manclnus, i, m. 2. a Roman general, 
who was defeated, by the Numan- 
tines, B. C 138. 

man-do. are, dvi, dtum, a.lAo com- 
mit to one's charge, enjoin, or- 
der. 

mando, dire, di, sum, a. 3. to chew, 
eat. 

vidne, n. ind. the morning ; adv. in 
the morning. 

mdneo, ere, si, sum. n. 2. to remain. 

manes, ium, m. pi the ghosts of 
the dead, the shades. Also, the 
abode of the shades. 

Manlius, i, m. 2. a name among the 
Romans. 

mdno are, dvi, oZtum, n. 1. to flow. 

mansuefdcio, facere, feci, factum, a 
3. (mansuetum facio) to make 
tame. 

mansuef actus, a, um, part, of man- 
suefio. 

moAisnefio fieri, f actus sum, irr. to 

be made tame. 
Mantinea, ae, f. 1. a town of Arca- 



dia, in the Peloponnesus, near 
the borders of Argolis. 

mdnubiae, drum, f pi. 1. spoils ta- 
ken (manu) by the hand in war 
or elsewhere, booty. 

manumissus, a, um, part, of manu- 
mitto. 

manumitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 
3. (manus et mitto) to set at liber- 
ty, free. 

manus, iis, f. 4. a hand, the trunk 
of an elephant. 

mdpdle, is, n. 3. a hut (of a rustic 
Numidian). An African word. 

Marcellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
an illustrious Roman family. 

Marcius. i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family. 

Marcus, i, m. 2. apraenomen among 
the Romans. 

mare, is, n. 3. the sea. 

margdrita, ae, f. 1. (fr. napyapirw) 
a pearl. 

Mariandyni, drum, m.pl. 2. a peo- 
ple of Bithynia, to the east of the 
river Sangarius. 

mdrinus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
(mare) the sea, marine ; aquila 
marina, the saker. 

mdritimus, a, um, adj. (fr. mare) of 
the sea, maritime ; regio, a coun- 
try bordering on the sea; mari- 
timae copiae, naval forces. 

martins, i, m. 2. {fr. mas) a hus- 
band. 

Mo.rius, i, m. 2. C. a native of Ar- 
pinum, who, from a peasant, be- 
came one of the most powerful 
and cruel tyrants that Rome ever 
beheld during her consular go- 
vernment. 

marmor, oris, m. 3. (fr. ixapaapov) 
marble. 

Mars, tis, m. 3. the god of war, son 
of Jupiter and Juno. 

Marsi, drum, m. pi. 2. a people set- 
tled near the lake Fucinus in 
Italy. 

Marsyas s ae, m. 1. a celebrated mu- 
sician of Celaenae in Phrygia. 

mascidus, a, um, adj. (fr. mas) male, 
manly. 

mas, maris, m. 3. the male of any 
creature. 

massa. ae,f. 1. a lump, mass. 

Massicus, a, um, adj. of Massicus t 



162 



DICTIONARY. 



a mountain of Campania, near 
Sinuessa, famous for its wine. 

Massilia, ae,f. 1. a maritime town 
of Galiia Narbonensis, now Mar- 
seilles. 

mater, tris, f 3. (pnrrip, Dor. pimp) 
a mother. 

materia, ae, f. 1. matter, stuff, ma- 
terial, timber. 

mdtrimonium, i, ft. 2. (fr. mater, 
mdtris) marriage, matrimony. 

mdtrona, ae,f I. {fr. mater) a mar- 
ried woman, matron. 

Mdtrona, ae, f. 1. a river of Gaul, 
now the Marne. 

mdturesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (md- 
turusfio) to ripen, grow ripe. 

mdturus, a, um, adj. ripe, mature. 

mdtutinus, a, um, adj. belonging to 
the morning, early. Fr. Matuta, 
the goddess of morning. 

Mauritania, ae, f 1. a country in 
the west of Africa, on the Medi- 
terranean, now the empire of 
Fez and Morocco. 

Mausolus, i, m. 2. a king of Caria, 

maxilla, ae, f 1. the jaw-bone, 
jaw. 

maxime, adv. (comp. magis) most of 
all, especially. 

maximus, a, um, adj. ( sup. of mag- 
nus) greatest. 

Maximus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
several Romans. 

mecum, (i. e. cum me) with me. 

medeor, eri, (with a dat.) d. 2. to 
cure. heal. 

medicdtus, a, um., part, of medico. 

mediclna, ae,f. 1. (fr.medicus) me- 
dicine. 

medico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. me- 
deor) to heal, cure ; corpus, to 
embalm. 

medicus, i, m. 2. (fr. medico) a phy- 
sician. 

mediocris, e, adj. (fr. medius) mid 
dling, moderate. 

Mediomatrici, drum, m. pi. 2. a peo- 
ple of Gallia Belgica, on the Mo- 
sell a or Moselle. 

meditdtus. a : um, part, of meditor. 

meditor, dri, dtus sum, a. 1. to give 
attention to, meditate, practise 

medius. a, um, adj. middle ; medium, 
the middle; in medium agmen. 
into the midst of the band ; per 



medios ignes, through the midst 
of the fire. 

Medusa, ae, f 1. (MeSovvd) one of 
the three Gorgons. 

Me gar a, ae, f. 1. et Me gar a drum, 
n. pi. 2. the capital of Megaris. 

Megarenses, ium, m. pi. 3. the inha- 
bitants of Megara. 

Megaris, idis, f. 3. a small country 
of Achaia. 

Megasthenes, is, m. 3. a Greek his- 
torian in the age of Seleucus Ni- 
canor. 

mehercule, adv. by Hercules, in very 
truth. 

mel, mellis, n. 3. (fr. piXi) honey. 

Meledger, et -grus, gri, m. 2. a ce- 
lebrated hero, son of Oeneus, 
king of Aetolia. 

melior, us, adj. (comp. of bonus) bet- 
ter. 

membrdna, ae, f 1. a thin skin, 
parchment. 

membrum, i, n. 2. a member, limb. 

memini, def. pret. I remember. 

mtmor, oris, adj. mindful. 

membrdbilis, e, adj. memorable. 

memoria, ae, f. 1. memory. The 
power by which (memores sumus) 
we remember. 

memoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
memor) to mention,relate,remem- 
ber. 

Memphis, is et idos, f 3. a famous 
city of Egypt, on the left side of 
the Nile, about 15 miles above 
the apex of the Delta. 

menddcium, i, n. 2. (fr. mendax,) a 
lie, falsehood. 

mendax, dcis, adj. (for mentaz fr. 
menlior) lying, false. 

Meneldus, i, m. 2. a king of Sparta, 
brother to Agamemnon, and hus- 
band of Helen. 

Mentnius, i, ni. 2. Agrippa, a cele- 
brated Roman. 

mens, tis, f. 3. the mind. 

mensis, is, m. 3. a month. 

mentio, 6nis,f. 3. mention, a making 
mention of. 

mentior, iri, Itus sum, d. 4. to lie, 
speak falsely. 

mercdtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. mercor) a 
merchant. 

mercdtura, ae, f 1. (fr. mercator). 
the trade of a merchant. 



DICTIONARY. 



163 



mercdlus, us, m. 4. (fr. mercor) a 
buying and selling, market, fair 

merces, edis,f 3. hire, wages, price, 
profit. 

mercor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to trade. 

Mercurius, i, m. 3. the son of Jupi- 
ter and Maia, daughter of Atlas. 
He was the messenger of the 
gods, and of Jupiter in particular. 
His name is derived fr. merx, be- 
cause he was the god of mer- 
chandise among the Latins. 

mereo. ere, ui, itum. n. 2. > . -, 

' _'-..' ' , n ho de- 

merger, ere, itus sum, d. 2. $ 

serve, merit. 
mergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to put un- 
der water, dip, immerse. 
merididnus, a, um, adj. {fr. meri- 

dies) of mid-day, taking place at 

noon, southern. 
meridies, iei, m. 5. (for medidies, 

medius dies) mid-day, noon. 
merito,adv. deservedly, with reason. 
meritum, i, n. 2. (fr. mereo, meritum) 

desert, merit. 
merula, ae,f 1. a blackbird. 
merx, cis, f 3. merchandise. 
messis, is, f 3. (fr. meto, messum) 

harvest. 
meta, ae, f. 1. a goal, bound, limit. 
Metagonium, i, n. 2. a promontory 

on the coast of Mauritania in 

Africa. 
metallum, i, n. 2. (fjeraWov) metal. 

a vein of metal, mine. 
Metellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 

a Roman family belonging to the 

gens Caecilia. 
methodus, i, f. 2. (jxedoSos) a me- 
thod. 
metior, tiri, nsus sum, d. 4. to mea- 
sure. 
Metius, i, m. 2. Fuffetius, a dictator 

of Alba, in the reign of Tullus 

Hostilius. 
meto, tere, ssui, ssum, a. 3. to mow 

reap. 
metuo, uere, ui, a. 3. (fr. metus) to 

fear, be afraid. 
metus, its, m. 4. fear. 
meus, a, um, adj. my, mine. 
Micipsa, ae, m, 1. a king of Numi- 

dia, son of Massinissa. 
mico, are, ui, n. 1. to move quickly. 

sparkle. 

PART 1. P 



Midas, ae, m. 1. a king of Phrygia, 
famous for his wealth and his 
avarice. 

migro, are, dvi, dlum,n. 1. to change 
one's habitation, remove, wan- 
der. 

miles, Uis, c. 3. a soldier. 

Milesius, a, um, adj. of Miletus, 
Milesian. 

Miletus, i, f. 2. a celebrated town 
of Asia Minor, the capital of all 
Ionia. 

militia, ae,f 1. the service (militis) 
of a soldier, warfare. 

milito, are, dvi, dtum, n.\. to per- 
form the duties (militis) of a sol- 
dier, serve in war. 

mille, card. num. n. 3. (ind. in sing.) 
millia, um, pi. a thousand; duo 
millia, two thousand ; mille, adj. 
ind. 

millidrium, i, n. 2. a mile-stone, a 
mile. 

milvius, i, m. 2. a kite. 

minae, drum, f. pi. 1. threats. 

minime, adv. (fr. pdrum) least of 
all, at least, at all events. 

minimus, a, um, adj. (pos. parvus^ 
comp. minor) the least. 

minister, tri, m. 2. a servant. 

ministerium, i, n. 2. (fr. minister) 
service. 

minium, i, n. 2. red lead. 

minor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to threat- 
en. 

minor, oris, adj. comp. of parvus^ 
less. 

Minos, ois, m. 3. a king of Crete. 

minuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to les- 
sen, diminish. 

minus, adv. comp. of par um, less. 

mirdbilis, e, adj. (fr. miror) won- 
derful. 

mirdculum, i, n. 2. (fr. miror) a 
miracle. 

mirdtus, a, um, part, of miror. 

mire, adv. (fr. mirus) wonderfully. 

miror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to wonder, 
be astonished at, admire. 

mirus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 

misceo, scere, scui, stum et xtum, a, 
2. to mix. 

miser, era, erum, adj. miserable, 
wretched. 

miser dtus, a, um, part, of miseror. 



164 



DICTIONARY. 



miser eo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2 ; miser eor, 

ereri, ertus sum, d. 2. to pity. 
miseret, eruit, ertum est, impers. it 

pitieth. 
miseries dia, ae, f. 1. compassion, 

pity. 
miser or, dri, dtussum, d.-l. to pity 

That is, to be {miser) wretched 

on account of another. 
mistus et mixtus, a, um, part, of 

misreo. 
Mithriddtes, is, m. 3. the name of 

several kings of Pontus, of whom 

the VII. surnamed Eupator, and 

The Great, was most distinguish- 
ed. 
Mithridaticus, a, um, adj. pertain 

ing to Mithridates. 
mltis, e, adj. soft, gentle, meek. 
mitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 3. to 

send, throw, produce. 
mbderdtio, onis, f 3. moderation 

discretion. 
mbdicus, a, um, adj. {Jr. modus) 

moderate. 
mbdius, i, m- 2. a bushel. 
modo, adv. even now, now, only 

conj. (equivalent to dummbdo) 

provided that. 
modus, i, m. 2. a measure, limit ; 

method ; way, manner : nullo mo- 
do, by no means. 
moenia, um, n. pi. 3. the walls of a 

city. 
Moenus, i, m. 2. now Mayme, a river 

of Germany, which falls into the 

Rhine near Mentz. 
moereo, et maereo, ere, n. 2. to grieve, 

mourn. 
Moeris, is, m. 3. a lake in Egypt. 
mbldris, e, adj. {fr. mblo, to grind) 

of a mill; dens, a jaw-tooth, 

grinder. 



mbnumenium, et mbnimentum, i, n. 
2. Jr. mbneo) a monument, me- 
morial. 

mons, tis, m. 3. a mountain. 

monstro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
point out, show. 

mora, ae,f. 1. delay, hinderance. 

morbus, i, m. 2. a disease ; conta- 
giosus, an infectious disease ; 
morbo exstingui, to die a natural 
death. 

mordo.x. dcis, adj. {fr. mordeo) bi- 
ting, given to bite. 

mordeo, mordere, mbmordi, morsum, 
a,. 2. to bite. 

mbrigerus, a, um, adj. {morem ge- 
reus) obedient, compliant, obse- 
quious. 

mbrior, mbri et mbriri, mortuus sum, 
d. 3. et 4. to die. 

mbror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {fr. mb" 
ra) to delay ; nihil moror } I care 
not. 

morosus, a, um, adj. difficult to 
please, peevish, morose. 

mors, lis, J 3. death. 

morsus, its, m. 4. (fr. mordeo, mor- 
sum) a bite. 

mortdlis, e, adj. {fr. mors) mortal. 

mos, moris, m. 3. a manner, cus- 
tom ; mores, manners, character, 
morals. 

Mossyni, drum, m. pi. 2. a people 
of Asia. 

motus, us, m. 4. {fr. moveo, motum) 
a motion ; terrae, an earthquake. 

mbveo, mbvere, mbvi, motum, a. 2. 
to move. 

mox, adv. by and by, presently, 
soon. 

Mucins, i, m. 2. C. Scaevola, a Ro- 
man, famous for his courage and 
inirepidity. 



moles, is, f 3. a mass, heap, bur- muliebris, e, adj. (fr. mulier) femi- 
den. nine, womanly. 

mblestus, a, um, adj. (fr. moles, or mulier, eris,f 3. a woman. 

fxoXog, toil) troublesome, oppres- multitudo, inis, f 3. {fr. multus) a 
sive. multitude. 

raollio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. lo soften,' multo et mulcto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
mitigate. 1. to fine, punish. 

mollis, e, adj. soft. multo, ) adv. much, by far, consi- 

mollitus, a, um, part, of mollio. multum,\ derably. 

Molossi, brum, m. pi. 2. a people of multus, a, um, adj. much, many ; mul- 
Epirus. i turn auri, much gold. 

mbneo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to put in [Mummius, i, m. 2. L. a Roman con- 
mind, advise, admonish. i sul, who destroyed Corinth, and 



DICTIONARY. 



161 



was surnaraed Achaicus from his 
victories. 

mundus, i, m. 2. the world. 

mumendus, a, um, part, of munio, 

munio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. (fr. moe- 
nia) to fortify, defend ; viam mu- 
nire, to prepare a way. 

munitus, a, um, part, of munio. 

munus, iris, n. 3. a gift; an office, 
duty. 

murdlis, e, adj. (fr. murus) pertain- 
ing to a wall j corona, a mural 
crown. 

murus, i, m. 2. a wall. 

mus, muris, m. 3. (//«?) a mouse. 

musa, ae,f. 1. (noma) a muse j hence, 
a song. 

musca, ae,f 1. a fly. 

musculus, i, m. 2. (/r. raws) a little 
mouse. 

musica, ae, ) r -, f , N 

musice, es, \ /■ L O™""') muslc ' 

musicus, a, urn, adj. ({jlovctikos) skill- 
ed in music. 

muto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to change ; 
exchange. 

mutus, a, um, adj. dumb. 

Mygdonia, ae.f 1. a small province 
of Macedonia near Thrace. 

Myndus, i, f. 2. a maritime town 
of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
nassus. 

Myrmecides, is, m. 3. an artist of 
Miletus. 

Mysia, ae, f. 1. a country in the 
north-western angle of Asia Mi- 
nor. 

N. 

Nobis, idis, m. 3. a celebrated ty- 
rant of Lacedaemon. 

nae, adv. certainly, verily. 

nactus, a, um, part, of nanciscor ; 
occasionem, at a favourable oppor- 
tunity 

nam, conj. for, but ; ( it is often em- 
phatically subjoined to inter roga- 
tives as, quaenam, quidnam). 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, d. 
3. to light on, get. obtain ; occasio- 
nem, to find an opportunity. 

Narbonensis, e, adj. pertaining to 
Narbo, now Narbonne, a town of 
Gaul; Gallia, one of the four di-j 



visions of ancient Gaul, of which 
Narbo was the capital. 

ndres, ium, ibus, f. pi. 3. the nos- 
trils. 

narro, are, dvi, dtum, «. 1. to make 
mention of, relate, say. 

nascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. to be 
born. 

Ndsica, ae, m. 1. the surname of P. 
Cornelius Scipio,whomthesenate 
delegated, as being the most re- 
markable of their body for purity 
of manners, to conduct the statue 
of Cybele to Rome. 

ndsus, i, m. 2. the nose. 

ndtdlis, e, adj. pertaining to one's 
(natum) birth; dies natalis, a 
birth-day. 

ndto, are, dvi, dtum, (freq. fr. no, 
natum) to swim. 

natu, abl. sing. m. 4t. (the other 
cases wanting) by birth ; natu 
minor, the younger ; natu mini- 
mus, the youngest; natu major , 
the elder ; natu maximus, the 
oldest. 

ndtura, ae,f 1. nature. 

ndturdlis, e, adj. natural. 

natus, a, um, part, of nascor ; sexa- 
ginta annos natus, sixty years old. 

ndtus, i, m. 2. a son. 

naufrdgium, i, n. 2. (for no.vifragi- 
um,fr. navis and frango) a ship- 
wreck. 

nauta, ae, m. 1. (vavrr^g) a sailor. 

ndvdlis, e, adj. belonging to (naves) 
ships, naval ; navale proelium, a 
sea-fight. 

ndvigdbilis, e, (fr. ndvigd) naviga- 
ble. 

ndvigdtio, 6nis,f 3. navigation. 

nd,vigium, i, n. 2. a boat, ship, in 
which one (ndvigat) sails. 

ndvigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (nuvem 
ago) to steer or row a ship, navi- 
gate^ 

ndvis, is,f 3. (vav$) a ship. 

ne, conj. not, that not, lest, that not ; 
ne...quidem, not.. .even. 

ne, an enclitic, asks a question, and 
is always subjoined to another 
word, as nosne, satisne, nonne, 
scisne. 

nee, conj. v. neque. 

needtus, a, um, part, of neco. 



166 



DICTIONARY. 



necessarius, a, um, adj. necessary \\nvmius, a, um, adj. (fr. nimis) too 

m. 2. a friend. 
necessitas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. necesse) 

necessity, fate. 
neco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (cww, obs.) 

to kill. 
nefas, n. ind. what is not lawful ; 

injustice, crime. 
negdtus, a, um, part, of nego. 
neglectus, a, um, part, of negligo. 
negligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (for 

necligo, fr. nee and lego) to dis- 
regard, neglect. 
nego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ne etago) 

to refuse, say no, deny. 
negotium, i, n. 2. business, thing; 

facili negotio, with little trouble 
nemo, inis, c. 2. (ne et homo) no one ; 

nemo non, every one ; nemo mor- 

talium, no man. 
nemus, oris, n. 3. a forest, grove. 
nepos, otis, m. 3. a grandson. 
Neptimus, i, m. 2. (in Greek Hoasi- 

d&v) son of Sattrn, and brother of 

Jupiter, was the god of the sea. 
nequdquam, adv. by no means. 
neque, conj. and not ; neque... neque, 

neither.. .nor. 
neque o, Ire, Ivi, Hum, irr. n. (ne et 
* queo) I cannot, not to be able 
nequis, qua, quod et quid, pro. lest 

any one, that no one. 
Nereis, idis, f 3. a Nereid ; Nerei- 
des, nymphs of the sea, daughters 

of Nereus and Doris. 
nescio, ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. (ne etscio) 

to be ignorant of. 
Nestus vel Nessus, i, m. 2. now 

Nesto, a small river of Thrace. 
neuter, tra, trum, adj. (ne uter) nei 

ther of the two, neither. 
Nicomedes, is, m. 3. the name of 

several kings of Bithynia. 
nidifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (nidus 

etfacio) to build a nest. 
nidus, i, m. 2. a nest. 
niger, gra, grum, adj. black. 
nihil, n. ind. nothing ; nihil habeo 

quod, I have no reason ; nonnihil, 

something. 
nihilominus, adv. nevertheless. 
Nilus, i, m. 2. a famous river of 

Egypt. 

nim*ium\ \ adv ' t0 ° much - 



much, too great, excessive. 

Niobe, es, f. 1. a daughter of Tanta- 
lus, king of Lydia, and wife of 
Amphion, king of Thebes. 

nisi, conj. if not, unless. 

Nisus, i, m. 2. a king of Megaris, 
father of Scylla. 

nitidus, «, um, adj. (fr. niteo) shi- 
ning, bright. 

Nitocris, idis,f. 3. a famous queen 
of Babylon. 

nitor, oris, m. 3. (fr. niteo) bright- 
ness, splendour. 

nitor, niti, nisus et nixus sum, d. 3. 
to strive. 

nix, nivis,f. 3. snow. 

no, ndre, ndvi, ndtum, n. 1. (viu, vd) 
to swim. 

nobilis, e, adj. (fr. nosco) known, 
famous, noble. 

nobilitas, dtis, f 3. (fr. nobilis) dis- 
tinction ; distinction of birth, no- 
bility, greatness of soul. 

nobilitdtus, a, um, part, of nobilito. 

nobilito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
(nobilem) illustrious, ennoble. 

noceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to hurt, in- 
jure. 

noctu, abl. by night, in the night 
time. 

nocturnus, a, um, adj. nightly. 

nodus, i, m. 2. a knot. 

Nola, ae, f 1. an ancient town of 
Campania. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. to be un- 
willing, 

Nomddes, um, m. pl.S.n, name given 
to those pastoral nations who 
had no fixed habitation ; it was 
particularly given by the Greeks 
to the Numidians, a people of Af- 
rica, styled by the Romans Nu- 
midae. 

nomen,inis, n. 3. (for novimen, fr. 
novi) a name. 

non, adv. not ; non nihil, something. 

■nonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the ninetieth. 

nonne, adv. (instead of num non)' 
not 1 (as a question.) 

nonnihil, n. ind. something. 

nonnisi, adv. only. 

nonnullus, a, um, adj. some. 

nonus, a, um, ord. num, adj. ninth. 



DICTIONARY. 



167 



nosco, noscere, novi, notum, a. 3. to 
know. 

noster, tra, trum, pro. (fr. nos) our. 

nota, ae, /. 1. a mark; corpus notis 
distinguere, to tattoo one's self. 

noto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . (fr. nota) 
to mark, remark. 

notus, a, um, part, of nosco. 

?iovem, ind. card. num. ad/j. nine. 

novus, a, um, adj. new 

nox, noclis, f 3. (i/v£, wktos) night ; 
de node, by night. 

noxius, a, urn, adj. (fr. noxa, hurt) 
hurtful, injurious. 

nubes, is,f 3. (fr. nubo) a cloud. 

nubo, niibere, nupsi ct nuptus sum, 
nuptum, a. et n. p. 3. to cover, 
marry, be married, (properly ap- 
plied only to the woman, who 
covered her head with a veil 
when presented to her husband 
at the marriage rite.) 

nuddtus, a, um, part, of nudo. 

niido, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
naked, uncover, expose. 

nudus, a, um, adj. naked, bare. 

nullus, a, um, gen. lus, dot. i, adj. 
(ne et nullus) no one, not any, 
none. 

num, adv. whether or nol whe- 
ther. 

Numa, ae, m. 1. Pompilius, a na- 
tive of Cures, a village of the 
Sabines. and the successor of 
Romulus. 

Numantia, ae, f. 1. a town of Spain 
near the sources of the river Du- 
rius. 

Nuviantlni, arum, m. pi. 2. the in- 
habitants of Numantia. 

nnmen, inis, n. 3. a deity, god. 

nilmero, are, dvi, dtum. a. 1. (fr. 
numerus) to count, number, enu- 
merate. 

numerals, i, m. 2. a number. 

Numidae. drum, m. pi. 1. (No/xaJt?) 
the Numidians. 



nunquam, adv. (ne unquam) never; 
nunquam non, always. 

nuntio et nuncio, are, dvi, dtum t a. 
1. to announce, declare, relate. 

nuptiae, drum, f pi. 1. (fr. nubo, 
nuptum) the marriage rite, nup- 
tials. 

nusquam, adv. (ne usquam) no- 
where. 

nutriendus, a, um, part, of nutrio. 

nulrio, Ire, ivi, Uum, a. 4. to nour- 
ish, nurture. 

nutritus, a, um, part, of nutrio. 

nutrix, ids, f 3. (fr. nutrio) a 
nurse. 

nympha, ae t f. 1. a nymph. 



O. 

O, int. CO) O ! oh ! 

ob, pr. c. ace. for, on account of. 

obdormisco, iscere, Ivi, n. inc. 3. {ob 
et dormisco) to fall asleep, sleep. 

obduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ob et 
duco) to draw over. 

obductus, a, um, part, of obduco. 

obedio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, n. 4. (ob et au- 
dio) to give ear to, obey. 

obeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, Uum, irr. n. (ob 
et eo) to go to, go through, trans- 
act, perform ; to meet death, die. 

oberro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (ob et 
erro) to wander up and down, 
stray about. 

obesus, a, um, adj. fat, plump. 

objdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (ob etjdceo) to 
lie in the way or before. 

objectus, a, um, part, of objicio. 

objicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ob et 
jdcio) to cast against, object 
against, object. 

obltgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ob et 
ligo) to bind about, bind, oblige. 

oblique, adv. (fr.obllquus) obliquely, 
indirectly. 

obliquus, a, um, adj. oblique, crook- 
ed, indirect. 

Numidia,ae. f. 1. a country of Afri-\oblitus, a, um, part, of obliviscor. 
ca, which now forms the king- \obliviscor , ivisci, Uus sum, d. 3. to 
dom of Algiers. forget. 

Numttor, oris m. 3. a son of Procas, obnoxius, a, um, adj. liable, subject, 



king of Alba, and grandfather of 

Romulus and Remus. 
nunc. adv. now. 
nuncupo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (no 

men et capio) to name, call. 

P 2 



obnoxious. 
obruo, uere, ui, utum, «. 3. (ob et 

ruo) to overwhelm, cover over, 

bury. 
obrutus, a, um, part, of obruo, 



168 



DICTIONARY. 



obscurdturus, a, um, part, of obscu- 
ro. 

obscuro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
darken, obscure. 

obscurus, a, um, adj. dark, obscure. 

obsecro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to pray 
earnestly, supplicate, conjure. 

obsequor, sequi, sequutus vel secutus 
sum, d. 3. (ob et sequor) to follow 
in the way of, comply with, serve 
obey. 

observdtus, a, um, fart, of observo. 

observo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. {ob et 
servo) to watch, observe, attend 
to. 

obses, idis, c. 3. a hostage. 

obsessus, a, um, part, of obsideo. 

obsideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. 
(ob et sedeo) to sit in front of, be- 
set, besiege. 

obsidio, 6ms, f. 3. a siege. 

obsidiondlis, e, adj. pertaining to a 
siege; corona, a crown given to 
him who had raised a siege. 

obstetrix, icis.f 3. a midwife. 

obtestatus, a, um, part, of obtestor. 

obtestor, art, dtus sum, d. 1. (ob et 
testor) to call solemnly to witness, 
conjure, supplicate. 

obtineo, inere, inui, entum. a. 2. (ob 
et teneo) to hold, procure, obtain : 
obtinet sententia, the opinion pre- 
vails. 

obviam, adv. (ob viam) in the way 
fio, I meet; ire, to go to meet. 

occdsio, onis, f. 3. (fr. occido, occd- 
sum) an opportunity. 

occdsus, its, m. 4. (fr. occido, occd- 
sum) the setting of the heavenly 
bodies, sunset, evening. 

occidens, tis, (scil. sol) the west, 
evening. Where the sun (occidit) 
falls or sets. 

occidendus, a, um, part, of occido. 

occidentdlis, e, adj. pertaining to {oc- 
cidens) the west, western. 

occido, cidere, cidi, cdsum, n. 3. (ob 
et cado) to fall, set. 

occido, cidere, cidi, cisum, a. 3. (ob 
et caedo) to slay, kill. 

occlsurus, a, um, part, of occido. 

occlsus, a, um, part, of occido. 

occoecdtus, a, um, part, of occoeco. 

occoeco et -caeco, are, dvi, atum, a. 
I. (ob et coeco) to blind, dazzle. 

occultOj dre } dvi, atum, a. 1. (freq. 



fr. oc.culo, occultum) to hidjs, con- 
ceal ; occultari, to hide one's 
self. 

occupo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. {ob et 
capio) to seize, occupy. 

occurro, currere, curri et cucurri y 
cursum, n. 3. (ob et curro) to run 
up to, meet. 

Oceanus, i, m. 2. ('Q/ceai/o?) the 
ocean or main sea; a powerful 
deity of the sea, son of Coelus 
and Terra. 

Octavidnus, i, m. 2 or Octavius 
Caesar, the nephew of Caesar 
the dictator. After the battle of 
Actium,the senate bestowed upon 
him the title of Augustus. 

octdvus, a, um, ord. num. adj. {fr. 
octo) eighth. 

octingenti,ae,a, card. num. adj. eight 
hundred. 

octo, card. num. adj. ind. (6ktco) 
eight. 

octoginta, card. num. adj. ind. eigh- 

oculus, i, m. 2. an eye. 

odi, odisse, def. pret. to hate, abhor. 

odium, i, n. 2. (fr. odi) hatred. 

odor, oris, m. 3. a smell; odores, 
perfumes. 

odor or, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {fr. odor, 
odoris) to smell. 

Oeneus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a king 
of Calydon in Aetolia, and father 
of Meleager. 

Oenomaus, i, m. 2. the name of one 
of the gladiators, who excited the 
war of the slaves. 

Oeta, ae, m. I. now Banina, a cele- 
brated mountain betweenThessa- 
ly and Phocis. 

offero, offerre, obtuli, obldtum, irr. 
a. (ob etfero) to bring before, of- 
fer. 

officlna, ae,f. 1. a workshop. 

officio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ob el 
fdcio) to do against, hinder, in- 
jure. 

officium, i, n. 2. a duty, kindness, 
service, act of courtesy. For offa- 
cium. What we do (ob) in ser- 
vice to another. 

olea, ae,f 1. (eXaTa) an olive-tree. 

oleum, i, n. 2. (e\atov) oil. 

olim, adv. in time past, formerly, 
some time, at one time. 



DICTIONARY. 



169 



blor, oris, m. 3. a swan. 

blus, eris, n. 3. (fr. bleo, to grow) 
herbs. 

Olympia, ae,f. 1. a town of Elis in 
Peloponnesus. 

Olympicus, a, um, adj. Olympic. 

Olympus, i, m. 2. a famous moan- 
tain on the coast of Thessaly, 
north of the mouth of the Pe- 
neus. 

omen, mis, n. 3. an augury, omen. 

omnis, e, adj. all, every ; omncs, all ; 
omnia, all things. 

onus, eris, n. 3. a burden, load. 

bnustus, a, um, adj. {fr. onus) laden, 
filled with. 

opera, ae, f. 1. (fr. opus) work, la- 
bour, pains ; dare opcram alicui, 
to attend to, give one's self up to 
a thing. 

bperor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. opus) 
to work. 

opes, um, f. pi. 3. means, resources, 
wealth ; in sing, (ops, nom. and 
opi, dat. not used, opis,gen. opem, 
ace. ope, abl.) aid, assistance. 

oplmus, a, um, adj. fat, fruitful. 

opinio, onis, f. 3. opinion ; praeter 
opinionem, contrary to expecta- 
tion. 

bportet, ere, uit, impers. it is expe- 
dient or fit, it behooves, it ought, 
it must needs be. 

oppidum, i, n. 2. a walled town, 
town. 

oppono, onere, bsui, bsltum, a. 3. (ob 
et pono) to place against, oppose. 

opportunus, a, um, adj. seasonable, 
convenient, favourable. 

oppbsitus, a, um, pari, of oppono, 
placed against, opposite. 

opprimo, imere, essi, essum, a. 3. (ob 
et premo) to oppress, overpower, 
overcome. 

oppugndtus, a, um, part, oioppugno. 

oppugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob el 
pugno) to fight against, attack, 
assault. 

ops. V. opes. 

optime, adv. (sup. of bene) very well, 
best. ' 

optlmus. a, um, adj. (sup. of bonus) 
best. Fr. opto. That is, most 
desirable. 

optio, onis, f. 3. liberty (optandi) of, 
choosing, choice, option. 



opto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wish, 
choose. 

bpiilentus, a, um, adj. (fr. opes) rich, 
opulent. 

opus, eris, n. 3. a work, labour. 

or a, ae,f. 1. a border, coast, shore. 

brdculum, z, n. 2. (fr. oro) the re- 
sponse of an inspired priest or 
priestess of a temple, an oracle. 

brdtio, onis, f. 3. (Jr. oro) a speech, 
discourse. 

orator, oris, m. 3. (fr. oro, ordtum) 
a speaker, orator, ambassador. 

orbdtus, a, um, part, of orbo. 

orbis, is, m. 3. a circle, orb ; in orbem 
jacere, to tie round in a circle j 
orbis tcrrarum, the world. 

orbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to deprive 
or bereave of. 

Orcus, i, m. 2. the god of the infer- 
nal regions, Pluto ; the infernal 
regions, the abode of the dead. 

ordino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to place 
(ordine) in order, arrange. 

ordo, inis, m. 3. order, method, ar- 
rangement. 

Oriens, tis, m. 3. the east. The part 
where the sun (oritur) rises. 

brientdlis, e, adj. pertaining to ( Ori- 
ens) the east, eastern. 

brlgo, inis, f 3. (fr. brior) begin- 
ning, origin ; origlnem ducere, to 
derive one's origin. 

orior, iris, itur, oriri, ortus sum, d. 
3. to rise, spring, begin. 

orndmenturn, i, n. 2. (fr. orno) an 
ornament. 

orndtus, a, um, part, of orno. 

orndtus, us, m. 3. (fr. orno, orndtum) 
ornament, dress. 

orno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to adorn. 

oro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to utter; to 
utter a request, beg, pray. 

Orodes, is, m. 3. a prince of Parthia. 

Orpheus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a great 
poet and musician, son of Oeager 
and the muse Calliope. 

ortus, a, um, part, of orior. 

ortus, us, m. 4. (fr. orior) a rising, 
springing up. 

os, oris, n. 3. the mouth, face, coun- 
tenance. 

os, ossis, n. 3. a bone. 

Ossa, ae, /. 1. a lofty mountain of 
Thessaly, separated from Olym- 
pus by the vale of Tempe. 



170 



DICTIONARY. 



ostendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. 

(obs for ob, et tendo) to stretch or 

hold before another, show. 
Ostia,ae,f a town built at the mouth 

of the Tiber by Ancus Martius, 

the 4th king of Rome. 
ostium, i, n. 2. (fr. os) the entrance 

or mouth of a river. 
ostreum, i, n. 2. (oorpeov) an oyster. 
otium, i, n. 2. ease, leisure. 
Otos et Otus, i, m. 2. — v. Ephiaites. 
ovis, is,f 3. (dis) a sheep. 
ovum, i, n. 2. (wov) an egg. 



P. stands for Publius. 

pdbulum, i, n. 2. (fr. pasco) fodder 

pdciscor, pdcisci, pactus sum, d. 3 
to make a bargain or agreement 
to settle, ratify, a treaty. 

Pactolus, i, m. 2. a river of Lydia, 
famous for its golden sands. 

pactum, i, n. 2. an agreement, co- 
venant ; quo pacto, in what man- 
ner. 

pactus, a, um, part, of paciscor. 

Pddus, i, m. 2. now the Po, the 
largest river of Italy. It rises in 
the Alps, and empties into the 
Hadriatic or Gulf of Venice by 
seven mouths. 

paene, adv. almost, nearly. 

pdela, ae, f. 1. chaff. 

palma, ae,f. 1. (rrdXujxri) the palm of 
the hand ; a palm-tree. 

palpebra, ae, f. 1. the eyelid ; pal- 
pebrae, the'eyelashes. 

palus, iidis,f. 3. a marsh, lake, pool. 

palustris, e,adj. (fr.pdlus) marshy. 

Pan, dnis et dnos, ace. Pana, m. 3 
(II av) the god of shepherds. 

pando, pandere, pandi, pansum et 
passum, a. 3. to throw open, 
spread out, extend. 

pango, pangere, panxi, panctum. 
item pegi et ptplgi, pactum, a. 3, 
to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan- 
gere foedus, to ratify, conclude a 
treaty. 

Panionium, i, n. 2. (fr. trdv, all, et 
'Iwj/to?) a place on mount Myca- 
le, consecrated by religious festi- 
vals, so called as being common 
to all Ionia. 



pdnis, is, m. 3. bread. 

panther a, ae, f. 1. (rrdvOrjp) a panther. 

pdpdver, eris, n. 3. the poppy. 

Papirius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family. 

pdpyrum, i, n. 2. et papyrus, i, m. 
etf. 2. (ndTTvpog) an Egyptian plant 
of which paper was made, papy- 
rus. 

pdrdtus, a, um, part, of par o, ready. 

Parcae, drum, f. pi. 1. the fates, 
three in number, Clotho, Lache- 
sis, and Atropos. 

parco, parcere, peperci etparsi, par- 
citum et parsum, a. 3. to spare. 

pardus, i, m. 2. (TIdpSos) a panther. 

parens, entis, c. 3. (fr. pario) a pa- 
rent, father or mother ; creator, 
author, inventor, founder; pdren- 
tes, progenitors, ancestors. 

pdreo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to obey. 
Properly, to be at hand, appear ; 
also, to be at hand to attend to 
another's orders, to obey. Fr* 

Trapico, (whence Trdpeifxi). 

paries, ietis, m. 3. a wall. 

pdrio, pdrere, peperi, pdritum et 
par turn, a. 3. to bear or bring 
forth ; to cause, produce, obtain ; 
ovum, to lay an egg. 

Paris, idis, m. 3. a son of Priam, 
king of Troy, and Hecuba. 

pariter, adv. (fr. par) in like man- 
ner, alike, equally. 

Parnassus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 
Phocis, remarkable for its two 
summits, of which one was sa- 
cred to Apollo and the muses, 
the other to Bacchus. 

pdro, are, ami, oltum, a. 1. to prepare, 
procure, acquire. 

Paropamisus, i, m. 2. a ridge of 
mountains in India, a continua- 
tion of the great Tauric range. 
This ridge separated the Indian 
province Paropamisus from Bac- 
tria. 

pars, lis, f 3. a part, division ; a 
party, faction ; magnam partem, 
for the most part. 

parsimonia,ae,f. 1. (fr. parco, par- 
sum) frugality, parsimony. 

Parthia, ae, /. 1. a celebrated coun- 
try of Asia. 

Parthus, i, m. 2. a Parthian. 



DICTIONARY. 



171 



particula, ae,f. 1. (fr. pars) a small pdtrius, a, um, adj. belonging to 
part, particle. (patrem) a father or (^res)one's 

partiendus, a, um, part, of par tior. fathers. 

partim, adv. (fr. pars) partly. pdtrocinium, i, n. 2. (fr. patris) 

partior, iri, itus sum, d. 1. (fr. pars, protection, patronage. 

partis) to part, share, distribute, pdtronus, i. m. 2. (fr. pater) a pro- 

partus, a, urn, part, of pdrio, acquir-j tector, patron. 

ed. \pdtruelis, is, c. 3. the son or daugh- 



partus, its, m. 4. (fr. pdrio, partum) 

a birth. 
pdrum, adv. little, too little 



ter (patrui) of an uncle on the 
father's side, a cousin by the fa- 
ther's side. 



parvulus, a, um, adj. {fr. parvus) pauci, ae, a, adj. few. 



very small, very little. 

parvus, a, um, adj. small ; minor, 
comp. less j minimus, a, um, sup. 
least. 

pOySccndus, a, um, part, of pasco. 

pasco, pascere, pdvi, pastum, a. 3. to 
feed. 

passer, eris, m. 3. a sparrow. 

passim, adv. here and there, every 
way. 

passus, a, um,part. of patior, having 
suffered ; also, a part, of pando, 
spread out. Uva passa, a dried 
grape, raisin. As having suffer- 
ed the heat of the sun, when laid 
out to dry. Or as being stretched 
out in the sun. 

passus, us, m. 4. a pace j mille pas 
suum, a mile. 

pastor, oris, m. (fr. pasco, pastum) 
a herdsman, shepherd. 

patefdcio, facer e, feci, factum, a. 3. 
to lay open, open, detect. 

pdtefio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. pass. 
to be thrown open, be detected. 

pdteo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lie open, be 
manifest ; to stretch, extend. 

pater, tris, m. 3. (rar^) a father ; 
pater-familias,patris-familias, the 
father or master of a family. 

pdternus. a, um, adj. (fr. pater) pa- 
ternal. 

pattens, tis, part, and adj. (fr. patior) 
enduring, bearing ; able to bear, 
patient. 

pdtientia, ae,f. 1. (fr.pdtiens,pdti- 
entis) patience. 

patio. , pdti, passus sum, d. 3. to suf- 
fer, endure, support ; permit, al- 
low. 

pdtria, ae, f. 1. (i. e. terra) one's na- 
tive country. Fr. patrius. 

pdtrimonium, i, n. 2. property left 
(a patre) by a father, patrimony, 



pauldtim, adv. by little and little, 
by degrees. 

paulo et paullo, adv. by a little, 
somewhat ; paulo post, a little 
after. 

paululum, adv. a little. 

Paulus, et Paullus, i, m. 2. a sur- 
name in the gens Aemilia. 

pauper, is, adj. poor. 

pdveo, pdvere, pdvi, a. & n. 2. to 
fear, dread, be afraid. 

pdvidus, a, um, adj. (fr. pdveo) fear- 
ful. 

pdvo, onis, m. 3. a peacock. 

pax, pads, f. 3. peace. 

pecco, are, dvi, dtum, n. & a. 1. to 
do wrong or amiss, err, sin. 

pecto, pectere, pexi, pexum, a. 3. to 
comb, dress the hair ; card. 

pectus, oris, n. 3. the breast. 

peciinia, ae,f. 1. money. 

pecus, udis, c. 3. a sheep, beast, ani- 
mal. 

pecus, oris, n. 3. cattle. 

pedes, itis, m. 3. (fr. pes, pedis) a 
foot-soldier. 

peldgus, i, n. 2. (-niXayog,) the sea. 

Peleus, i, m. 2. a king of Thessaly, 
son of Aeacus. He married The- 
tis, one of the Nereids, by whom 
he had Achilles. 

Pelias, ae, m. 1. a king of Iolchos 
in Thessaly, son of Neptune by 
Tyro, the daughter of Salmone- 
us. 

Peligni, drum, in. pi. 2. a people of 
Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines 
and Marsi. 

Pelion, i, n. 2. a mountain of Thes- 
saly, on the coast of the Aegaean, 
situate to the south of Ossa. 

pellicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (per 
et lacio) to draw, allure, entice. 

pellis, is, f. 3. the skin, hide. 



172 



DICTIONARY. 



pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, a. 3. amdre, to love violently, even to 

to drive, drive away, banish. desperation. 

pellucidus, a, um, adj. (per et luci- perditus, a, um, part, oiperdo. 

dus, fr. liiceo) clear, transparent .\perdix, Ids, f. 3. (rref>Jc|) a part- 
Peloponnesus, i, f 2. now the Mo-\ ridge. 

rea,B, celebrated pen insula,which perdo, dire, didi, ditum, a. 3. (fr, 

comprehends the most_southern| per et do) to ruin, destroy, lose. 

parts of Greece. Fr. llcXoTzowr}- perdiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (per et 

cog (IlfXoTro? vnaog), the island of diico) to bring through, lead to. 

Pelops, who settled there. per ductus, a, um, part, of per duco. 

Pelusmm, i, n. 2. now Tineh, a peregrindtio,6nis,f.3.(fr. peregri- 

town of Egypt, situate at the en- nor) a travelling through foreign 



trance of one of the mouths of 
the Nile, called from it Pelusian. 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensum, n. 
2. to hang. 

pene, adv. v. paene. 

penes, pr. c. ace. in the power of, in 
the possession of, with. 

penetrate, is, n. 3. the recess or in- 
nermost part of any place, as of 
a temple, palace, &c. 

penetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to go 
within or into, pierce or pene- 
trate. For penitro fr. penitus. 
Eo penitus. 

Peneus, i, m. 2. now Salempria, a 
river of Thessaly, rising on 
mount Pindus, and falling into 
the Thermaicus Sinus, after a 
wandering course between mount 
Ossa and Olympus. 

peninsula, ae, f. 1. (fr. pene & in- 
sula) a peninsula. Almost an 
island. 

penna, ae,f 1. a feather, quill. 

pensilis, e, adj. (fr. pendeo, pensum) 
hanging, pendent. 

penuria, ae,f. 1. want, need. 

per, prep. c. ace. through, through 
the medium of, by. 

pera, ae,f. 1. (tt^o) a wallet. 

perdgro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wan- 
der over, traverse. Per agros cir- 
cumeo. 

percontor et percunctor, dri, dtus 
sum, d. 1. (fr. per & contor) to 
ask strictly, inquire, investigate. 

percussor, oris, m. 3. (fr. percutio, 
percussum) a striker, one who 
has inflicted a wound, a murder- 
er. 

percutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3. (per et 
qudtio) to beat, strike, wound ; 
securi, to behead. 

perdite, adv. very, vehemently; 



countries, travel. 
peregrinor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. 

peregrlnus) to go or live abroad. 
peregrinus, a, um, adj. (fr. peregre, 

abroad) coming from abroad, fo- 
reign, strange. 
perennis, e, adj. perpetual, durable, 

perennial. For per annis. Durans 

per annos. 
pereo, Ire, ii, raro ivi, irr. n. (per et 

eo) to perish, die. 
perfidia, ae, f. 1. (fr. perfidus) 

perfidy. 
perfidus, a, um, adj. (per et fides) 

faithless, perfidious. 
Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus & 

Pergdmos, i, f 2. et Pergdma, 

drum, n.pl. 2. the citadel of Troy. 

Often put for Troy itself. 
Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus, i, 

f. 2. now Bergamo, a town of 

Mysia, on the banks of the Cai- 

cus. 
pergo, gere, rezi, rectum, n. 3. (per 

et rego) to go right on, advance, 

go on. 
Pericles, is, m. 3. an Athenian of 

a noble family, distinguished as 

a commander, a statesman, and 

an orator. 
periculosus, a, um, adj. (fr. pericu- 

lum) dangerous. 
perlculum et periclum, i, n. 2. a tri- 
al, hazard, danger. 
periodus, i, f. 2. (rrepioSos) a period. 
periturus, a, um, part, of pereo. 
peritus, a, um, adj. experienced, 

expert. 
permeo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (per et 

meo) to go through. 
permisceo, isctre, iscui, ixtum et is- 

turn, a. 2. (per et misceo) to mix. 
permistus et permixtus, a, um, part. 

of permisceo. 



DICTIONARY. 



173 



pcrmitto, Mere, isi, issum, a. 3. (per 
et miito) to grant, allow, intrust. 

permiitdlio, onis, f 3. (fr. per- 
miito, permiddtum) a change, ex 
change. 



pessum, adv. down, to the bottom, 
under foot ; pessum agi, to go to 
the bottom, sink. 

pestilerdia, ae,f 1. (fr. pestilens) a 
pestilence. 



pcrmuto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (per et petitio, onis, f 3. (fr. peto, petilum) 

micto) to change, exchange. a petition. 

pernicies, iei,f 5. destruction. Fr.petltus, a, um, part, of peto. 



per and neco or necis. 

perniciosus, a, urn, adj. (fr. perni- 
cies) destructive. 

perpendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (per et 
pendo) to weigh carefully, exa- 
mine, deliberate upon. 

perperam, adv. wrong, falsely,rash- 

perpetior, peti, pessus sum, d. 3. (per 
et potior) to suffer, endure. 

perpetuus, a, urn, adj. (fr. perpes, 
perpetis, continual) continual,un- 
interrupted. 

Persa, ae, m. 1. a Persian. 

persequor, qui, quutus, vel cutus sum, 
d. 3. (per et sequor) to pursue, 
press upon, persecute. 

Perseus, ei et eos, m. 2. & 3. a son 
of Jupiter and Danae, the daugh- 
ter of Acrisius ; or Perses, the 
last king of Macedonia. 



peto, ere, ivi, Uum, a. 3. to desire, 
request, seek, make for, go to- 
wards, attack ; hello peter e, to 
wage war against ; coelum armis 
petere, to try to storm the hea- 
ven. 

Petra, ae, f. 1. the capital of Ara- 
bia Petraea. 

petraeus, a, um, adj. growing upon 
a rock ; Arabia Petraea, a part 
of Arabia which was very rocky, 
whence its name, from the Greek 

nerpa, a rock. 

petulantia, ae,f. 1. petulance, freak- 
ishness, impudence. 

Phaedcia, ae,f. 1. an island of the 
Ionian sea, near the coast of 
Epirus, anciently called Scheria, 
and afterwards Corcyra. The 
inhabitants were a luxurious and 
dissolute people. 



Persia, ae, /. 1. a celebrated kmg-'Pkaeaz, dcis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
dom of Asia. the island of Phaeacia. 

Persicus, a, um, adj. Persian. Iphdlerae, drum, f. pi. 1. (<pd\apa) 

pcrspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3.(per, trappings for horses. 

et specio) to see through, discern,! Phamdces, is, m. 3. a son of Mithri- 
understand fully. dates, king of Pontus, who fa- 

persuddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (per et\ voured the Romans against his 
suddeo) to persuade. | father. 

perterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (per et Pharos et Pharus, i, f. 2. a small 



terreo) to terrify. 

perterritus, a, um, part, of perter- 
reo. 

pertindclter. adv. {fr. pertinax : per- 
tindcis) obstinately, resolutely. 

pertinaz, dcis, adj. (fr. per and 



island in the bay of Alexandria, 
about seven furlongs distant from 
the continent. Upon it was built 
a tower, which passed for one 
of the seven wonders of the 
world. 



tenax, fr. teneo) very tenacious, 1 Pharsdlus, i, m. 2. now Farsa^ a 

obstinate, resolute. town of Thessaly, in whose 

pertineo. ere, ui, n. 2. (per et teneo) 1 neighbourhood is a large plain. 

to reach, extend. called Pliarsalia. 

pervenio, venire, veni, ventum, n.4:.Phasis, is et idis, m. 3. a river of 

(per et venio) to come to, arrive! Colchis, rising in the mountains 

at, reach. of Armenia. 

pervius, a, um, adj. (per et via) Phidias, ae, m. 1. a celebrated sta- 



easy to be passed, passable. 
pes, pedis, m. 3. a foot. 
pessimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of mdlus) 

worst, very bad. > 



tuary of Athens. 
Philaeni, drum, m. pi. 2. two bro- 
thers of Carthage, who chose ra- 
ther to be buried in the sand, than 



.74 



DICTIONARY. 



that the extent of their country- 
should be diminished. 

Philippi, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of 
Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 

Philippicus, a, um, adj. of Philippi. 

Philippides, ae, m. 1. a comic poet 
in Alexander's age. 

Philippus, i, m. 2. the 2d, the 
fourth son of Amyntas, and fa- 
ther of Alexander; the son of 
Demetrius. 

Philomela, ae, /. 1. a daughter of 
Pandion, king of Athens, chang- 
ed into a nightingale j a nightin- 
gale. 

philosophia, ae,f. 1. (^iXoo-o^ia) phr 
losophy. 

philosophies, i, m. 2. ((piXoao^og) a 
philosopher. 

Phocaea, ae, f. 1. now Fochia, a 
maritime town of Ionia in Asia 
Minor. 

Phocaei, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhab 
itants of Phocaea. 



& 3. et Piraeum, i, n. 2. (Jlapai- 

ev$, £w?, w?) a celebrated and capa- 
cious harbour of Athens. 

pirdta, ae, m. 1. (^par/fr) a pirate. 

pisedtor, oris, m. 3. a fisherman. 

piscis, is, m. 3. a fish. 

Pisistrdtus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, 
son of Hippocrates, who, by his 
address and eloquence, render- 
ed himself absolute in his native 
city. 

pistrlnum, i, n. 2. (/r. pinso, pistum } 
to pound) a mill. 

pius, a, um, adj. pious, properly dis- 
posed towards one's parents, re- 
lations, friends, country, &c. du- 
tiful, affectionate, upright. 

pldceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to please; 
sibi, to be vain of something. 

placet, ebat, uit vel Hum est, impers. 
it pleases, it is the opinion of, it 
is determined. 

pldcidus, a, um, adj. mild, calm, 
placid. 



Phocis, Mis, f. 3. a country of pldga, ae,f. 1. a net or toil ; a blow; 
Greece. | plagis conficere, to beat severely. 

Phoenicia, ae, f. 1. a country of plane, adv. clearly, entirely, abso- 



Asia commonly named by the 

Jews Canaan. 
Phoenix, ids, m. 3. a Phoenician. 
Phrygia, ae, f. 1. a large country 

of Asia Minor. 
Phryx, ygis, m. 3. a Phrygian. 



luteiy. 

pldnetes et planeta, ae, m. 1. (-rrXavrj- 
Tvs) a planet. 

planta, ae,f. 1. a plant. 

plat anus, i,f. 2. {-rrXdravos^ the plane- 
tree. 



Picentes, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- l platea, ae,f. 1. the spoonbill or sho- 

ants of Picenum. veller, a kind of fowl. 

Picenum, i, n. 2. a district of Italy, ^ Plato, onis, m. 3. a celebrated phi- 



which lay along the Adriatic, to 
the east of Umbria and the 
country of the Sabines. 
pictus, a, um, part, of pingo, paint- 

ed, embroidered ; picta tabula, a,plebs, plebis, ) /• 
picture. plebes, is, S 



losopher at Athens, son of Aris< 
ton, and one of the pupils of So- 
crates. 
plaustrum, i, n. 2. a wagon. 

3. the common peo- 



pi'etas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. pius) piety, j pie or plebeians. 

filial affection. * plecto, ctere, xi, xuni, a. 3. to strike, 

pignus, oris, n. 3. a pledge, pawn. | punish ; twist, weave. 

pila, ae,f. 1. a ball. plenus, a, um., adj. full. 

plleus, i, m. 2. a hat. plerlque, pleraeque, plerdque, adj. 

pilus, i, m. 2. a hair (on any parti most, the greater part. 

of the body). plerumque, adv. for the most part. 

Pindarus, i, m. 2. a celebrated Plinius, i, m. 2. C. — Secundus, sur- 
Ly lie poet of Thebes. I named the Elder, was born at Ve- 

pingo, ingere, inxi, ictum, a. 3. to; rona, of a noble family. He dis- 
colour, paint, embroider. 



pinguis, e, adj. fat, fertile 

pinna, ae,f. 1. a fin. 

Piraeeus et Piraeus, i et eos. m. 2. 



tinguished himself by his tho- 
rough acquaintance with natural 
philosophy, and every kind of 
learning. — C. Caecilius Secure- 



DICTIONARY. 



175 



du&, surnamed the younger, ne- 
phew and adopted son of the 
Elder. 

plumbeus, a, um, adj. of lead. 

plumbum, i, n. 2. lead. 

pluo, uere, ui, n. 3. to rain ; pluit la- 
pidibus, it rains stones. 

plurimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of mul- 
tus) very many or much, most. 

plus, uris, adj. (?i. in sing.) plures, 
a, pi. (comp. of multus) more. 

Plido, onis, m. 3. a son of Saturn 
and Ops, brother of Jupiter, and 
god of the infernal regions. 

poculum, i, n. 2. a cup. 

poema, dtis, n. 3. (Tnn^a) a poem. 

poena, ae,f. I. (iroLvrf) punishment; 
dare poenam, to suffer punish- 
ment. 

poenltet, ebat, uit, ere, impers. 2. to 



bounded on the north by the 
Euxine. 

popular, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to waste 
(pdpiilus) a people or country, 
lay waste. 

pbpulus, i, m. 2. a people, nation. 

por rectus, a, um, part, of porrigo. 

porrigo, igere, etci, ectum, a. 3. 
(porro et rego) to stretch out, ex- 
tend, hold out, offer. 

Porsena et Por senna, ae, m. 1. a 
king of Etruria, who espoused 
the cause of Tarquin the Proud. 

porta, ae,f. 1. a gate, door, outlet. 

portendo, dere, di, turn, a. 3. to fore- 
show, betoken, presage. That 
is, (tendo) I hold out or show 
what will happen {porro) here- 
after. 

porticus, us,f. 4. a portico, porch. 



repent, be sorry for ; poenitet me por to, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, 
facti, I repent of the deed. carry. 

Poenus, a, um, adj. Carthaginian \portus, us,m. 4. a harbour. Fr. porta. 



subst. m. 2. a Carthaginian. 

poeta, ae, m. 1. (-oiriTris) a poet. 

pol, int. by Pollux ! in truth ! Per 
Pollucem. Perpol is also used. 

pollex, ids, m. 3. the thumb, the 
great toe. 

polliceor, eri. itus sum, d. 2. to pro- 
mise. 

pollicitus, a, um, part, of polliceor. 



That is, a place of import and 

export for goods, or for carrying 

ships into. 
posco, poscere, pbposci, a. 3. to ask, 

demand. 
positus, a, um, part, of pono. 
possessio, onis, f. 3. (fr. possldeo 

possessum) possession. 
possessor, 6ris. } m. 3. a possessor. 



Pollux, ucis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter possldeo, sidere, sedi : sessum, a. 2. 

and Leda, brother to Castor. to possess. 

Polyxena, ae, /. 1. a daughter of possum, posse, potui, n. irr. (polis, 



Priam and Hecuba. 
pomifer, era, erum, adj. ( pomum & 

fero) bearing or prod ucing fruits ; 

pomiferae arbores, fruit-trees. 
pompa,ae,f. 1. (tto/xtt^) a procession, 

pomp. 
Pompeius, i, m. 2. Cneius, surnam 



able, & sum) to be able. 

post, (pr. c. ace.) after; adv. after- 
wards ; aliquot, annis post, some 
years afterwards ; paulo post, a 
little while afterwards. 

postea, adv. afterwards. 

poster, et posterus, era, erum, adj. 



ed Magnus, from the greatness of {posterior, postremus) coming af- 



his exploits, was son of Pompeius 

Strabo and Lucilla. 
Pompeidnus, a, um, adj. relating to 

Pompey. 
pomum, i, n. 2. an apple. 
pondus, eris, n. 3. {fr. pendo } to 

weigh) weight. 
pono, ponere, posui, pbsitum, a. 3. to 

lay, set, place. 
pons, tis, m. 3. a bridge. 
pontus, i, m. 2. the sea ; Pontus 

(Euxinus), the Euxine or Black 
. Sea ; a kingdom of Asia Minor ; 

Part i. q, 



ter, succeeding ; in poslerum, for 
the future ; postero die, on the 
next day ; posteri, drum, descend- 
ants, posterity. 

postis, is, m. 3. a door-post. 

postquam, adv. after that. 

postremo et postremum, adv. lastly, 
finally. 

postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of poste- 
rus) last ; ad postremum, at last. 

postulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to ask, 
demand. 

Postumius or -thumius i i 9 m. 2. the 



176 



DICTIONARY. 



name of a patrician family at 
Rome ; Spurius, a consul sent 
against the Samnites, and defeat- 
ed by Pontius. 

potens, tis, adj. powerful. 

pbtentia, ae, /.I. {potens, potentis) 
power, 

potestas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. potis, able) 
power, ability. 

potio, 6nis,f. 3. a draught, potion. 

potior, iri, itus sum, d. 4. (fr. potis, 
able) to be or become master of, 
obtain possession of. 

potissimum, adv. (sup. of potius) 
principally, chiefly. 

pbtitns, a, um, part, of potior. 

potius, adv. (positive not used) ra- 
ther. 

poto, are, dvi, dkom et um, a. 1. to 
drink. 

potus, us, m. 4. a drink, draught. 

prae, (pr. c. abl.) before, for. on ac- 
count of; in comparison of, with 
respect to. 

praealtus, a, um, adj. very high, 
very deep. 

praebeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to show, 
exhibit ; to offer, supply ; spe- 
ciem, to have the appearance of 
For praehabeo, to hold out before 
another. 

praecedo, dire, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (prae 
et cedo) to go before, precede. 

praeceptor, oris, m. 3. (fr. praecipio, 
praeceptum) a preceptor 

praeceptum, i, n. 2. (fr. praecipio) a 
precept, rule, instruction. 

praecido, dire, di, sum, a. 3. (prae 
et caedo) to cut off. 

praecipio, iplre, epi, epium, a. 3. 
( prae et cdpio) to suggest, to pre- 
scribe, command. 

praecipito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
throw ( praecipitem) headlong, 
throw down. 

praecipue, adv. especially 

2)raecijn'us, a, um, adj. particular, 
special; distinguished, chief. Fr. 
praecapio. That which is taken 
in preference to orhers. 



praecludo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. (prae 
et c'iaudo) to shut in the face of, 
shut against, impede. 
praeco, onis, m. 3. a public crier, 
herald. 

praeda, ae, f. 1. prey, booty. 

praedico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
proclaim, affirm, praise. Fr. di- 
co, to tell ; prae, before others. 

praedico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (prae 
et died) to foretel. 

praedictus, a, um, part, of praedico. 

praeditus, a, um, part, endued or 
gifted with. For prae ddtus. 

praedor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to plun- 
der, ravage. 

praefdris, (praefor, not used) dtur, 
dri, dtus sum, dep. 1. to speak be- 
fore, premise, predict. 

flro, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
( prae et fero) to carry before, 
prefer. 

praefinio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. ( prae 
etfinio) to determine beforehand, 
prescribe. 

praeldtus, a, um, part, of praefero. 

praelior et proelior, dri, dtus sum, d. 
1. to fight, engage, join battle. 

praelium et proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, 
battle. 

praemitto, ittlre, Isi, issum, a. 3. 
( prae et mitto) to send before. 

praemium, i, n. 2. a reward. 

Praeneste, is, n. 3. now Palaestrina, 
a town of Latium, about 21 miles 
from Rome. 

praenuntio, dre^ dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
( prae et nuntio) to foretel, fore- 
show, announce. 

praepdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. ( prae 
et pdrd) to prepare, provide. 

praepono, ponere, posui, positum, a. 
3. (prae et pond) to put or set be- 
fore, set over. 

praesens, tis, part, (prae, before, & 
ens, being) present, at hand. 

praesepe, is, n. 3. a crib. 

praesidium, i, n. 2. a guard, garri- 
son, defence. Fr.praesideo. As 
sitting before a place. 



praecldre, adv. excellently, glori- \praestans, tis, part, of praesto ; also, 

ously. I adj. excellent, surpassing. 

praecldrus, a, um, adj. (prae et eld- prae stantia, ae,f. 1. (fr. praestans^ 

rus) very clear or bright; dis-j tis) excellence, pre-eminence, su- 

tinguished, glorious ; quanto prae-\ periority. 

clarius, how much more glorious, \praesto, stare, stiti } stitum } a. 1, 



DICTIONARY. 



177 



(prae & std) to stand before, be 
superior to ; to execute, perform, 
discharge, make good; se, to 
prove one's self; se fortem, to 
show one's self brave ; praestal, 
it is better ; praestare alicui et 
aliquem aliqua re, to excel one in 
any thing. 

praesum, esse.fui, irr. n. to be (prae) 
at the head of others, to preside 
over, to rule over. 

praetendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. 
to stretch, hold, or put before, to 
allege as an excuse. 

praeter. prep. c. ace. beyond, besides, 
except. 

praeter%pi,, adv. {praeter ea) besides. 
moreover. 

praetereo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, a. irr. 
(praeter et eo) to go or pass by or 
over, go past or beyond. 

praeteriens, euntis, paii,. of praeter- 
eo. 

praeteritus, a, um, part, of praeter -eo, 
past. 

praeterquam, adv. besides, save, ex- 
cept. 

praetorius, a, urn, adj. of or belong- 
ing to a praetor ; (vir) one who 
has been a praetor. 

prdtum, i, n. 2. a meadow. 

pravitas, dtis,f 3. wickedness, de- 
pravity. 

prdvus, a, um, adj. perverse, bad, 
depraved. 

precor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to pray, 
beseech. 

premo. premere, pressi, pressum, a, 
3. to press, press upon, urge. 

pretiosus, a, um, adj. (fr. pretium) 
costly, precious. 

pretium, i, n. 2. the price, value. 

prex, precis, f 3. (nom. & gen. sing 
not used ; plural cases most fre- 
quent) a prayer. 
Pridmus, i, m. 2. the last king of 
Troy, was son of Laomedon. 

prldie, adv. on the day before. 
Priene, es, f. 1. a maritime town of 
Asia Minor at the foot of mount 
Mycale, which gave birth to Bi- 
as. 

prlmo et primum, adv. at the first, at 

first ; quum primum, as soon as 
primoris, e, adj. first; dentes, the 
front teeth, fore-teeth. 



primus, a, um, num. ord. adj. first ; 
prima nocte, in the beginning of 
the night. 

princeps, ipis, adj. chief, foremost, 
principal ; principes, chiefs, prin- 
ces. 

prineipdtus, us, m. 4. (fr. princeps t 
principis) the chief place, a go- 
vernment, sovereignty. 

prior, us, adj. (pos. not in use ; sup. 
primus) the former. 

prius, adv. (pos. not in use ; sup. 
primo vel primum) before, soon- 
er. 

priusquam, adv. sooner than, before 
that. 

privd'tus, a, um, adj. private, one's 
own ; (homo) a private person. 

pro, prep. c. abl. for, instead of; 
pro remedio esse, to serve as a 
remedy. 

prbbdbilis, e, adj. (fr. probo) proba- 
ble. 

prbbllas, dtis,f. 3. (fr. probus) pro- 
bity, honesty. 

proboscis, tdis, f. 3. (-poBooids) the 
trunk of an elephant. 

probus, a, um, adj. honest, upright, 
worthy. 

procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
(pro et cedo) to proceed, go or 
come forth, go on or forward. 

proceritas, dtis. f. 3. (fr. procerus) 
length, height, tallness. 

procerus, a,, um, adj. long, tall. 

procldmo, are, dvi, dtum, n. & a. 1. 
to cry out, exclaim, proclaim. 

proconsul, ulis, m. 3. (pro et consul) 
a Proconsul, one invested with 
the authority of a consul. 

procreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (pro et 
creo) to beget. 

procul, adv. far off; procul dubio y 
without doubt, doubtless. 

procuro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (pro et 
euro) to take care of, manage. 

procurro, currtre, curri et cucurri, 
cur sum, n. 3. (pro et curro) to 
run before or forward, to ex- 
tend. 
prodigium, i, n. 2. a prodigy. 

prodUio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. prodo, pro- 
ditum) treachery, treason. 

proditor, oris, m. 3. (fr. prodo, pro- 
ditum) a betrayer, traitor. 

proditus, a, um, part, of prodo. 



178 



DICTIONARY. 



prodo, dire, dtdi, ditum, a. 3. {pro 
et do) to declare, disclose, betray. 

proelior, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to fight. 

proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, battle. 

prof anus, a. um, adj. profane, not 
sacred. 

profectus, a, um, part, of proficiscor. 

proficiscor, icisci, ectus sum, d. 3. 
to set out on a journey or voyage, 
journey ; to depart. 

prqfiteor, iteri, essus sum, d. 2. {pro 
etfdteor)to confess openly, a vow 
profess ; sapientiam, to make a 
profession of wisdom. 

profugio, ugere, iigi, n. 3. {pro et 
fugio) to flee for succour, take 
refuge. 

profugus, a, um, adj. fleeing, fugi- 
tive : subst. a fugitive, exile. 

profundus, a, um, adj. deep. 

progredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 3. 
( pro et grddior) to go on or for- 
ward, advance, proceed. 

prohlbeo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to keep 
off. hinder, prohibit. Fr. habeo 
to hold, and pro, i. e. porro or 
procul. 

prohibitus, a, um, part, of prohibeo. 

projicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {pro 
et jdcio) to throw forth or away. 

proldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {pro et 
labor) to glide forward, fall. 

prolapsus, a, um, part, of proldbor. 

proldto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to en- 
large, extend. 

proles, is,f. 3. an offspring, progeny, 
race. 

Prometheus, i, m. 2. a son of Jape- 
tus, who su rpassed all mankind 
in cunning and fraud. 

promitto, titer e, isi, issum, a. 3. {pro 
et mitto) to promise. 

promontorium, i, n. 2. a promonto- 
ry. 

prombveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. ( pro 
et moveo) to move forward, make 
to advance, extend. 

propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.to pro- 
pagate. 

prope, pr. et adv. (propius, proxime) 
nigh, beside, near. 

propensus, a, um, part. & adj. {fr. 
propendeo) hanging forward, in- 
clined towards ; favourable to, 
prone to. 



propero, are, dvi, dtum, n. h to 
hasten. 

propinquus, a, um, adj. {fr. prope) 
near ; propinqui, relations. 

propior, us, adj. comp. {fr. prope) 
nearer. 

propono, ponere, posui, positum, a. 3. 
{pro et pono) to put or set before, 
propose ; mihi propositum est, I 
have made up my mind, I intend 
on purpose. 

Propoutis, idis, f 3. a sea which has 
a communication with the Eux- 
ine by the Thracian Bosphorus, 
and with the Aegaean by the 
Hellespont, now called the Sea 
of Marmora. 

propositus, a, um, part, of propono. 

proprie, adv. particularly, properly. 

proprius, a, um, adj. peculiar, pro- 
per, one's own, personal. 

propter, pr. c. ace. for, on account 
of, by reason of. 

propulso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 
fr. propello) to drive away, repel. 

prbpylaeum, i, n. 2. {-r:poitv\aiov) the 
vestibule or porch of a temple or 
palace ; propylaea, the row of 
columns which led to the Acro- 
polis at Athens. 

pro»-a, ae, f 1. {npupa) the prow of 
a ship. 

prorsus, adv. entirely, wholly. 

proscribo, bere, psi, plum, a. 3. {pro 
et scribo) to proscribe. 

prosecutus, a, um, part, of prose- 
quor. 

prosequor. qui, quietus et cuius sum, 
d. 3. ( pro et sequor) to follow af- 
ter, attend. 

Proserpina, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
Ceres and Jupiter, carried away 
by Pluto. 

prospectus, us, m. 4. {fr. prospicio, 
prospectum) a prospect. 

prospere, adv. prosperously. 

prospicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to 
look forward, view. 

prosterno, sternere, strdvi, stratum, 
a. 3. ( pro et sterno) to overthrow, 
prostrate. 

prostrdtus, a, um, part, of proster- 
no. 

prosum,desse,fui, irr. n. {pro et sum) 

I to do good, be profitable, avail. 



DICTIONARY. 



179 



Protagoras, ae, m. 1. a Greek phi- 
losopher of Abdera in Thrace. 

protenus, adv. immediately. 

protero, terere, trivi, tritum, a. 3. 
{pro et tiro) to tread or trample 
upon, crush. 

protr actus, a, um, part, of protraho. 

protrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (pro et 
trdho) to defer, protract, prolong. 

provenio, venire, veni, ventum, nA. 
{pro et venio) to proceed or come 
forth. 

prdvincia, ae, f. 1. a province. 

provbcdtio, onis, f. 3. ( fr. provoco, 
dtum) a challenge, defiance, ap- 
peal. 

provoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (proet 
vocn) to call forth, challenge, pro- 
voke; ad aliquem, to appeal to 
one. 

prozime, adv. {sup. fr. prope) near- 
est, next, very near. 

proximus, a, um, adj. very near, 
neighbouring, next. 

prudens, tis, adj. (fr. p?'ovidens) 



pugna, ae, f. 1. a combat, battle. 

pugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fight, 
combat. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, et cer, cra t 
crura, adj. fair, beauteous. 

pulchritudo, inis, f. 3. fairness, 
beauty. 

pullus, i, m. 2. the young of any 
creature. 

pulsus, a, um, part, of pello. 

Punicus, a, um, adj. Punic, Cartha- 
ginian. 

puniendus, a, um, part, of punio. 

punio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to punish. 

pupillus, i, m. 2. a pupil. 

puppis, is,f. 3. the stern of a ship. 

pur go, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr.pu- 
rus) to make clean, cleanse, 
purge, purify. 

purpura, ae,f 1. the shell-fish from 
which purple die was produced, 
the purple muscle ; purple. 

purpurdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. purpu- 
ra) clothed in purple ; purpuraii^ 
courtiers. 



provident, prudent, wise. \purpureus, a, um, adj. purple. 

prudentia, ae,f. 1. providence, ]?m-purus, a, um, adj. pure, clear, 
dence, knowledge. pusillus, a, um, adj. very little or 



psittdcus, i, m. 2. a parrot. 

Psophidius, a, um, adj. of Psophis. 

Psophis, idis, f. 3. a city of Arca- 
dia. 

Ptolemaeus, i, m. 2. the name of 
several kings of Egypt. 

pubUce, adv. publicly, by public au- 
thority, at the common charge or 
cost. 

Publicola et Poplicola, ae, m. 1. a 
name given to Publius Valerius, 
on account of his great populari- 

publicus, a, um,adj. public ; ex pub- 
lico, from public means. 

Publius, i, m. 2. a Roman praeno- 
men. 

pudibundus, a, um, adj. ashamed. 

pudor, oris, m. 3. shame, modesty. 

puer, eri, m. 2. a boy ; pueri, child- 
ren. 

puerilis, e, adj. (fr. puer) boyish, 
childish, puerile. 

pueritia, ae,f 1. (fr.puer) boyhood, 
childhood. 

pugio, onis, m. 3. a dagger, po- 
niard. 



small. 

puteus, i, m. 2. a well. 

puto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to think. 

putresco, escere, ui, inc. 3. to rot, 
putrefy. 

Pyd?ia,ae,f. 1. a town of Macedo- 
nia, originally called Citron. 

Pijgmaei, drum, m. 2. the Pygmies 
or dwarfs. 

pijra, ae,f 1. (-vpd) a funeral pile. 

pyrdmis, idis, f. 3. a pyramid. 

Pyrenaei, orum, m. 2. (montes) a 
ridge of high mountains, which 
separate Gaul from Spain, and 
extend from the Atlantic to the 
Mediterranean. 

pyrites, ae, m. L (irvpirris) the fire 
stone. 

Pyrrhus, i, m. 2. a king of Epirus, 
who supported the Tarentines in 
their war against the Romans. 

Pythagoras, ae, m. 1. a celebrated 
philosopher, born at Samos. 

Pythagoreus, i, m. 2. a Pythagorean, 
a disciple of Pythagoras. 

Pythia, ae, f. 1. the priestess of 
Apollo at Delphi. 



q2 



180 



DICTIONARY. 



a 

quadrdgestmus, a, um, ord. num. 

adj. the fortieth. 
quadrdginta, card. num. adj. ind. 

forty. 
quadriennium, i, n. 2. the space of 

four years. 
quadriga, ae,f. 1. a chariot drawn 

by four horses. 
quadringentesimus, a, urn, ord. num 

adj. the four hundredth. 
quadringenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 

four hundred. 
quadrupes, pedis, adj. (fr. pes) four- 
footed. 
quaero, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to 

seek, search, ask, inquire; quae- 

ritur, it is asked. 
quaestio, onis, f 3. (fr. quaero) a 

question. 
quaestor, oris, m. 3. (fr. quaero) a 

quaestor. 
quaestus, us, m. 4. (fr. quaero, quae- 

situm) a trade ; gain, profit. 
qudlis, e, adj. of what kind or sort, 

as. 
quam, adv. & conj. how, how much, 

as much, as ; than. 
quamdiu, adv. as long as. 
quamquam, conj. how much soever, 

although, though. 
quamvis, conj. although, though. 
quando, adv. when, since, seeing 

that. 
quanto, adv. by how much. 
quantoptre, adv. how greatly, kow 

much, as greatly. 
quantum, adv. as much as, how 

much. 
quantus, a, um, adj. how great. 
quantuslibet, quantalibet, quantum- 

libet, adj. as great as you please ; 

how great soever; in quantalibet 

multitudine, in the greatest mul- 
titude. 
quapropter, adv. for what reason. 

wiry, wherefore. 
quare, adv. on which account, 

wherefore. 
quartus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 

fourth. 
quasi , adv. as if. 
quatriduum, i, n. 2. the space of 

four days. 
quatiwr, card. num. adj. ind. four. 



quatuordecim, card. num. adj. ind. 
fourteen. 

que, conj. and, also. 

queo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n. to be 
able. 

quercus, us,f. 4. an oak. 

qutror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. to com- 
plain, lament. 

quesius, a, um, pa.rt. of queror. 

qui, quae, quod, pro. who, which, 
what. 

qui, adv. how, in what manner. 

qui, conj. because. 

quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque, 
pro. whosoever, whoever, what- 
ever. 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam et quid- 
dam, pro. a certain one, one ; qui- 
dam homines, certain men. 

quidem, adv. indeed, truly, certain- 
ly, at least; ne...quidem, not- 
even. 

quies, etis,f. 3. repose, rest, quiet. 

quin, conj. but, however,, but that. 

quindecim, card. num. adj. fifteen. 

quingentcsimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the five hundredth. 

quingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
five hundred. 

quinquageni, distr. num. adj. every 
fifty. 

quinquagesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the fiftieth. 

quinquaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
fifty. 

quinque, card. num. adj. ind. five. 

quinquies, num. adv. five times. 

quintus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
fifth. 

quis, quae, quod et quid, pro. inter- 
rog. who, which, what 1 

quisnam, quaenam, quodnam et quid- 
nam, pro. interrog. (quis et nam) 
for who, who, who then 1 

quisquam, quaequum, quidquam et 
quicquam, pro. any one ; nee quis- 
quam, and no one. 

quisque, quaeque, quodque et qitid- 
que, vet quicque, pro. every man, 
every one, each, every. 

quisquis, quaequae, quidquid et quic- 
quid, pro. whoever, whosoever, 
whatever, whatsoever. 

quivis, quaevis, quodvis et quidvis, 
pro. any one you please, whoever, 
every one. 



DICTIONARY. 



181 



quo, adv. whither, why ; (as a conj.) 

to the end that, in order that, 

that. 
quod, conj. because, since, that. 
quominus, or quo minus, adv. that 

not. 
quombdo et quo modo, adv. in what 

manner, how. 
quondam,, adv. formerly. 
quoniam, conj. since. 
quoque, conj. also. 
quot, adj. ind. how many. 
quotannis, adv. every year, annual- 

quolidie, adv. daily. 

qubties, adv. how often, as often as. 

quum, conj. since; adv. when. 

R. 

radius, i, m. 2. a rod or staff; a 

ray. 
radix, ids, f. 3. a root. 
rdmosus, a, urn, adj. full of boughs 

or branches. 
ramus, i, m. 2. a branch, bough. 
rdna, ae,f. 1. a frog. 
rdpina, ae,f. 1. (fr. rapio) robbery, 

rapine, pillage. 
rapio, ere, ui, turn, a. 3, to seize for- 
cibly, rob. 
raptor, oris, m.3. (fr. rapio, raptum) 

a robber. 
rapturus, a, um, part, of rapio. 
raptus, a, um, part, of rapio. 
raritas, dtis, f 3. rareness, rarity, 

scarcity. 
rdro, adv. seldom. That is, thinly. 

Fr. rarus. 
rdrus, a, um, adj. thin, scanty ; 

scarce, rare. 
ratio, onis, f. 3. (fr. reor, rdtus) 

reason, a reason. 
rdtis, is, f. 3. a float, raft, boat, 

ship. 
rdtus, a, um, part, of reor. 
raucus, a, um, adj. hoarse, harsh, 

hoarse sounding. 
rebello, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. to wage 

(bellum) war against, rebel. 
recedo, dire, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (re et 

cedo) to retire, withdraw, retreat, 

recede. 
recens, tis, adj. new, recent ; adv. 

recens nati, new-born childrea. 
receptus, a, um, part, of recipio. 



recessus, its, m. 4. (fr. recedo, reces- 

sum) a retreat, recess. 
recipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. 3. 

(re et cdpio) to take again, take 

back, receive, recover ; animam, 

to come to one's self again, to 

recover one's senses; se, to come 

back, return. 
recoctus, a, um, part, of recoquo. 
recognosco, noscere, novi, nitum, a. 

3. (re et cognosco) to recognise. 
recolligo, ligere, legi, ledum, a. 3. 

(re et colligo) to gather up again, 

collect again, recollect. 
reconditus, a, um, part, of recondo, 

hidden. 
recondo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (re 

et condo) to lay up, hide. 
recoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (re et 

coquo) to boil or seeth again. 
recorddtio, onis, f. 3. recollection, 

remembrance. 
recreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

creo) to create again, renew, to 

bring to life again. 
recte, adv. right, rightly. 
rectus, a, um, adj. straight, right, 

upright. jFY. rego, rectum, 
recupero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to get 

back, recover. 
rcdditus, a, um, part, of reddo. 
reddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (re et 

do) to give back, restore, return ; 

verba, to repeat ; rationem, to 

give a reason ; gratiam, to repay 

a favour. 
redeo, ire, ii, raro ivi, itum, n. irr. 

(re et eo) to go or come again, 

return. 
rediens, euntis, part, of redeo. 
redigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. (re 

et ago) to bring back, reduce. 
redimo, imere, emi, emptum et em- 

turn, a. 3. (re et emo) to buy back, 

recover, redeem. 
reducendus, a, um, part, of reduco. 
reduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (re et du- 

co) to lead back ; in gratiam, to 

reconcile. 
refer o, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr. (re 

etfero) to bring back ; gratiam, 

to evince gratitude ; beneficium, 

to return a benefit ; victoriam, to 

gain a victory ; imaginem, to 

take a likeness ; referre ad ali- 

quam rem, to refer to something, 



182 



DICTIONARY. 



refluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. (re etfluo) 

to flow back. 
refugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 

(re etfugio) to fly back. 
regia, ae, f. 1. a palace. That is, 

regia domus. 
regina, ae, f 1. (fr. rex, regis) a 

queen. 
regio, onis, f 3. a district, region, 

clime. 
regius, a, um, adj. (fr. rex, regis) 

royal. 
regno, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. (fr. reg- 
num) to reign, rule, govern ; reg- 
ndtur, imp. it is ruled. 
regnum, i, n. 2. (fr. rex, regis) a 

kingdom, government. 
rego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to govern, 

rule. 
regredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 3, 
(re et grddior) to go back, return. | 
regressus, a, urn, part, of regredior. 
Regulus, i, m. 2. M. Attilius, sl Ro- 
man consul during the first Pa- 
nic war. 
reldtus, a, um, part, of refero. 
relicturus, a, um, part, of relinquo. 
relidus, a, um, part, of relinquo. 
religio, 6nis,f. 3. religion. 
relinquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, a. 
2. (re et linquo) to leave behind, 
leave. 
reliquiae, drum, f. 1. the remains, 
relics, remainder. Fr. reliquus. 
reliquus, a, um, adj. (fr. relinquo) 

remaining, the rest. 
remdneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2. (re et 
mdneo) to tarry behind, remain. 
remedium, i, n. 2. (fr. medeor) a re- 
medy. 
remitto, wdttere, mlsi, missum, a. 3, 
(re et mitto) to send back, return. 
remotus, a, um, part, of removeo. 
removeo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. (re 

et moved) to remove. 
remus, i, m. 2. an oar. 
Remus, i, m. 2. the brother of Ro- 
mulus. 
renovo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

novo) to renew. 
renuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
nuntio) to report, inform, make 
known. 
reor, reri, rdtus sum, d. 2. to think, 
believe. 



repdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

pdro) to repair, renew. 
repente, adv. suddenly. 
reptrio, erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. (re 

etpdrio) to find out, discover. 
repertus, a, um, part, of reperio. 
repeto, ere, Ivi et ii, Hum, a. 3. (re 

et pcto) to ask again, demand 

back. 
repleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. (re el 

pleo) to fill again, fill up, reple- 
nish. 
repono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (re 

etpono) to place again, replace. 
reporto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

porto) to bring or carry back, 

bear off. 
repraesento, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to 

represent. 
repudio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cast 

off, disown, divorce. 



requiro, rere, sivi, sltum, a. 3. (re 

et quacro) to seek back, demand, 

require. 
res, rei,f. 5. a thing, affair, matter, 

subject ; res gestae, exploits; res 

familiaris, property, substance. 
reservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to re- 
serve, retain, spare. 
resideo, sidere, sedi, n. 2. (re et se- 

deo) to sit down. 
reslmus, a, um, adj. crooked, bent 

back. 
resisto, sistere, siili, stitum, n. 3. 

(re et sisto) to resist, withstand. 
rlsolvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. (re et 

solvo) to unloose, dissolve. 
respondeo, dere, di, sum, n. 2. (re el 

spondeo) to answer ; respondetur, 

imp. it is answered. 
responsum, i, n. 2. an answer. 
respiMica, reipublicae, f.\. & 5. a 

commonwealth, state, republic. 
respuo, uere, id, a. 3. (re et spuo) to 

spit out, reject. 
restituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (re et 

stdtuo) to replace, restore. 
retineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. 2. 

(re et teneo) to hold or keep back, 

detain. 
revera et re vera, adv. in very deed, 

in reality, truly. 
reverentia, ae,f. 1. reverence. 
reversus, a, um, part, of revertor t 

having returned. 



DICTIONARY. 



183 



reverto, tire, ti, sum, n. 3. (re et ver- 
to) and reverter, ti, sus sum, d. 3 
to return. 

reviresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be- 
come or grow green again. 

revbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
vbco) to call back, recall. 

revolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (re et 
volo) to fly back. 

rex, regis, m. 3. a king. 

Rhadamanthus, i, m. a son of Jupi- 
ter and Europa, so celebrated for 
justice, that the ancients have said 
he became one of the judges of the 
infernal regions. 

Rhaeti, arum, m. 2. the inhabitants 
of Rhaetia. 

Rhaetia, ae, f. 1. a country of Eu- 
rope, north of Italy and east of 
Helvetia. 

Rhea, ae.f. 1. Silvia, the mother of 
Romulus and Remus. 

Rhenus, i, m. 2. the Rhine. 

rhinoceros, otis, m. 3. a rhinoceros. 

Rhoddnus, i, m. 2. the river Rhone. 

Rhodius, i, m. 2. a Rhodian. 

Rhodope, es, /. 1. a high mountain 
of Thrace. 

Rhodus, i, f. 2. now Rhodes, a ce- 
lebrated island of the Mediterra- 
nean sea, at the south of Caria. 

Rhynddcus, i, m. 2. a large river of 
Mysia, in Asia Minor. 

rldeo, dere, si, sum, n. et a. to laugh, 
deride, ridicule. 

rldiculus, a, urn, adj. (fr. rldeo) 
ridiculous, laughable. 

rigeo, ere, ui, n. 2. (piylw) to be cold. 

rigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rigeo) se- 
vere. 

rigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to water, 
moisten, bedew. 

rlpa, ae,f. 1. the bank of a river. 

rlsus, us, m. 4. (fr. rideo, risum) 
laughter. 

Hxor, art, dtus sum, d.l.to quarrel, 
dispute. 

robur, oris, n. 3. oak. Hence any 
thing hard and strong, strength ; 
militum, the bravest, the flower 
of the troop. 

robustus, a, um, adj. hard and strong 
like (robur) oak, strong, robust. 

rogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ask, beg. 

rogus, i, m. 2. a funeral pile. 

Roma, ae, f. 1. a city of Italy, the 



capital of the Roman empire, 

situate on the banks of the river 

Tiber. 
Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman. 
Romanus, i, m. 2. a Roman. 
Romulus, i, m. 2. the founder of 

Rome. 
ros, roris, m. 3. dew. 
rostrum, i, n. 2. a beak, snout. 
rota, ae,f. 1. a wheel. 
rotundus, a, um, adj. round like a 

(rota) wheel. 
ruber, bra, brum, adj. red. 
rudens, Us, m. 3. a cable, rope. 
rudis, e, adj. uncultivated, rude, 

rough. 
ruina, ae,f. 1. (fr. ruo) a downfall, 

ruin, destruction. 
rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, a. 3. 

to break, break off. 
ruo, ere, i, itum et turn, n. 3. to fall, 

fall down, rush headlong, go to 

ruin. 

rupes, is, f 3. a rock. 
ruptus, a, um, part, of rumpo. 
rursus, adv. again. 
rus, ruris, n. 3. the country. 
rusticus, u, um, adj. pertaining to 

the {rus) country, rustic. 
rusticus, i, m. 2. a rustic country- 
man. 
Rutilius, i, m. 2. P. Rufus, a Roman 

consul in the age of Sulla. 
rutilus, a, um, adj. of a red colour, 

bright, glittering. 



Sablnus, %, m. 2. a Sabine, (a peo- 
ple of Italy.) 

sdcer, era, crum, adj. (sup. sacerri- 
mus) sacred. 

sdcerdjos, otis, c. 3. (fr. sdcer) a 
priest, priestess. 

sacrificium, i, n. 2. a sacrifice. 

sacrifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sa- 
crum fdcio) to sacrifice. 

sacrum, i, et sacra, drum, n. 2. any 
thing consecrated to the gods, a 
sacrifice, sanctuary. 

saepe, adv. (saepius, saepissime) of- 
ten. 

saevio, Ire, ii, Itum, n. i. to rage. 

saevitas,dtis,f. 3. cruelty, barbarity. 

saevus, a, um, adj. severe, cruel, 
savage. 



x84 



DICTIONARY. 



saglno, are, avi, alum, 1. to fatten. 

sagitta, ae,f. 1. an arrow. 

Saguntini, drum, m. 2. the inhabit- 
ants of Saguntum. 

Saguntum, i, n. 2. a town of Hispa- 
nia Tarraconensis. 

salio, Ire, Ivi et ii, et ui, turn, n. 4. 
to leap, bound, dance. 

salsus, a, um, adj. (fr. sal) salt, 
sharp, keen. 

salto, are, avi, atum, n. 1. {freq. of 
salio) to dance. 

saluber, bris, bre, et salubris, bre, adj. 
{fr. salus) healthful, salubrious, 
wholesome, sound. 

salubritas, atis, f. 3. {fr. salubris) 
healthfulness, salubrity. 

salum, i, n. 2. the sea. 

solus, iitis, f. 3. safety, health. 

salutdris, e, adj. {salus, salutis) 
healthful, salutary. 

saluto, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to wish 
{salutem) health to, salute. 

salvus, a, um, adj. safe, sound, un- 
punished. 

Samnltes, um et ium, m. 3. a peo- 
ple of Italy. 

sanctus, a, um, adj. sacred, holy, 
blameless. 

sanguis, inis, m. 3. blood. 

sapiens, tis, adj. { fr. sapio) wise ; 
subst. a wise man, sage. 

sapientia, ae,f 1. wisdom. 

sapio, ere, Ivi et ii, et ui, n. 3. to be 
wise. 

sarcina, ae, f. 1 . a bundle, pack. 

Sardinia, ae, f. 1. the greatest isl- 
and in the Mediterranean after 
Sicily, south of Corsica. 

Sarmdta, ae, c. 1. an inhabitant of 
Sarmatia, (an extensive coun- 
try in the north of Europe and 
Asia.) 

Sarpedon, bnis, m. 3. a son of Ju- 
piter and Europa. 

satelles, itis, m. 3. a guard, satellite. 

satio, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to satisfy, 
satiate. 

satis, adv. in a sufficient degree, 
enough. 

satur, ura, urum, adj. full, satiated. 

Saturnia, ae,f. 1. a name given to 
Italy ,because Saturn had reigned 
there during the golden age. 

Saturnus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus 
and Terra, father of Jupiter. 



saucio, are, dvi t atum, a. 1. to 
wound. 

saxeus, a, um, adj. stony, rocky. 

saxum, i, n. 2. a rock, stone. 

Scamander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated 
river of Troas. 

scateo, ere, n. 2. to flow forth like 
water, to abound. 

scelestus, a, um, adj. (fr. scelus) 
wicked. 

scelus, eris, n. 3. crime, wicked- 
ness. 

scena, ae, f. 1. (ox^) a scene, 
stage. 

Schoeneus, i, m. 2. a king of Arca- 
dia, father of Atalanta. 

Scheria, ae, f. 1. an ancient name 
of Corcyra. 

scientia, ae,f 1. knowledge. 

scio. Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to know. 

Scipio, onis, m. 3. a celebrated fa- 
mily at Rome, who obtained the 
greatest honours in the repub- 
lic. 

scopulus, i, m. 2. {<tk6k£\os) a high 
rock, cliff. 

scorpio, onis, m. 3. a scorpion. 

Scotia, ae,f. 1. Scotland. 

scriba, ae, m. 1. a secretary, scribe. 

scrlbo, bere, psi, ptum, a. 3. to write ; 
leges, to give laws. 

scriptor, oris, m. 3. {fr. scribo, scrip- 
turn) a writer, author. 

scriptiirus, a, um, part, of scribo. 

scriptus, a, um, part, of scribo. 

scrutor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to search 
diligently, examine. 

scutum, i, n. 2. a shield. 

Scylla, ae, f 1. a daughter of Nisus, 
king of Megara. 

Scyros, i, f. 2. a rocky and barren 
island of the Aegaean. 

Scylha, ae, m. 1. a Scythian. 

Scythia, ae, /. 1. a very extensive 
country in the north, including a 
part both of Europe and Asia. 

Scythicus, a, um, adj. Scythian. 

secedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {se et 
cedo) to go apart, withdraw, se- 
cede. 

seco, are, ui, turn, a. 1. to cut. 

sector, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to follow, 
attend or wait upon, to strive to 
attain. 

secum, (i. e. cum se) with himself, 
with herself, with itself. 



DICTIONARY. 



185 



secundus, a, um, adj. second, pros- 
perous ; res secundae, prosperity. 

seciiris, is,f. 3. an axe. 

sed, conj. but. 

sexdccim, card. num. adj. ind. six- 
teen. 

sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, n. 2. to 
sit. 

sedes, is, f 3. a seat ; regni, the seat 
of government. 

seditio, onis, f 3. sedition. 

sedulus, a, um, adj. attentive, dili- 
gent. 

segcs, etis,f 3. a crop. 

segnis, e, adj. slow, slothful, cow- 
ardly. 

sejungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (se et 
jungo) to separate, disjoin, di- 
vide. 

Seleucia, ae, /. 1. a city of Syria on 
the sea-coast, south-west of An- 
tioch. 

slmel, adv. once. 

Semite, es,f. 1. a daughter of Cad- 
mus and Hermione. 

Semirdmis, idis, f. 3. a celebrated 
queen of Assyria. 

semper, adv. always. 

sempiternus, a, um, adj. everlasting. 

Sena, ae,f. 1. or Sena Gallica, now 
Senigaglia, a town of Umbria in 
Italy. 

senator, oris, m. 3. a senator. 

sendtus, its et i, m. 2. & 4. a senate. 

senecta, ae, 1. {fr. senex) old age. 

senectus, litis, f. 3. old age. 

senesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow 
old ; to wane, (of the moon.) 

senex, senis, c. 3. an old person ; adj. 
old, {comp. senior.) 

Senones, um, m. 3. an uncivilized 
nation of Gallia Transalpina. 

sensus,- its, m. 4. {fr. sentio, sensum) 
sense, feeling. 
I sententia, ae, f. 1. a sentiment, 

thought, opinion, proposition 
I sentio, tire, si, sum, a. 4. to feel, be 

sensible of, observe. 
\ sepelio, elire, ellvi, ultum, a. 4. to 

bury. 
Isepes, is.f. 3. a hedge. 
Iseptem, card. num. adj. ind. (sTrra) 
seven. 

Iseptentrio, onis, m. 3. the north. 

Isepties, num. adv. seven times. 



septimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. se- 
venth. 

septingentesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the seven hundredth. 

septingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
seven hundred. 

septuageslmus, a, um } ord. num. adj. 
the seventieth. 

septuaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
seventy. 

sepulcrum, i, n. 2. (fr. sepelio, sepuU 
turn) a tomb, grave, sepulchre. 

sepultura, ae,f 1. burial, interment. 

sepultus, a,, um, part, of sepelio. 

Sequdna, ae, m. 1. now the Seine , 
a river of Gaul, which separates 
the territories of the Celtae and 
Belgae. 

sequor, qui, quutus vel cutus sum, d. 
3. to follow. 

serenus, a, um, adj. fair, serene. 

Sergius, i, m. 2. the name of a fa- 
mily at Rome. 

sermo, onis, m. 3. discourse, speech, 
conversation. 

sero, adv. late, too late. 

sero, serere, sevi, satum, a. 3. to sow, 
plant. 

serpens, tis, c. 3. a serpent. Fr. 
serpo, to creep. A creeping 
thing. 

Sertorius, i, m. 2. Quintus, a Ro- 
man general, who established 
himself in Spain, and was final- 
ly assassinated by his own offi- 
cers. 

servio, Ire, Ivi et ii, Hum, n. 4. to 
be a slave, serve in the capacity 
of a servant or slave. 

servitium, i, n. 2. slavery. 

servitus, tutis,f. 3. slavery. 

Servius, i. m. 2. Tullius, the sixth 
king of Rome. 

servo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to save, 
preserve, watch, guard. 

servus, i, m. 2. a slave. 

sestertium, i, n. 2. a sestertium (the 
name of a sum, not of a coin), 
equivalent to 1000 sestertii, or 
$37.50. 

sestertius, i, m. 2. a sesterce, two 
asses and a hal f. For semistertius. 
The first an as, the second an as, 
the third half an as. A sesterce 
was equal to 3| cents. 



186 



DICTIONARY. 



Sestos vel Sestus, i, f. 2. a town of 
Thrace, on the shores of the Hel- 
lespont, exactly opposite Abydos 
on the Asiatic side. 

seta, ae,f. 1. a bristle. 

Setia, ae, f. 1. now Sezza, a city 
of Campania, near the Pontine 
marshes, celebrated for its wines. 

Setlnus, a, um, adj. of Setia, Se- 
rine. 

severus, a, um, adj. grave, severe, 
harsh. 

sex, card. num. adj. ind. (?{) six. 

sexagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the sixtieth. 

sexaginta, card. num. adj. ind. sixty. 

sexcentesimus, a, urn, ord. num. adj 
the six hundredth. 

sexcenli, ae, a, card. num. adj. six 
hundred. 

sextus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
sixth. 

si, conj. if; si quando, if at any 
time ; si quis, if any one ; si 
quid, if any thing. 

sic, adv. so, thus, in this way. 

Siccivs, i, m. 2. V. Dentatus. 

siccus, a, um, adj. dry. 

Sicilia, ae, f. 1. the largest and most 
celebrated island of the Mediter- 
ranean, at the bottom of Italy. 

Siciilus, a, um, adj. Sicilian. 

sicut et siciiti, adv. as, as it were, 
as if. 

Sidon, 6nis,f. 3. the oldest and most 
powerful city of Phoenicia. 

Sido?dus, a. um, adj. Sidon ian. 

sidus, eris, n. 3. a star. 

significo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (sig- 
num etfacio) to make a sign, sig- 
nify, declare, express, designate. 

signum, i, n. 2. a sign, token; im- 
age, statue; standard, ensign, 
flag. 

silentium, i, n. 2. (/r. sileo) silence. 

Silenus, i, m. 2. a demi-god, the 
preceptor and attendant of the 
god Bacchus. 

sileo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be silent. 

silva, ae,f. 1. a wood or forest. 

slmia, ae,f. 1. an ape. 

similis, e, adj. (similior, simillimus) 
like, resembling, similar. 

similiter, adv. in like manner,alike. 

Simois, enti et entos, m. 3, a river 



of Troas, which rises in mount 
Ida, and flows into the Xanthus. 

Simonides, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
poet of Ceos. 

simplex, ids, adj. single, simple. 

simul, adv. together, at once, at 
the same time, as soon as. 

simulacrum, i, n. 2. an image. Fr. 
simulo. That is, a fictitious ap- 
pearance. 

simulo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to feign, 
pretend. 

sin, conj. but if. 

sine, prep. c. all. without. 

singuldris, e, adj. singular, remark- 
able ; certamen singulare, a sin- 
gle combat. 

singuli, ae, a, distr. num. adj. sin- 
gle, one by one, each, every; 
singulis mensibu,s, every month ; 
singulis singulas partes, to each 
a share. 

sinister, tra, trum, adj. left. 

sino, sinere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to per- 
mit, allow. 

sinus, us, m. 4. a bosom ; a bay, 
gulf. 

siquis, qua et quae, quod et quid, pro. 
if any one or thing, if any. 

sitio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. et a. 4. to 
thirst, be thirsty ; to thirst after, 
desire earnestly, covet. 

sitis, is,/. 3. thirst. 

situs, a, um, pari, of sino, situated, 
placed. 

sire, conj. or if, whether. 

sobrius, a, um, adj. sober. 

sbcer, eri, m. 2. a father-in-law. 

socidlis, e, adj. of or pertaining to 
allies, or confederates, social, 
confederate. 

societas, dtis,f. 3. society, alliance, 
confederacy. 

socius, i, m. 2. a partner, an ally. 

socordia, ae, f. 1. indolence, sloth, 
carelessness. 

Socrates, is, m. 3. the most celebra- 
ted philosopher of all antiquity, 
was a native of Athens. 

sol, solis, m. 3. the sun. 

soleo, ere, itus sum, n. p. 2. to use, 
be accustomed or wont. 

solidus, a, um, adj. whole, massive, 
solid. 

soliludo, inis, f. 3. {fr. solus) a lone- 



DICTIONARY. 



187 



]y place, desert ; solitude, retire- 
ment. 
solitus, a, um, part, of soleo. 
sollers et solers, tis, adv. ingenious, 

skilful, expert, sagacious, shrewd . 
sollertia et solertia, ae,f. 1. ingenui- 
ty, sagacity, dexterity. 
Solon, onis, m. 3. one of the seven 

wise men of Greece, born at Sa- 

lamis, and educated at Athens. 

He framed a celebrated code of 

laws for the Athenians. 
solstitium, i, n. 2. the solstice, the 

longest day. Fr. sol, solis ; and 

sto, statum. The standing still 

of the sun. 
solum, i, n. 2. the ground, soil, 

earth, land. 
solum, adv. only, alone. 
solus, a, um, gen. solius, dat. soli h 

adj. alone. 
solutus, a, um, part, of solvo. 
solvo, vere, vi, iitum, a. 3. to loose, 

unloose ; dissolve, melt ; solve, 

explain. 
somnio, are, dvi,dtum, n. l.to dream. 
somnus, i, m. 2. sleep. 
sonitus, us, m. 4. (Jr. sono, sonitum) 

a sound, noise, din, clamour. 
sono, are, ui, itum, raro, dvi, alum, 

n. 1. (sonumfacio) to sound, make 

a noise, resound. 
sonus, i, m. 2. a sound. 
sorbeo, here, but, ( psi) ptum, a. 2. to 

sup up, suck in, drink up. 
sordidus, a, um, adj. (fr. sordes, 

filth) filthy, foul, sordid. 
sbror, oris, f. 3. a sister. 
spa? go, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to scatter, 

spread about, sprinkle. 
sparsus, a, um, part, of spar go. 
Sparta, ae,f. 1. a noble city of Pe- 
loponnesus, the capital of Laco- 

nia, called also Laced aemon. 
Spartacus, i, m. 2. a gladiator. 
Spartdnus, i, m 2. a Spartan. 
Sparli, drum, m. 2. (Tnraproi) a race 

of armed men said to have sprung 

up from the dragon's teeth sown 

by Cadmus. 
spartum., i, n. 3. (vtvaoTov) a kind of 

Spanish broom. 
spdtiosus, a, um, adj. {fr. spdtium) 

spacious. 
spdtium, i, n. 2. room, space. 

Part I. b 



species, ei,f. 5. (fr. specio) a form, 
appearance. 

specio, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to see. 

spectdculum, i, n. 2. (fr. specto) a 
spectacle, public sight or show. 

specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. specio) to view frequently or 
much, contemplate, observe, re- 
gard, relate to. 

specus, iis, m. formerly/, sometimes 
n. 4. a cave, den. 

spelunca,, ae,f 1. a cave, den. 

spe.ro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to hope, 
entertain hope. 

spes, ei, f. 5. hope ; praeter spem t 
contrary to expectation. 

Speusippus, i, m. 2. an Athenian 
philosopher, nephew and succes- 
sor of Plato. 

Sphinx, ngis, f 3. (£<£ty£) a monster 
sent info the neighbourhood of 
Thebes by Juno. 

spina, ae,f 1. a thorn,prickle, sting. 

spiritus, iis, m. 4. breath. 

spiro, are, dvi, dtum, n.l.to breathe. 

spissus, a, um, adj. thick, close, firm. 

splendeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to shine, glit- 
ter. 

splendidus, a, um, adj. (fr. splendeo) 
bright, splendid. 

splendor, oris, m. 3. brightness, 
splendour. 

spolio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to strip, 
plunder, spoil. 

spblium, i, n. 2. spoil, plunder, 
booty. 

spondeo, spondere, spopondi, spoy>- 
sum, a. 2. to promise or under- 
take, pledge one's word. 

sponsa, ae,f. 1. a bride. Fr. spon- 
deo, sponsum. One engaged or 
betrothed. 

spontis, genit. et in abl. sponte, f. 3. 
(from the obsolete noun spons ; 
all the other cases wanting) of 
one's own free will, spontaneous- 

Spunus, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon to many of the Romans. 

squama, ae,f. 1. a scale. 

stdbulum, ij n. 2. a stall, stable. 
Fr. sto. A place where cattle 
stand. 

stadium, i, n. 2. (ardStov) a place 
where they contended in wrest- 



188 



DICTIONARY. 



ling and in the race; also, 125 
paces. 

stannum, i, n. 2. tin. 

stdtim, adv. immediately. 

stdtio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. statum) a sta- 
tion, post ; navium, an anchoring 
place. 

stdtua, ae, f 1. (Jr. statuo) a sta- 
tue. 

sldtudrius, i, m. 2. {fr. stdtua) a 
statuary, maker of statues, sculp- 
tor. 

statuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to set 
up , hold, maintain, judge, re- 
solve, decree. Fr. sto, statum, 

stdtutus, a. urn, part, of statuo. 

Stella, ae,f 1. a star. 

sterilis, e, adj. barren, unfruitful, 
steril. 

slerto, ere, ui, n. 3. to snore. 

stipes, itis, m. 3. the trunk of a tree, 
a stake, log. 

stirps, is, f. 3. a root, stem, stock ; 
a stock, race, lineage. 

sto, stare, sllti, statum, n. 1. to stand. 

Stoici, drum, m. 2. (Utoikoi) the Sto- 
ics, a celebrated sect of philoso- 
phers founded by Zeno. 

stoliditas, Otis, f 3. folly, stupidity 

stolidus, a, um, adj. foolish, dull 
silly. 

strdges, is, f 3. {fr. sterno, strdvi) 
an overthrow, havoc, devasta- 
tion. 

Strang ulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
choke, strangle. 

slrenue, adv. strenuously. 

strenuus, a, um, adj. active, strenu- 
ous, valiant, bold. 

strepitus, us, m. 4. (fr. strevo, to 
make a harsh noise) a harsh 
noise, clashing, din, bustle. 

Strophddes, um, f. 3. two small is- 
lands in the Ionian sea, on the 
western coast of the Pelopon- 
nesus. They are now called 
Strivali. 

struo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to pile up 
raise up, build, erect, construct 
insidias, to lay snares, lie in am- 
bush, waylay. 

struthiocamelus, i, m. 2. (arpovOioKd' 
fjrj\og) an ostrich. 

Strymon, bnis, m. 3. a river rising 
in mount Haemus, which sepa- 



rates Thrace from Macedonia, 
and falls into a part of the Ae- 
gaean, called Strymonicus sinus, 
or G. of Contessa. 

studeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to attend to, pur- 
sue, study ; side with, favour. 

studiose, adv. attentively, studious- 

]y- 

studium, i, n. 2. study, attention, 
diligence ; eagerness, zeal. 

stultitia, ae,f. 1. folly. 

stultus, a, um, adj. foolish. 

stupeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be stupified j 
to be amazed, astonished, sur- 
prised. 

stupidus, a, um, adj. stupid, silly, 
simple. 

stumus, i, m. 2. a starling. 

suddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. to devise, 
exhort, persuade. 

sudvis, e, adj. sweet, pleasant, agree- 
able. 

sudvitas, dtis,f 3. sweetness, plea- 
santness, suavity, grace. 

sudviter, adv. sweetly, pleasantly, 
agreeably. 

sub, prep. c. ace. et abl. under, to- 
wards, near to, at. 

subduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {sub et 
duco) to take away, remove, with- 
draw. 

subd.uctus, a, um, part, of subduco. 

subeo, Ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. {sub 
et eo) to go under, undergo, sus- 
tain. 

subigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. {sub 
et ago) to bring under, reduce, 
subdue. 

subito, adv. suddenly. 

subltus, a, um, adj. sudden, unlook- 
ed for, unexpected. Fr. subeo, 
subitum. 

subldtus, a, um, part, of tollo. 

subllmis, e, adj. lofty, elevated, sub- 
lime. 

submergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. (sub et 
mergd) to overwhelm. 

submersus, a, um, part, of submer- 
go- 

subrideo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. (sub et 
rldeo) to smile gently. 

subsilio, silire, siltvi, silii et silui, 
sultum, n. 4. (sub et sdlio) to leap 
up. 

substituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {sub 



DICTIONARY. 



189 



et stdtno) to put under, put in the 

J>lace of, substitute. 
ter, prep. c. ace. et abl. under. 

subterrdneus, a, um, adj. (siti et ter- 
ra) that is, under ground, subter- 
ranean. 

subvenio, venire, veni, ventum, a. 4. 
(sub et venio) to come to one's as- 
sistance, succour, relieve. 

subvblo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (sub et 
volo) to fly up. 

succedo, ctdere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
{sub et cedo) to come or go under, 
succeed. 

successor, oris, m. 3. (fr. succedo, 
successum) a successor. 

succus, i, m. 2. juice. 

suffer 0, snffere, sustuli, subldtum, irr. 
a. (sub etfero) to bear, sustain. 

sufficio, ficere, feci, fectum, n. 3. 
(sub et fdcio) to suffice, be suffi- 
cient. 

suffodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. 3. 
(sub etfodio) to dig under, under- 
mine. 

suffossus, a, urn, part, of suffodio. 

suffrdgium, i, n. 2. a vote, suffrage, 
choice. 

sui, sibi, se, pro. reciprocal, (of all 
genders, and of both numbers) 
of himself, herself, itself, or them- 
selves, to himself, &c. himself, 
&c. 

Sulla et Sylla, ae, m. 1. the cogno- 
men of a family in the gens Cor- 
nelia ; Lucius Cornelius, the ri- 
val of Marius, made himself per- 
petual dictator at Rome. 

Sulpicius et Sulpitius, i, m. 2. Gal- 
lus, a celebrated astrologer in the 
age of Paulas. 

sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be ; (with a 
dative) to serve for ; terrori esse, 
to excite terror. 

summus, a, um, adj. (sup. of superus) 
the highest, greatest ; in summa 
aqua, on the surface of the water, 

sumo, sumere, sumsi et sumpsi, sum- 
turn et sumptum, a. 3. to take. 

sumius et sumptus, a, um, part, of 
sumo. 

sumtus et sumptus, us, m. 4. charge, 
expense. 

supellex, ectilis, f 3. household fur- 
niture. 



super, prep. c. ace. et abl. (fr. vrlp) 
above, over, upon. 

superbe, adv. proudly, haughtily, 
arrogantly. 

superbia, ae,f. 1. pride, haughtiness, 
arrogance. 

superbio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. to be 
proud. 

superbus, a, um, adj. proud, haugh- 
ty- 

superfiuus, a. um, adj. superfluous. 

superior, us, adj. (comp. of superus) 
higher, the upper. 

super jdcio, jdcere, jtci, jactum, a. 3. 
(super et jdcio) to cast, throw, or 
shoot over. 

super 0, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sur- 
pass, overcome, conquer. That 
is, to be (super) above others. 

super stttiosus, a, um, adj. supersti- 
tious. 

supersum, esse, fui, irr. n. to sur- 
vive, remain behind. 

superus, a, um, adj. (comp. superior^ 
sup. supremus vel summus) above, 
upper, on high. Fr. super. 

supervdeuus, a,um, adj. superfluous. 

supervenio, venire, vtni, ventum, n. 
4. (super et venio) to come upon 
suddenly, surprise j to come, ap- 
pear. 

super volo, are. dvi, dtum,n. 1. (super 
et volo) to fly over. 

suppeto, ere, ivi, itum, n. 3. (sub et 
peto) to serve, be sufficient, be at 
hand. 

supplex, ids, adj. suppliant. 

supplicium, i, n. 2. punishment. 

suppono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. 
(sub et pono) to put one thing or 
person in place of another, sub- 
stitute. 

supra, prep, et adv. above, over, up- 
on. 

surdus, a, um, adj. deaf. 

Surena, ae, m. 1 . a powerful officer 
in the armies of Orodes, king of 
Parthia. 

surgo, surgtre, surrexi, surrectum, 
n. 3. to rise. 

sus, uis, c. 3. ((rvg) a swine, hog. 

susceptus, a, um, part, of suscipio. 

suscipio, expire, cepi, ceptum, a. 3. 
(sub et cdpio) to take up, take in. 
hand, undertake. 



190 



DICTIONARY. 



suspectus, a, um, fart, et adj. sus- 
pected, mistrusted, suspicious. 

suspendo, dire, di } sum, a. 3. {subet 
pendo) to hang up, suspend, keep 
in suspense. 

suspensus, a, um, part, of suspendo. 

xuspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {sub 
et specio) to suspect. 

suspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {sub et 
specio) to suspect, mistrust ; sus- 
pect, surmise. 

sustento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. sustineo) to sustain, uphold, 
support ; sustentari, to maintain 
one's self, live. 

sustineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 2. 
{sub et teneo) to sustain, support, 
bear. 

suus, a, um, pro. {fr. sui) one's own, 
its own, proper, peculiar. 

sylldba, ae, f. 1. (o-uXXa/?*)) a sylla- 
ble. 

SypJiax, dcis, m. 3. a king of the 
Masaesyli in Libya, taken pri- 
soner and carried to Rome by 
Scipio. 

Syraciisae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated 
city of Sicily, founded about 
732 B. C, by Archias, a Corin- 
thian. 

Syria, ae, f. 1. a large country of 
Asia. 

Syridcus, a, um, adj. Syrian. 



tdbesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to con- 
sume, languish, pine away. 

tabula, ae, /. 1. a board, tablet, ta- 
ble ; picta, a picture. 

tdceo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to be si- 
lent. ^ 

iactus, us, m. 4. {fr. tango, tactum) 
the touch. 

taedet, taedebat, iaeduit, taesum est, 
taedere, imp. it irks or wearies ; 
vitae me taedet, I am weary of 
life. 

Taendrus et os, i, m. etf. 2. et Tae- 
ndrum et on, i, n. 2. a promonto- 
ry of Laconia, now Cape Mata- 
pan. 

tdlentum, i, n. 2. {rdXavrov) a talent. 

talis, e, adj. such, of this or such 
kind. 



talva, ae,f. 1. a mole. 

tarn, adv. so, so much ; tarn diu, as 
long as. 

tdmen,conj. notwithstanding, never- 
theless, however, yet. 

Tanais, is, m. 3. now the Don, 
which in ancient times separat- 
ed European and Asiatic Sarma- 
tia. 

Tandquil, Uis,f. 3. called also Caia 
Caecilia,w?LS the wife of Tarquin, 
the fifth king of Rome. 

tandem, adv. at length, at last, final- 
ly- 

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, a. 3. 
to touch. 

tanquam et tamquam, adv. as, just 
as, as it were. 

Tantalus, i, m. 2. a king of Lydia, 
son of Jupiter. 

tanto, adv. by so much. 

tantopere, adv. so much, so greatly. 

tantum, adv. only. 

tanlus, a, um, adj. so great, so 
much ; tanti est, it is worth 
while. 

tarde, adv. slowly. 

iarditas, dtis, f. 3. slowness or dul- 
ness of intellect. 

tar do, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
slow, retard, impede. 

tardus, a, um, adj. slow, dull. 

Tarentinus,a,um,adj. of Tarentum; 
Tarentini, the Tarentines. 

Tarentum, i, n. 2. now Tarento, a 
town of Calabria in Italy. 

Tarpeia, ae, f. 1. the daughter of 
Tarpeius, the governor of the ci- 
tadel of Rome, opened the gates 
to the Sabines. 

Tarpeius, a, um, adj. Tarpeian; 
mons, a hill at Rome, the same 
as the Capitoline, so called from 
Tarpeia. 

Tarquinii, drum, m. 2. now Tarchi- 
na, a town of Etruria. Tarqui- 
nius Priscus was born or educat- 
ed there. 

Tarquinius, i, m. 2. Priscus, the 
fifth king of Rome, successor to 
AncusMartius ; Superius, grand- 
son of the former, succeeded his 
father-in-law Servius Tullius 
and was the seventh and last 
king of Rome. 



DICTIONARY. 



191 



Tartarus et os, i, m. 2. et Tartdra, 
drum, n. 2. the lower world. 

Taurica, ae, f. 1. Chersonesus, a 
large peninsula of Europe, at the 
south-west of the Palus Maeotis, 
now called the Crimea. 

Taurus, i, m. 2. the largest range of 
mountains in Asia as to extent. 

taurus, i, m. 2. (ravpog) a bull. 

Taygetus, i, m. 2. et Taygeta, orum, 
n. 2. a mountain of Laconia, in 
Peloponnesus, at the west of the 
river Eurotas. 

tectum, i, n. 2. (fr. tego, tectum) a 
roof, house. 

tectus, a, um, pari, of tego. 

teges, etis, f. 3. (fr. tego) a mat or 
rug. 

tego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to cover, 
protect. 

tegumentum, i, n. 2. {fr. tego) a co- 
vering. 

telum, i, n. 2. a weapon, dart, ar 
row. 

temtre, adv. without reason, with- 
out cause, by chance, at random, 
inconsiderately. 

Tempe, n. pi. ind. a vale in Thessa- 
ly, through which the river Pe- 
neus flows into the Aegaean. 

temperies, iei, f. 5. a temperate cli- 
mate, temper ateness. 

tempestas, dtis,f. 3. bad weather; a 
storm, tempest. 

templum, i, n. 2. a temple. 

tempus, oris, n. 3. time ; ad tempus, 
at the appointed time ; ex tern 
pore, without premeditation or 
previous study, extempore. 

temulentus, a, um, adj. drunk 
drunken. 

Undo, tendere, tetendi, tensum. a. 3. 
to stretch out, extend. 

tenebrae, drum, f 1. darkness. 
teneo, ere, ui, turn, «. 2. to hold, have 
possess, occupy; to understand 
know ; to occupy, beset ; portum 
to reach the harbour. 
tento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to try, at- 
tempt, prove. 
Tentyritae, drum, m. 1. the inhabit- 
ants of Tentyra. 
tenuis, e, adj. thin, slender, fine 
tepesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow 
warm or tepid. 



tepidus, a, um } adj. warm, tepid, 
lukewarm. 

ler, num. adj. thrice. 

tergum, i, n. 2. the back ; a tergo, 
from behind ; ad terga, behind. 

termino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
bound, terminate. 

terminus, i, m. 2. a bound, limit, 
end. 

Terminus, i, m. 2. a divinity of 
Rome who was supposed to pre- 
side over bounds and limits. 

terni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
three, three. 

terra, ae,f. 1. the earth, land. 

terreo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to fright- 
en, terrify. 

terrestris, e, adj. (fr. terra) terres- 
trial. 

terribilis, e, adj. terrible. 

terrtto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
of terreo) to terrify often or 
much. 

territorium, i, n. 2. (fr. terra) a ter- 
ritory. 

territus, a, um, part, of terreo. 

terror, oris, m. 3. great fear, terror. 

tertio, num. adv. the third time. 

tertius, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
third. 

testa, ae, /. 1. an earthen vessel, a 
tile, shell. 

testdmentum, i, n. 2. (fr. testor) a 
testament or will. 

testudo, inis, f. 3. a tortoise. 

Teutbnes, um, m. 3. a name given 
to several united tribes of Germa- 

texo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to weave, 

braid, plat. 
thalamus, i, m. 2. (OaXapj) a cham- 
ber. 
Thales, is et etis, m. 3. one of the 

seven wise men of Greece, born 

at Miletus in Ionia. 
Thasus et os, i, f. 2. a small island 

in the Aegaean, on the coast of 

Thrace. 
thedtrum, i, n. 2. (Qearpov) a theatre. 
Tkebae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated 

city, the capital of Boeotia. 
Thebdnus, a, um, adj. of Thebes, 

Theban. 
Themistocles, is, m. 3. a celebrated 

general, born at Athens, 



r2 



192 



DICTIONARY. 



Theodorus, i, m. 2. a philosopher of timeo, ere, ui, a. et n. 2. to fear, be 
Cyrene, disciple to Aristippus. j afraid of, dread. 

Thermodon, ontis, m. 3. now Ter- timidus, a, um, adj. fearful, timid. 
niah, a famous river of Cappado- timor, oris, m. 3. fear, dread, 
cia, in the ancient country of the tinnitus, us. m. 4. tingling. 



Amazons. 



\tintinnabulum, i, n. 2. a bell. 



Theseus, i, m. 2. king of Athens, titio, 6?ns, m. 3. a fire-brand, 
and son of Aegeus. was one of idlero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, 



the most celebrated of the heroes 
of antiquity, 

Thessdlia, ae, /. 1. a country of 
Greece, situate to the south of 
Macedonia. 

Thessdlus, a, um, adj. Thessalian ; 
subst. a Thessalian. 

Thestius, i, m. 2. the father of Al- 
thaea. 

Thetis, idis, f 3. one of the sea dei- 
ties, daughter of Nereus and Do- 
ris ; she married Peleus,by whom 
she became mother of Achilles. 

Thracia, ae, f. 1. a large country of 
Europe, lying to the east of Ma- 
cedonia. 

Thracius, a, um, adj. Thracian. 

Thrasybidus, i, m. 2. a famous gene- 
ral of Athens, who expelled the 
thirty tyrants of his country. 

thus, thuris, n. 3. frankincense. 

Tiber et Tiberis, is, m. 3. a river of 
Italy, on whose banks the city of 
Rome was built, 

tibiccn, cinis, m. 2. (for tibiicen, fr. 
tibia, a flute, pipe, and cand) a 
player on the flute ; a piper. 

Ticinum, i, n. 2. now Pavia, a town 
near the mouth of the river Tici- 
nus. 

Ticlnus, i, m. 2. now the Tesino, a 
river of Gallia Cisalpina, falling 
into the Po near Ticinum. At 
the mouth of this river the Ro- 
mans under Cornelius Scipio 
were defeated by Hannibal. 

Tigrdnes, is, m. 3. a king of Arme 
nia. 

Tigranocerta, ae, f. 1. now Sered, 
the capital of Armenia, built by 
Tigranes. 

tigris, is et idis, m. et f. (riypig, i 
fi,) a tiger or tigress. 

Tigris, is et idis, m. 3. a large river 
of Asia, rising in the mountains 
of Armenia Major, and falling 
into the Euphrates. 



suffer, tolerate. 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, subldtum, a, 3. 
to raise, lift up, lake away, do 
away with. 

tondeo, tondere, totondi, tonsum, a, 
2. to clip, shear, shave. 

tonitrus, its, m. 4. in abl. sing, toni- 
tru, et in dat. plur. tonitribus : 
item tonitruum, i, n. 2. et in plur. 
tonitrua, (fr. tono,tonitum,) thun- 
der. 

tono, are, ui, Hum, n. 1. to thunder. 

tormentum, i, n. 2. (for torquimen- 
tum, fr. torqueo) a machine for 
hurling stones, darts, &c. 

Torqudtus, i, m. 2. a surname given 
to T. Manlius, from a collar (tor- 
ques) taken by him in single com- 
bat from a gigantic Gaul. 

torquis et torques, is, m. et f. 3. (fr. 
torqueo, to twist) a chain for the 
neck, a collar. 

tot, adj. ind. so many. 

tot idem, adj. ind. as many, just so 
many. 

totus. a, um, adj. whole, entire. 

trabs, is, f 3. a beam. 

tracto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. traho) to handle ; undertake,, 
manage. 

tractus, us, m. 4. a track, region, 
country. 

tractus, a, um, part, of traho. 

trddtius, a, um, part, of trado. 

trddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (trans 
et do) to give over, consign, de- 
liver ; to relate, teach ; traditur, 
it is said, report says. 

tragicus, a, um, adj. (rpayiKdg) tra- 
gic ; poeta, a tragic poet. 

trdgoedia, ae.f. 1. (rpaycoSia) a tra- 
gedy. 

traho, here, xi, ctum., a. 3. to draw; 
bellum, to protract the war ; li- 
quidas o,quas trahere, to flow with 
a clear stream. 

trdjicio, icire, eci, ectum, a. 3. tram 



DICTIONARY. 



193 



etjdcio) to throw or cast over 
transport. 

trdmes, His, m. 3. a cross-way ; any 
way, road, or path. 

trdno, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {trans et 
no) to swim over. 

tranquille, adv. calmly, tranquilly. 

tranquilhtas, dtis, f. 3. calmness, 
tranquillity. 

trauquillus, a, um, adj. calm, tran- 
quil. 

trans, pr. c. ace. on the farther side 
of, beyond, over. 

transactus, a, um, part, of transigo. 

transeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, n. irr. 
{trans et co) to go or pass over or 
beyond, to go through. 

transfero, fcrre, tuli. latum, irr. a 
{trans etfero) to carry or bring 
over, transfer, transport ; sc ad 
aliquem, to go over to one. 

transfigo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. {trans 
etfigo) to run through, transfix 
pierce. 

transfiiga, ae, m. 1. a deserter, fugi- 
tive. 

transgrzdior , gredi. gressus sum. d. 
3. {trans et grddior) to go or pass 
over, cross. 

transigo, igerc, egi. actum, a. 3. 
{trans et ago) to pass, spend ; to 
accomplish, perform, transact. 

transllio, Ire, ivi et ii et ui, n. 4. 
{trans et sdlio) to leap, bound, or 
jump over. 

transiturus, a, um, part, of transeo. 

transldtus, a, um, po.rt. of transfero. 

transmarinus, a, um, adj. beyond 
the sea. 

transno. V. trano. 

transveho,here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {trans 
et veho) to carry over, transport. 

transvblo, are, dvi, dturn, n. 1. {trans 
et volo) to fly over. 

Trasimenus et Thrasymenus, i, m. 2. 
a lake of Etruria near Perusia,ce- 
lebrated for a battle fought there 
betweenAnnibal and the Romans. 



trecentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
three hundredth. 

tredceim, card. num. adj. ind. thir- 
teen. 

trcmulus, a, um, adj. {fr. tremo, to 
tremble) trembling, tremulous. 

tres, tria, ium, ibus, card. num. adj. 
three. 

Treviri, drum, m. 2. a nation of 
Gallia Belgica, between the Mo- 
sella or Moselle, and Silva Ar- 
duenna. 

triangularis, e, adj. triangular. 

tribunus, i, m. 2. a tribune. 

tribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to give, 
assign, attribute, impart, bestow. 

tributum, i, n. 2. {fr. tribuo) tribute. 

tributus, a, um, part, of tribuo. 

tricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
thirtieth. 

triduum, i, n. 2. {fr. tres et dies) the 
space of three days ; per triduum, 
for three days. 

triennium, i, n. 2. the space of three 
years. 

trigcmlni, drum, m. 2. three born at 
a birth, three twin brothers. 

triginta, card. num. adj. thirty. 

Trinacria, ae.f. 1. one of the an- 
cient names of Sicily, from its 
three promontories {rpeis dxpai.) 

Triptolemus, i, m. 2. a son of Ce- 
leus, king of Attica, born at Eleu- 
sis. 

triumphdlis, e, adj. triumphal. 

triumpho, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 
triumph. 

triumphus, i, m. 2. a triumph. 

triumvir, viri, m. 2. a triumvir, one 
of three men jointly employed to 
execute any public office. 

Troas, adis, f. 3. a district on the 
Aegean coast of Mysia in Asia 
Minor. 

trochilus, i, m. 2. a wren. 

Troglodijtae, drum, m. 1. a people 
of Aethiopia, on the coast of the 
Sinus Arabicus, who dwelt in 



Trebia, ae, f. et m. a river of Gallia 1 caves. 

Cisalpina, which fell into the Po Troja,ae,f. 1. the capital of Troas. 

near Placentia. At its mouth Trojdnus, a, um, adj. Trojan. 

Annibal obtained a victory over trux, trncis, adj. cruel, savage, 

the Romans. i fierce. 

trecenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. three tu. tui, tibi, te,pro. thou, yoa. 

hundred. ' tuba, ae,f. 1. a trumpet. 



194 



DICTIONARY. 



tuber, eriSj n. 3. a bunch, protuber- 
ance. 

Pubicen, inis, m. 3. (tuba et cdno) a 
trumpeter. 

tueor, tueri, tuitus et tutus sum, d. 
2. to preserve, guard, protect. 

tugurium, i, n. 2. a hut. 

Tullia, ae, f. 1 . a daughter of Ser- 
vius Tullius, who married Tar- 
quin the Proud. 

Tullius, i, m. 2. V. Cicero. 

Tullus, i, m. 2. Hostilius, the third 
king of Rome. 

turn, adv. then ; turn demum, then 
at length. 

tumidus, a, um, adj. swollen, swell- 
ing, tumid. 

Pwmultus, us, m. 4. a tumult, uproar. 

tumulus, i, m. 2. a little hill, mound, 
tomb. 

tunc, adv. then, at that time. 

tunica, ae, f. 1. a tunic (an under 
garment worn by the Romans.) 

turbo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to con- 
found, disturb, throw into confu- 
sion. 

turgidus, a, um, adj. swollen, infla- 
ted, turgid. 

turma, ae,f. 1. a troop or squadron 
of horse. 

turpis, e, adj. base, disgraceful, dis- 
honourable. 

turpitiido, inis,f. 3. deformity, ugli- 
ness ; disgrace, infamy. 

turris, is, f. 3. a tower. 

tus. V. thus. 

Tuscia, ae,f. 1. the same as Etruria. 
Tusculum, i, n. now Frascati, a 
town of Latium in Italy, about 
12 miles from Rome. 

Tuscus, a, um, adj. Tuscan, Etrus- 
can, Etrurian. 

tutor, oris, m. 3. (fr. tueor, tutus) a 
guardian, tutor. 

tutus, a, um, adj. safe. 

tuus, a, um, adj. pro. thine, thine 
own, yours, your own. 

Pyrannis,%dis,f. 3. (n>pai/j/t?)tyranny 
arbitrary or despotic power. 

tyrannus, i, m. 2. (rvpawog) a king 
prince ; a tyrant, usurper, despot. 
Tyrius, a, um, adj. Tyrian. 
Tyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Tuscan. 
Tyrus et Tyros, i, f. 2. a very an- 
cient city of Phoenicia, built by 



the Sidonians, on a small island 
at the south of Sidon, and now 
called Sur. 

U. 

uber, eris, n. 3. a teat, dug, udder. 

ubcrtas, dtis, f. 3. fertility, fi uitful- 
ness. 

ubi, adv. where, in what place ; 
when, as soon as. 

ue, adv. every where, in every 
place. 

ulciscor, cisci, tus sum, d. 3. to pun- 
ish, revenge. 

ullus, a, um, adj. any, any one. 

ulterior, us, adj. comp. (pos. not used) 
farther. 

ulterius, adv. farther, beyond. 

ultimus, a, um, adj. sup. (comp. ulte- 
rior) the last, farthest. 

ultra, pr. c. ace. beyond, on the far- 
ther side of; adv. beyond that, 
besides, moreover. 

ullus, a, um, part, of ulciscor. 

Ulysses, is, m. 3. a king of Ithaca, 
son of Anticlea and Laertes, one 
of the leaders in the war against 
Troy. 

umbra, ae,f. 1. a shade, shadow. 

umbrosus, a, um, adj. shady. 

una, adv. together, all at once. 

uncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curved, 
bent. 

unde, adv. out of what place, 
whence. 

undecim, card. num. adj. ind. ele- 
ven. 

undenonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the eighty-ninth. 

undequinquagesimus, a, um, adj. the 
forty-ninth. 

undequinquaginta, card. num. adj. 
ind. forty-nine. 

undetricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the twenty-ninth. 

undevicesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the nineteenth. 

undique, adv. from all parts, from 
all sides. 

unguis, is, m. 3. a nail, claw, talon, 

lungula, ae,f. 1. a hoof; a claw, ta- 
lon. 

unicus, a, um, adj. only, single, 
alone ; excellent, distinguished. 



DICTIONARY. 



195 



unio, onis, m. 3. a pearl. 

universus, a, um, adj. whole, uni- 
versal. 

unquam, adv. ever ; nee unquam, 
and ever. 

units, a, um, card. num. adj. one, 
single, alone. 

unusquisque, unaquaeque, unurn- 
quodque et unumquidque, adj. 
every, every one. 

urbs, is,f. 3. a city ; the city, Rome. 

uro, urere, ussi, ustum, a. 3. to burn. 

ursus, i, m. 2. a bear. 

usque, adv. till, until, as far as. 

usus, a, um, part, of utor. 

usus, us, m. 4. use, practice, custom 

ui, conj. as, like as ; that, in order 
that, to the end that. 

utcunque, adv. howsoever, whenso- 
ever, to a certain degree, how 
ever much. 

uter, tra, trum, adj. which of the 
two. 

liter que, trdque, trumque, adj. both, 
each. 

Utica, ae, f. 1. a celebrated city of 
Africa Propria, on the coast of 
the Mediterranean. 

utilis, e, adj. (fr. utor) useful. 

utor, uti, usus sum, d. 3. to make 
use of, enjoy. 

utrinque, adv. on both sides. 

utrum, adv. whether. 

uva, ae,f. 1. a grape ; passa, a rai- 
sin. 

uxor, oris,/. 3. a wife. 

V. 

vdeo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to be free 

from. 
vacuus, a, um, adj. void, empty, 

free from, vacant. 
vddosus, a, um, adj. having frequent 

fords, shallow, shelvy. 
vddum, i, n. 2. a ford, shallow. 
vagina, ae, f. 1. a scabbard, sheath, 
vdgitus, us, m. 4. a crying like a 

child, lamentation, weeping. 
vdgor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go to 

and fro, wander, rove. 
vagus, a, um, adj. wandering, roam 

ing ; uncertain, wavering. 
vdleo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to be strong, 

prevail, have force, avail ; vale, 

farewell. 



Valerius, i, m. 2. a proper name 
among the Romans. 

vdlidus, a, um, adj. (fr. vdleo) 
strong, powerful. 

vallis, is,f. 3. a valley. 

vdpulo,dre, dvi, dtum, irr. p. (serves 
as a pass, to verier o) to be beaten, 
be whipped or scourged. 

vdrietas, dtis,f 3. variety, diversi- 
ty, change. 

vdrio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to diver- 
sify, vary, change. 

vdrius, a,, um, adj. various, change- 
able. 

vas, vdsis, n. 3. et in plur. vasa } 
drum, n. 2. a vessel. 

vasto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to lay 
waste, desolate. 

vastus, a, um, adj. vast, wide, am- 
ple, immense. 

rates, is, m. 3. a prophet ; a poet, 
bard. 

ve, conj. or ; ve — a negative prefix, 
as in vecors. 

vecordia, ae,f. 1. (fr. vecors, vecor- 
dis) madness. 

vecors, dAs, adj. (fr. ve et cor) with- 
out mind, frantic. 

vectis, is, m. 3. {fr. veho, vectum) a 
lever ; a bolt or bar. 

vectus, a,, um, part, of veho. 

vegetus, a, um, adj. (fr. vegeo, to 
quicken) quick, active, vigorous. 

vehemens, tis, adj. vehement, vio- 
lent. 

vihementer, adv. (ius, issime) vehe- 
mently, exceedingly, very much ; 
vehementius, too much. 

veho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. to carry, 
convey, bear ; vehi curru, to drive; 
equo, to ride. 

Veiens, tis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
Veii. 

Veii, drum, m. 2. a powerful city 
of Etruria, at the distance of 
about 12 miles from Rome. 

vel, conj. or, even ; xel...vel, either... 
or. 

vello, vellere, velli et vulsi, vulsum } 
a. 3. to pluck or pull up. 

vellus, eris, n. 3. a fleece. 

velox, ocis, adj. swift, quick, rapid; 
velocissima venena, the quickest 
poisons. 

velum, i, n. 2. a sail. 

velut, veluti, adv. as, like as. 



196 



DICTIONARY. 



vendlis, e, adj. {fr. veneo) to be sold, 

venal. 
venations, a, um, adj. {fr. venor) of 

or pertaining to the chase ; canis 

venaticus, a hound. 
vendtor, oris, m. 3. a hunter, hunts- 
man 
vendito, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 

oi vendo) to sell 
vendo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {ve- 

num do) to sell. 
venendtus, a, um, adj. poisoned ; 

poisonous, venomous. 
venenum, i, n. 2. poison. 
veneo, ire, ivi et ii, itum et um, irr. 

pass, (serves as a pass, of vendo) 

to be exposed to sale, be sold. 
venio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. to 

come, go. 
venor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to hunt. 
venter, iris, m. 3. the. belly. 
ventus, i, m. 2. the wind. 
Venus, eris, f. 3. the goddess of 

beauty and love, one of the most 

celebrated deities among the an 

cients. 
venustus, a, um, adj. {fr. Venus) 

graceful, handsome, charming. 
ver, veris, n. 3. the spring. 
verber, eris, n. 3. a scourge, whip 

a stripe, blow. 
verber o, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to beat 

strike. 
verbum, i, n. 2. a word. 
vere, adv. truly. 

vereor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. to reve- 
rence, fear, care for. 
ver go, gere, sine pret. et sup. n. 3. 

to incline or decline, bend, lie, 

or look towards. 
verisimilis, e, adj. (verus et similis) 

like the truth, probable. 
Veritas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. verus) truth 
veritus, a, um, part, of vereor. 
vero, conj. but ; adv. certainly, in 

truth, indeed. 
Verona, ae,f. 1. a town of Venetia 

in Italy, on the Athesis. 
versor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to fre- 
quent, remain, dwell ; to dwell 
on a subject, be employed about 
a thing. 
versus et versum, pr. c. ace. towards. 
F 1 ". verto. versum. So as to be 



vertex, icis, m. 3. the crown or top 
of the head ; the top or summit 
of any thing. 
verto, tere, ti, sum t a. 3. to turn, 

change, alter. 
veru, u, n. 4. a spit. 
verus, a, um, adj. true. 
vescor, ci, d. 3. (with an abl.) to live 

or feed upon, eat. 
vesperi, adv. at evening ; tarn ves- 

peri, so late. 
Vesta, ae, f. 1. a goddess, whose 
mysteries Aeneas first introdu- 
ced into Italy, and in whose ho- 
nour Numa erected a temple at 
Rome. 
Vestdlis, is, f. 3. a Vestal virgin, 
one of those who took care that 
the sacred fire of Vesta was not 
extinguished. 
vestibulum, i, n. 2. a porch. 
vestigium, i, n. 2. a footstep, track, 

vestige. 
vestio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to clothe. 
vestis, is,f. 3. a garment. 
Vesulus, i, m. 2. now Viso, a large 
mountain of Liguria,in the range 
of the Alpes Maritimae. 
veteranus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus f 

veteris) old ; miles, a veteran. 
veto, are, ui, itum, a. 1. to forbid, 

prohibit. 
Veturia, ae,f. 1. the mother of Co- 

riolanus. 
Veiurius, i, m. 2. a consul defeated 
by the Samnites, and made to 
pass under the yoke. 
vetus, eris, adj. old. 
vetustas, dtis, f 3. {fr. vetus) anti- 
quity. 
vttustus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus) old, 

ancient. 
via, ae, f. 1. a way;, viam dare, to 

make way. 
viator, oris, m. 3. {fr. via) a travel- 
ler. 
viceni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 

twenty, twenty. ^ 
viegsimus, a, um, adj. the twentieth. 
vicies, num. adj. twenty times. 
viciihitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. vicinus) the 

neighbourhood. 
vicinus, a, um,adj. near, neighbour- 
ing, contiguous. 



turned towards. Ad is sometimes \vicis, (gen.) ci, cem, ce, et in plur. 
added : versum ad. I ces } cibus 3 f. 3. a change or turn 



DICTIONARY. 



197 



vicissitude ; heu miseram vicem, 
ah, sad reverse ! postium vicem 
praebere, to supply the place of. 

victima, ae,f. 1. a victim, sacrifice. 

victor, oris, m. 3. (fr. vinco, victum) 
a conqueror. 

victoria, ae,f. 1. (fr. victor , vicibris) 
a victory. 

victurus, a, um, part, of vivo. 

victus, a, um, par. of vinco. 

vicus, i, m. 2. a village, street. 

video, videre, vidi, visum, a. 2. to 
see, behold, look at. 

viduus, a, um, adj. deprived or be- 
reft of, widowed ; mulier viduus, 
a widow. 

vigil, His, m. 3. a watchman. 

vigilia, ae, f 1. a watching; ae, 
drum, pi. a military guard,watch. 

viginti, card. num. adj. ind. twenty 

vilis, e, adj. cheap, of little value, 
mean, vile. 

villa, ae,f. 1. a country-seat, villa. 

villicus, i, m. 2. the overseer (villae) 
of a farm, steward. 

villus, i, m. 2. tufts of hair, shaggy 
hair, long hair. 

vincio, cire, xi, ctum, a. 4. to biud. 

vinco, vincere, vlci, victum, a. 3. to 
conquer ; vinci, to be conquered, 
fail of one's object. 

vinctus, a, um, part, of vincio. 

vinculum, i, n. 2. (fr. vincw) a 
chain ; in vincula conjicere, to 
cast into prison. 

vindex, ids, c. 3. an avenger, de- 
fender, protector, assertor. 

vindico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
avenge, punish, lay claim to. 

vindicta, ae, f. 1. (fr. vindico') re- 
venge, vengeance, punishment. 

vlnum, i, n. 2. (fr. olvnq) wine. 

viblentus, a, um, adj. impetuous,vio- 
lent. 

viblo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to injure, 
violate, profane. 

vir, viri, m. 2. a man. 

vireo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be green or 
verdant, bloom. 

virga, ae.'f. 1. a small branch, rod, 
staff. 

Virgilius, i, m. 2. Publ. Maro, 

called the prince of Latin poets, 
was born at Andes, a village 
near Mantua, about 70 B. C. 



Virginia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of the 
centurion Virginius. 

Virginius, i, m. 2. the father of 
Virginia, made tribune of the 
people after the abolition of the 
decemviral power. 

virgo, inis,f. 3. a virgin or maid, a 
damsel. 

virgula, ae,f 1. (a dimin. of virga) 
a little rod. 

Viriathus, i, m. 2. a shepherd of 
Lusitania, who gradually rose to 
power, and enjoyed for 14 years 
the title of protector of public li- 
berty in the provinces of Spam. 

Viridomdrus, i, m. 2. a king of the 
Gauls. 

virtus, ittis, f. 3. (fr. vir) bravery j 
any excellent quality ; virtue, 
worth, strength, force. 

vis, vis, f. 3. force, might, power ; 
vis hominum, a multitude of men j 
vim facer e^ to do violence to. 

viscus, eris, n. 3. an entrail ; viscera^ 
the bowels. 

Vistula, ae,f. 1. a river falling into 
the Baltic, the eastern boundary 
of ancient Germany. 

Visurgis, is, m. 3. now the Weser, 
a large river of Germany. 

visus, a, um, part, of video. 

visits, us, m. 4. (fr. video, visum) 
the sight. 

vita, ae,f 1. life. 

vitifer, era, erum, adj. (vitis etfero) 
bearing or producing vines. 

vitis, is,f. 3. a vine. 

vito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beware 
of, shun. 

vttupero, are, dvi,dtum, a. 1. (vitium 
et paro) to find fault, blame, cen- 
sure. 

vividus, a, um, adj. lively, active, 
vigorous. 

vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, n. 3. to 
live. 

vivus, a, um, adj. living, alive. 

vix, adv. scarcely. 

vbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to call, 
call upon, summon, invice. 

vblo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to fly. 

v bio, velle, vblui, irr. n. to be wil- 
ling. 

Volsci, brum, m. 2. a people of La- 
tium. 



198 



DICTIONARY. 



volucHs, e, adj. (fr. void) flying, 

winged ; subst. a bird. 
Volumnia, ae,f. 1. the wife of Co- 

riolanus. 
vblvMtas, dtis, /. 3. the will. 
voluptas, dtis,f. 3. pleasure. 
vblido, are. dvi. dtum, a. {fr. volvo, 

volutum) to foil much or often, 

to roll. 
volvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. to roll, 

turn. 
votum, i, n. 2. a vow, prayer, wish. 
vox, vocis, /. 3. a voice, sound, word. 
Vulcdrms, i, m. 2. a god of the an- 
cients, who presided over fire. 
vulgus, i, to. et n. 2. the common 

people, populace. 
vulnero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

wound. 
vulnus, Iris, n. 3. a wound. 
vulpecula, ae,f. 1. a little fox. 
vulpes, is, f 3. a fox. 
vuliur, uris, to. 3. a vulture. 
vultus, us, to. 4. the countenance, 

look, aspect. 



X. 

Xantippe et -thippe, es,f. 1. the wife 
of Socrates. 

Xantippus et -thippus, i, to. 2. a La- 
cedaemonian general who assist- 
ed the Carthaginians in the first 
Punic war. 

Xenocrdtes, is, to. 3. a philosopher 
born at Chalcedon, and educated 
in the school of Plato. 

Xerxes, is, to. 3. 1st, a king of Per- 
sia, succeeded his father Darius. 



Zama, ae,f. 1. a town of Numidia, 
300 miles south-west from Car- 
thage. 

Zeno, onis, to. 3. the founder of the 
sect of the Stoics, born at Citium 
in the island of Cyprus. 

Zethes et -thes, is, to. 3. et Zetus, i, 
to. 2. a son of Boreas, and brother 
of Calais. 



THE END. 



Dean's Stereotype Edition. 
THE 

LATIN READER, 

BY 

FREDERIC JACOBS 

AND 

FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING, 

WITH 

NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 

PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 

AND 
PARTLY DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES, 

BY JOHN D. OGILBY, 

PRINCIPAL OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW-YORK. 



PART SECOND 

FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN EDITION. 



SEVENTH NEW YORK EDITION. 




NEW YORK: 
W. E. DEAN, PRINTER, & PUBLISHER. 

1845. 



Entered, 
According to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 

WILLIAM E. DEAN, 

In the Clerk's office of the Southern District of 
New York. 



STEREOTYPED BY FRANCIS F. RIPLEY, 
NEW YORK. 



CONTENTS OF PART SECOND. 



Page 
First Division. A. Regnum Assynorum, ----- l 

B. Regnum Medorum ct Persarum, 2 

C. Res Atheniensium, ----- 12 

D. De Rebus Lacedaemoniorum - - - 26 

E. Macedonum Imperium, - - • - 31 

F. Res Parthorum, ------ 64 

G. Res Siciliae, - - - - - - - 69 

H. De Hispania GLuaedam, - - - -74 

I. Res Massiliensium, ----- 76 

Second do. Breves e Ciceronis vita Narrationes, - - 79 

Third do. Narrationes breviores ex Ciceronis operibus ex- 

cerptae, --------92 

Fourth do. Narrationes quaedam varii generis, - - - 99 
Fifth do. Notes, 109 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 



ADAPTED TO THE 



EXTRACTS FROM JUSTIN AND NEPOS. 



This chronological Table is divided into three parts : the first com- 
mences with the Creation and terminates at the conquest of Coro- 
ebus, the era from which the Olympiads are counted. The second 
extends to the capture of Corinth by Mammius and the reduction 
of Greece to a Roman province. The third comprises the rest of 
the principal events alluded to in the Extracts, and terminates 
with the restoration of the standards taken by the Parthians from 
Crassus. A few important events, not mentioned in the text, 
have been inserted. 



Year 
of the | R r> 
world. | BC - 



FIRST PART. 



1 



4004 The Creation of the world, according to the Hebrew text of the 
Scriptures. — According to the version of the Septuagint, 
5872.— According to the Samaritan version, 4700.— According 
to Usher, 4000.— According to Josephus, 4163. 
1655 2350 The universal del age. 
1946 2059 Ninus. king of Assyria. 

1998 2007The death of Ninus, after a reign of 52 years. 
2009 1996 Semiramis succeeds him. 
2040 |1965 The birth of Abraham. — Ninyas kills his mother Semiramis, 

I and ascends the throne. 
2134 1571 Moses born in Egypt. 

2449 1556 Commencement of the kingdom of Athens. Cecrops 3 first king. 
2499 1506 The death of Cecrops. Cranaus succeeds him. 

]1497|Amphictyon, king of Athens. The Amphictyonic council 

J established. 
11493 Cadmus introduces Letters into Greece. He builds Thebes. 
1397 Erechtheus, king of Athens. In this reign Triptolemus was 

I taught by Ceres the art of sowing corn, &c. 
1283:Aegeus, king of Athens. 
1263 The Argonautic Expedition. 

1 Theseus, king of Athens. He unites the twelve boroughs of 

Attica. 
[ Troy taken and burnt by the Greeks. 

):Codrus, king of Athens, devotes himself for his country. Athens 
I is governed by perpetual archons. Medon, first archon. 
900 The capture of Nineveh by Arbaces ; the death of Sardana- 
palus, and the fall of the Assyrian Empire. — According to 
Eusebius, A. M. 3185, B. C. 820. 
• The legislation of Lycurgus. 

t The commencement of the kingdom of Macedonia in the per- 
son of Caranus. This kingdom lasted 646 years, until the 
battle of Pydna. 

a2 



2508 



2512 
2608 



2722 

2742 
2771 11234 



2821 
2935 



3105 



3121 
3191 



1184 
1070 



814 



A. 


1 


A. 


1 


A. 


2 


A. 


2 


C. 


1 


C. 


1 


c. 


1 


c. 


1 


c. 


1 



C. 1 



C 2 

A. 3 
& 

B. 1 
D. 1,2 



E. 1 



IV 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 



Year of the 

Olympiads. 



of 
Rome. 



SECOND PART. 



776 
754 



753 
743 



724 
685 

684 



676 
671 

644 
609 
600 



597 
594 



560 
559 



546 



538 
533 



532 
527 



524 
522 



513 
512 

509 

490 
481 
480 



I. 
VL 

IX. 

XIV. 
XXIII. 

XXIV. 



XXVI. 
XXVII. 

XXXIV. 

XLII. 

XLV. 



XLVI. 
LV. 

tvni. 

LX. 
LXI. 

LXII. 

Lxra. 

LX1V. 



LXVI. 
LXVII. 



Lxxn. 

LXXIV. 
LXXV. 



157 

160 

194 
195 

208 

216 
221 

222 

227 

230 
232 

233 

241 
242 

245 

264 
273 

274 



Coroebus first victor in the Olympic games. 
The era from which the Olympiads are 
counted. 

The perpetual archons at Athens are succeed- 
ed by decennial archons. Charops, first 
decennial archon. 

The foundation of Rome by Romulus. 

The first war between the Messenians and the 
Lacedaemonians. 

Perdiccas, king of Macedonia. 

Revolt of the Messenians against the Lacedae- 
monians. — Second Messenian war begins. 

The creation of annual archons at Athens. 
Creon, first annual archon. 

The poet Tyrtaeus general of the Lacedaemo- 
nian army. 

Argaeus, king of Macedonia. 

The capture of Ira, which put an end to the 
second Messenian war. 

Philip 1st, king of Macedonia. 

Aeropus, king of Macedonia. 

Massilia, (Marseilles,) founded by a colony of 
Phocaeans, according to Livy and Eusebius. 
According to Justin, it was founded during 
the reign of Tarquinthe Proud. 

Astyages, the last king of the Medes, ascends 
the throne. 

Solon, archon of Athens, frames a code of laws 
for his country. 

Pisistratus usurps the sovereignty of Athens. 

Cyrus ascends the throne of Persia. The 
commencement of the Persian Empire. 

Croesus crosses the Halys to aid the Babyloni- 
ans against Cyrus, by whom he is defeated. 

Cyrus carries the war into Lydia, subdues the 
country, and makes Croesus his prisoner. 

Cyrus takes Babylon. 

Tarquin the Proud murders Servius Tullius, 
and succeeds him. 

The death of Cyrus. — Cambyses, his son, sue 
ceeds him. 

The death of Pisistratus.— His sons Hippias 
and Hipparchus succeed him. 

Cambyses puts his brother Smerdis to death. 

Death of Cambyses. — Usurpation of Pseudo 
Smerdis. 

The death of Smerdis. — Commencement of 
the reign of Darius, son of Hystaspes. He 
marries Atossa, daughter of Cyrus. 

Harmodius and Aristogiton slay Hipparchus. 
Babylon revolts from the Persians. 

The stratagem of Zopyrus. Capture of Baby 
Ion. 

Darius wages war against the Scythians. He 
conquers Macedonia. 
Hippias expelled, and the tyranny of the Pisis- 
tratidae abolished.— Tarquin the Proud driv- 
en from Rome. Consular government begins. 
Darius invades Greece. — Miltiades defeats the 

Persians at Marathon. 
Xerxes commences his expedition against the 

Greeks. 
The battle of Thermopylae, 7th August. 
Arrival of Xerxes at Athens, towards the 
end of the same month. The battle of 
Salamis, October 19th. The same day 
Gelon defeats the Carthaginian general, 
Hamilcar, at Him era. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



Year of the 
Olympiads 



of 
Rome. 



SECOND PART. 



479 

475 

474 

471 
465 

464 
461 
450 

431 

425 

424 

423 

422 

415 
413 
412 

410 

407 

405 
404 

403 
401 



395 
394 



393 
391 



371 
370 



369 
368 



365 



LXXV. 
LXXVI. 



Lxxvn. 

LXXVI1I. 



LXXIX. 1 

4 

LXXXII. 3 

LXXXVII. 2 

LXXXVIII. 4 

LXXXIX. 1 

2 



XCI. 
XCII. 

xcra. 
xciv. 



xcvi. 



xcvn. 



xcvm. 
en. 



era. 



civ. 



275 

279 
280 

283 

289 

290 
293 
304 

323 

329 

330 

331 

332 

339 

341 

342 

344 
347 

349 
350 

351 
353 



359 

360 



361 

363 
365 

366 
383 

384 

385 



389 
391 



The battle of Plataeae, 22nd September.— The 
battle of Mycale on the same day. 

Anaxilaus, tyrant of Sicily. 

The walls of Athens rebuilt, and its port im- 
proved. 

Themistocles barwshed. 

The death of Xerxes. — Artaxerxes Longima- 
nus succeeds him, and reigns 40 years. 

The third Messenian war begins. 

Cimon goes into exile. 

Cimon conducts an army to the island of Cy- 
prus, where he dies the year following. 

Commencement of the Peloponnesian war, 
which lasts 28 years. 

The death of Artaxerxes Longimanus — Xer- 
xes II. succeeds him. 

The death of Xerxes II. — Sogdianus ascends 
the throne. 

Death of Sogdianus after a reign of 7 months. 
He is succeeded by Darius Nothus. 

A peace of 50 years agreed upon by the Spar- 
tans and Athenians, which is kept only dur- 
ing 6 years and 6 months. 

The expedition of the Athenians to Sicily.— Al- 
cibiades condemned. He retires to Sparta. 

The total defeat of the Athenian army in Sici- 
ly by Gylippus, the Lacedaemonian. 

Alcibiades deserts the Spartans, and goes over 
to the Persians. 

Alcibiades recalled by the army. 

Alcibiades goes again into exile. 
Conon succeeds him. 

Ly sander gains the naval battle of Aegos-Pota- 
mos. — Darius Nothus dies. His son Artaxer- 
xes Mnemon succeeds him. 

Athens taken by Lysander. — End of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. 

Appointment of the 30 tyrants. 
Alcibiades is killed. 

Thrasybulus frees Athens from the 30 tyrants 
A general amnesty. 

The expedition of Cyrus the Younger against 
his brother Artaxerxes. 
The battle of Cunaxa. 
The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. 

The expedition of Agesilaus in Asia. 

The naval battle near Cnidus, in which the 
Athenians, commanded by Conon, come off 
victors. Commencement of Corinthian war. 

Agesilaus, on his return from Asia, conquers 
the Thebans and their allies at Coronaea. 
Conon rebuilds the walls of Piraeus. 

Amyntas II. king of Macedonia. 

Peace of Antalcidas between the Persians and 
Greeks. 

The war of the Spartans with the Arcadians, 

The battle of Leuctra, in which Epaminondas 
defeats the Lacedaemonians. 

Alexander II. king of Macedonia. — Philip, a 
hostage at Thebes. 

Epaminondas attacks Sparta. 

Ptolemy Alorites, king of Macedonia, (V. note 
5, p. 32.) 

Death of Dionysius the Elder. 
Dionysius the Younger succeeds him. 

Perdiccas III. king of Macedonia. 

The battle of Mantinea; victory of Epaminon- 
das : his death. 



B. 
C. 
G. 


19 & 
11 

1 


C. 
C. 


11 
14 


B. 


20 


C. 


17 


C. 


17 


c. 


19 


B. 


21 


B. 


21 


B. 


21 


C. 


18 


C. 


19,22 


C. 


21 


C. 

c. 
c. 
c. 

c. 


23 
24 
27 
28 
23 


B. 


21 


C. 30 
C. 31 
C. 32 
C. 33 
C.34 


B. 


22 


D 


5 


D 


7 


D 
D 
E 


6 
7 
3 


D 


8 


D 
E 

D 


8 

3<fe 
4 
9 


G 
G 
E 


2 
3 

4 



D. 9 



VI 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



362 



360 
366 



355 

348 



347 
343 



341 



337 



335 



333 
332 
331 

330 

328 

327 

325 
324 

323 
322 



317 
315 



310 
307 



Year of the 
Olympiads. 



CIV. 



cv. 

CVI. 



cvm. 
crx. 



ex. 



CXI. 



exit 



cxin. 



cxiv. 



cxvi. 

CXVTL 
CXVIIL 



of 
Rome. 



392 



394 
398 



399 
406 

407 
411 

413 

416 

417 
418 

419 



421 
422 
423 

424 

426 

427 

429 
430 

431 
432 



437 
439 



444 
447 



SECOND PART. 



The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. 
Ochus succeeds him. 

Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. 

The temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt by 
Erostratus. 

On the same day Alexander was born. Dio 
nysius is driven from Sicily. 

Commencement of the third Sacred War. 

Philip takes Olynthus. 
End of the third Sacred War. 

Dionysius returns to Syracuse from Italy. 

Dionysius retires to Corinth after his final 
banishment by Timoleon. 

Philip makes a fruitless attempt upon Byzan- 
tium. — He is victorious in die Chersonese ; 
and makes an expedition to Scythia. 

The battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip de- 
feats the Athenians and Boeotians. The end 
of Grecian Independence. 
Death of Artaxerxes Ochus. 

Philip convenes a council of the Greeks at Co 
rinth. He prepares for the invasion of 
Persia. 

Philip is assassinated by Pausanias. 
Alexander succeeds him. 
Darius Codomannus ascends the throne of 
Persia. 

Alexander continues the preparation for the 
Persian war. 
Revolt of the Thebans. Alexander defeats 

them, and destroys Thebes. 
Alexander passes into Asia. 
Victory of Alexander over the Persians in 
the plain of Adrastia, commonly called the 
battle of the Granicus. 

Dangerous illness of Alexander at Tarsus. The 
battle of Issus. 

Alexander takes Tyre. Egypt submits to Alex- 
ander. — He founds Alexandria. 

Victory of Alexander over Darius at Gauga- 
mela, more commonly called the battle of 
Arbela. 

Alexander destroys Persepolis. Darius Codo- 
mannus assassinated by Bessus. End of the 
Persian Empire. Antipater suppresses the 
rebellion in Greece. 

Alexander subdues the Caucasian tribes.- 
Bessus punished. 

Alexander passes into India. — He conquers 
Porus. 

Alexander returns to Babylon. 

Alexander the Great dies at Babylon, at the 
age of 33. Aridaeus, a natural son of Philip, 
is nominally king. — First division of the em 
pire between the generals. 

The Athenians and Aetolians rise in rebellion 
against Macedon. — Antipater escapes from 
Lamia. 

Antipater, Antigonus, Craterus and Ptolemy 
unite against Perdiccas. — Perdiccas is as- 
sassinated in Egypt. 

Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. 

League of Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus, 
and Seleucus, against Antigonus. 

Agathocles carries the war against the Cartha- 
ginians into Africa. 

Demetrius, son of Antigonus, gains a victory 
over the fleet of Ptolemy.— Antigonus as- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



Vll 



Year of the 
Olympiad* 




of 
Rome. 


CXIX. 


4 


453 


cxx. 


3 


456 




4 


457 


CXXI. 


3 


460 


cxxn. 


3 


464 




4 


465 


CXXIII. 


1 
3 


466 

468 


CXXIV. 


1 


470 




4 


473 


cxxv. 


2 


475 




3 


476 




4 


477 


cxxvi. 


2 
3 


479 

480 


cxxvn. 


1 


482 


cxxix. 


4 
3 


485 
492 


cxxxi. 


2 


499 


CXXXIII. 


2 


507 


CXXXIV. 


2 


511 


CXXXV. 


3 


516 


cxxxvn. 


1 


522 


cxxxvm. 1 


526 




3 


528 


cxxxix. 


1 


530 




3 


532 




4 


533 



SECOND PART. 



sumes the title of king ; the other generals 
of Alexander follow his example. 

Battle oflpsus; death of Antigonus; flight of 
Demetrius. 

Death of Cassander. His son Philip succeeds 
him. 

Death of Philip. Dispute between his sons An- 
tipater and Alexander respecting the crown 
of Macedon. — Antipater kills Thessalonice, 
his mother. 

Demetrius Poliorcetes takes possession of 
Macedonia. 

League of Seleucus, Lysimachus, Pyrrhus, 
and Ptolemy, against Demetrius. 

Death of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. — Deme- 
trius is stripped of the kingdom of Macedon. 
—Pyrrhus obtains the vacant throne. 

Demetrius surrenders himself to Seleucus. 

Lysimachuswrests the crownof Macedon from 
the hands of Pyrrhus. — Death of Demetrius. 

Death of Ptolemy, son of Lagus. His son, 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, succeeds him.-Death 
of Demetrius Phalereus. (V. note 1st, p. 15.) 

Lysimachus is defeated in Phrygia by Seleucus 
and dies.-Seleucus reigns in Macedonia. Se- 
ven months afterwards he is slain by Ptole- 
my Ceraunus, who succeeds him on the 
throne of Macedon. — Antiochus Soter, son of 
Seleucus, succeeds to the throne of Syria. 
Commencement of the Achaean league. 

Irruption of the Gauls into Illyria and Mace- 
donia. They defeat and slay Ptolemy Ce- 
raunus. 

New irruption of the Gauls under Brennus. 
They attempt to plunder the temple at Del- 
phi, but are totally defeated. — Pyrrhus, king 
of Epirus, passes into Sicily. 

Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. — He 
defeats the Gauls. 

Hiero, general of the Sicilians. 

Pyrrhus gets possession of Macedonia, and 
dethrones Antigonus. 

Pyrrhus besieges Lacedaemon, and is repuls- 
ed. — He is slain in an attack upon Argos. 

Hiero II. king of Syracuse. 

Antiochus II. surnamed Theos, succeeds his 
father, Antiochus Soter. 

Arsaces rules over the Parthians ; the dynasty 
of the Arsacidae commences. 

Death of Antiochus II. — SeleucusH surnamed 
Callinicus, succeeds him. 

Death of Antigonus Gonatas. Demetrius H. 
succeeds him. 

Hamilcar goes to Spain with his son, the young 
Hannibal. 

The death of Demetrius n. king of Macedonia. 
Antigonus Doson succeeds him. 

Death of Hamilcar. — Hasdrubal succeeds him 
in Spain. 

Death of Seleucus n. — Seleucus III. (Cerau- 
nus) succeeds him. 

Death of Seleucus in. — His brother, Antio- 
chus the Great, succeeds him. 

Cleomenes, king of Sparta, is defeated by An- 
tigonus and flies to Egypt. — Antigonusmakes 
himself master of Sparta, and then proclaims 
it free. 

Death of Antigonus Doson.— Philip, son of 
Demetrius, succeeds him. 



E.44 
E. 46 
E. 46 

E. 47 

E.47 

E. 48 
G.ll 

E. 48 
E.48 

E.49 
E.48 



E.49 



E. 51 



E. 52, 53 
G. 12 

E. 54 
G. 13 

E. 55 

E. 56 
G. 13 



F. 4 



H. 4 
E.59 
H. 4 

E.61 

E.60 
E. 160 



Vlll 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 


Fear of the 
Oljmpiads. 


of 

Home. 


SECOND PART. 


Reference. 


221 


CXXXIX. 4 


533 


Death of Ptolemy Evergetes. — Ptolemy Phi- 
lopator succeeds him. 


E. 61 


220 


CXL. 1 


534 


Death of Hasdrubal in Spain. — Hannibal suc- 
ceeds him. Lycurgus, king of Sparta. 
Philip sends deputies to Italy, for the purpose 


H. 4 

E. 61 


216 


CXLI. 1 


538 










of making a treaty with Hannibal. 


E. 62 


214 


3 


540 


Laevinus passes into Greece. 


E. 63 


204 


CXLIV. 1 


550 


Philip makes peace with the Romans. End of 
the 1st Macedonian war. 
Ptolemy Epiphanes succeeds his father Phi- 
lopator, though only in the 4th year of his age. 


E. 63 

E. 64 


203 


2 


551 


Antiochus the Great and Philip divide between 
themselves thekingdomof Ptolemy Epiphanes. 


E. 64 


202 


3 


552 


The Romans undertake the guardianship of 
Epiphanes. 


E. 65 


200 


CXLV. 1 


554 


Second Macedonian war. 


E. 65 


197 


4 


557 


Battle of Cynoscephalae ; defeat of Philip by 
Flaminius j end of the second Macedonian 
war. 


E. 65 


195 


CXLVI. 2 


559 


Hannibal flies for refuge to Antiochus the Great. 


E. 66 


194 


3 


560 


Phraates 1st, king of Parthia. 


F. 5 


191 


CXLVH. 2 


563 


Antiochus defeated on land by Acilius Glabrio. 
His fleet defeated by Aemilius. 


E. 67 


190 


3 


564 


Antiochus defeated at Magnesia by Scipio 
Asiaticus. 


E. 69 


189 


4 


565 


The Aetolians conquered by the Romans. — 
Hannibal flies to Prusias, king ofBithynia. 


E. 73 


183 


CXLIX. 2 


571 


Death of Philopoemen. — Hannibal poisons 
himself. — Death of Philip. — His son, Per- 
seus, succeeds to the throne of Macedonia. 
— Mithridates I. succeeds Phraates I. as 
king of Parthia. 


E. 70, 73 

E.72 

F. 5 


171 


CLII. 2 


583 


Third Macedonian war begins. 




163 


CLIII. 1 


586 


Battle of Pydna. — Perseus made captive by the 
Romans. 


E. 74 


147 


CLVin. 2 


607 


The Achaeans drive out the Roman ambassa- 
dors, who were sent to dissolve the league. — 
The Romans declare war against them. 


E. 75, 76 


146 


3 


608 


Capture and destruction of Corinth by Mum- 
mius. — Greece becomes a Roman province 


E. 76 






under the name of Achaia. Commencement 






1 


of the war with Viriathus. 


H. 2 


Ye 
B.C. 


BUT 

of 
Rome. 


PART THIRD. 


Reference. 


13T 


617 


Phraates n. succeeds Mithridates I. 


F. 7 


133 


621 


Attalus dying, bequeaths the kingdom of Pergamus to the 








Roman people. 


E. 77 






Artabanus succeeds Phraates II. 


F. 7 






Mithridates II. succeeds his father Artabanus. 


F. 7 


54 


700 


Orodes, king of Parthia. 


F. 8 


53 


701 


The battle of Carrhae ; defeat and death of Crassus. 


F. 8 


39 


715 


Ventidius kills Pacorus and destroys his army. 


F. 9 






Phraates IV. succeeds his father Orodes. 


F. 10 


36 


718 


Antony is repulsed by the Parthians. 


F. 11 


31 


723 


Phraates is driven from his throne by Tiridates. He is re- 








stored with the assistance of the Scythians. 


F. 11 


20 


734 


The Parthians deliver to Augustus the standards and captives 








taken 


fromt 


tie Romans. 


F.12 



FIRST DIVISION. 



A. REGNUM ASSYRIORUM. 

1. Ninus. (Justin. I. 1.) 

Antiquissimis temporibus primi in Asia Assyrii 1 regnum 
condidisse feruntur. Horum rex Ninus, primum finitimis, 
turn aliis post alios populis perdomitis, totius Orientis populos 
subegit. Postremum ei bellum cum Zoroastre, rege Bactri- 
anorum, 2 fuit, qui primus dicitur artes magicas 3 invenisse, si- 
derumque motus diligentissime spectasse. Hoc occiso et 
ipse decessit, relicto impubere adhuc filio Ninya, et uxore 
Semiramide. 

2. Semirdmis. (Ibid. I. 2.) 

Semiramis nee filio immaturo imperium tradere, nee ipsa 
palam capessere ausa, sexum dissimulans, brachia et crura 
velamentis, caput tiara tegit ; et, ne novo habitu aliquid oc- 
cultare videretur, eodem modo et populum vestiri jussit ; quern 
morem vestis 4 exinde 5 gens universa servavit. Sic Semi- 
ramis primis regni initiis Ninyas esse credita est. 6 Magnas 
deinde res gessit, ita ut mulier etiam viros virtute superare 
videretur. Babyloniam 7 condidit, murumque urbi cocto la- 
tere 8 circumdedit. Nee contenta regni terminos tueri, Ae- 
thiopiam 9 imperio adjecit, et Indiae bellum intulit. Ad pos- 
tremum a filio interfecta est, duo et quadraginta annos post 
Ninum rerum potita. 10 Ninyas contentus imperio a parenti- 
bus sibi tradito, belli studia deposuit, et, veluti sexum cum 
matre mutasset, in feminarum turba consenuit. Posteri ejus 
hoc exemplum secuti sunt. Imperium Assyrii mille trecen- 
tos annos tenuerunt. 

3. Sardanapalus. (Ibid. I. 3.) 

Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapalus, vir muliere 
mollior. Ad quern quum forte Arbaces, Medis 11 a rege prae- 



2 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARXTM, 

positus, venisset invenit eum inter mulierum greges, muliebri 
habitu, lanam tractantem, et pensa virginibus dividentem. 
Q,uibus visis, indignatus Arbaces, tot viros huic feminae 1 
parere, omnem rem ad amicos retulit, negatque 2 se ei obedire 
posse, qui se feminam esse malit quam virum. Fit igitur con- 
juratio. Bellum Sardanapalo infertur. Quo ille audito, pri- 
mum, ut mulieres solent, latebras circumspicit ; mox deinde 
cum paucis et incompositis in bellum progreditur. Victus 
proelio in regiam se recipit, ubi, exstructo incensoque rogo, 
et se et divitias in nammas conjicit ; hoc solo facinore virum 
imitatus. 



B. REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

1. Astyages. (Justin. I. 4.) 

Sardanapalo sublato quum Arbaces rex esset constitutus, 
imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum est. Post multos 
deinde reges ad Astyagem descendit. 3 Hie aliquando per 
somnum vidit e sinu filiae Mandanes, quam unicam habebat, 
vitem enatam, 4 cujus palmite omnis Asia obumbraretur. Con- 
sulti harioli, qui somnia interpretabantur, responderunt, ne- 
potem regi ex filia natum iri, qui regno potiretur omnemque 
Asiam subigeret. Hoc responso perterritus, Astyages flliam 
Cambysi in matrimonium dedit, mediocris fortunae viro, ex 
gente Persarum, quae tunc temporis nullis adhuc rebus gestis 
illustrabatur. 5 Sed ne sic quidem ab omni metu liberatus 
est. 

2. Cyri natales. (Ibid. I. 4.) 

Q,uum itaque Mandane puerum peperisset, Astyages cum 
Harpago, arcanorum suorum participi, occidendum dedit. Is 
veritus, ne Mandane aliquando necati infantis ultionem a se 
exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit. 
Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori filius natus erat. Ejus 
igitur uxor, audita regii infantis expositione, maritum precibus 
movit, ut sibi afferret ostenderetque puerum. Cujus precibus 
fatigatus pastor reversus in silvam, juxta infantem invenit ca- 
nem, ubera parvulo praebentem, et a feris alitibusque defen- 
dentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua canem motam vi- 
derat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie prose- 



REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 3 

quente. Q,uem ubi in manus mulier accepit, puer earn risu 
et blanditiis ita cepit, ut eum a se nollet dimittere, maritoque 
precibus persuaderet, ut suum ipsius puerum exponeret, altero 
servato. 1 Atque ita permutata sorte parvulorum, hie pro filio 
pastoris educatur, ille pro 2 nepote Astyagis exponitur. 

3. Cyrus agnoscitur. (Ibid. I. 5.) 

Puer deinde quum inter pastores esset, Cyri nomen accepit. 
Ibi aliquando rex inter ludentes creatus, contumaces flagellis 
cecidit: ob quam contumeliam puerorum parentes irati re- 
gem adierunt, querentes, quod ingenui 3 pueri a servo regio 
verberibus essent affecti. Rex puerum arcessitum quum in- 
terrogasset, quomodo ausus esset illos verberare, ille, vultu 
nihil mutato, se ut regem fecisse respondit. Hoc responsum 
puerique constantiam admiratus Astyages, somnium, quod 
olim viderat, in mentem revocat, quumque et vultus simili- 
tudo et expositionis tempora, 4 et pastoris confessio conveni- 
ent, nepotem agnovit. Et quoniam somnium exitum habuisse 
existimabat, quod Cyrus regnum inter pastores gessisset, 
puero quidem pepercit, sed Harpago ob imperium neglectum 
iratus, filium ejus interfecit patrique epulandum apposuit. 

4. Harpagus Astyagen prodit. (Ibid. I. 5.) 

Ab initio quidem Harpagus dissimulavit dolorem, sed in- 
tentus occasioni vindictae exercendae, tempore interjecto, 
quum adolevisset Cyrus, omnia ei perse ripsit : ut Astyages 
eum interfici jusserit, ut suo 5 beneficio sit servatus, ut ipse 
filium crudelitate regis amiserit. Deinde eum hortatur, ut 
exercitum paret, pronamque 6 ad regnum viam ingrediatur; 
simul Medorum ipsi transitionem promittit. Epistola, quia re- 
gis custodes omnes aditus obsidebant, exenterato lepori inseri- 
tur, lepusque Cyro apud Persas degenti per fidum servum 
mittitur. 

5. Cyrus exercitum par at. (Ibid. I. 6.) 

Cyrus, Harpagi epistolis lectis, nihil 7 cunctatus, populum 
convocavit, eoque in locum silvestrem adducto, silvam securi- 
bus excidi jussit. Gluod quum strenue fecissent, 8 eosdem pos- 
tero die ad epulas invitat. Deinde quum alacriores ipso 
convivio factos videret, rogat, si conditio esset proposita, 9 
utrum hesterni diei laborem, an praesentium epularum hilari- 
tatem praelaturi essent? omnibusque clamantibus, se prae- 
sentes praeferre epulas, ait : Hesterno diei omnemvitam similem 

PART II. 2 



4 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

agetis, quamdiu Medis parebitis ; at si me sequemini> efficiam, 
ut per omnem vitam epulas agere videamini. 

6. Astyages regno exuitur. (Ibid. I. 6.) 

Laetis omnibus, Medis bellum infert. Astyages Harpago 
summam belli 1 committit, oblitus* injuriarum quibuseum af- 
fecerat. At ille exercitum acceptum statim Cyro tradit, re- 
gisque crudelitatem defectione ulcisciiur. Quod ubi Astyages 
audivit, contractis undique auxiliis ipse in Persas proficiscitur, 
variamque ibi belli fortunam expertus, tandem in proelio 
capitur. Cyrus avo regnum abstulit, eumque maximae genti 
Hyrcanorum 3 praeposuit. Nam in Medos reverti ipse noluit. 
Hie finis Medorum imperii fuit. Regnaverunt annos trecen- 
tos quinquaginta. 

7. Cyrus Lydiam et Croesum super at. (Ibid. I. 7.) 

Initio regni Cyrus civitates, quae Medorum tributariae 
fuerant, bello domuit. Deinde quum adversus Babylonios 
bellum gereret, Croesus, rex Lydorum, 4 cujus opes et divitiae 
ilia tempestate insignes erant, Babyloniis auxilium tulit; 
eoque victo, Cyrus bellum in Lydiam transfert. Ibi Croesi 
exercitus, fortuna prions proelii jam perculsus, nullo negotio 5 
funditur, Croesus ipse capitur. Victor, dementia erga vic- 
tum usus, et vitam ei et patrimonii partem concessit. Inter- 
ject© deinde tempore, occupato in aliis bellis Cyro, Lydi re- 
bellavere. Quibus iterum victis arma et equi ademti, jussique 
sunt cauponias 6 et ludicras artes 7 exercere. Sic gens, indus- 
trial quondam potens, mollitie et luxuria effeminata, virtutem 
pristinam perdidit. 

S-. Cyrus interficitur. (Ibid. I. 8.) 

Cyrus, subacta Asia, Scythis bellum infert. Erat eo tem- 
pore Scytharum regina, Tomyris, quae quum hostes Araxis 8 
rluminis transitu prohibere posset, iis transire permisit, ex- 
istimans, faciliorem sibi intra terminos regni pugnam fore. 
Itaque Cyrus, trajectis copiis, quum aliquantisper in Scythiam 
processisset, castra metatus est. Deinde, simulato metu, 
quasi refugiens, castra deseruit, atque in iis vini affatim, et 
quae epulis erant necessaria, reliquit. Quod quum reginae 
nuntiatum esset, adolescentulum filium ad insequendum hos- 
tem cum tertia parte copiarum misit. Quum ventum ad 
Cyri castra esset, adolescens, rei militaris ignarus, omissis 9 
hostibus, milites suos insuetos 10 vino se onerare patitur. Qui 



REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 5 

bus cognitis, Cyrus reversus per noctem, ebrios opprimit, 
omnesque Scythas una cum reginae filio interficit. Amisso 
tanto exercitu, et, quod gravius erat, unico filio, Tomyris, ul- 
tionem meditata, hostes recenti victoria exsultantes, pari fraude 
decipit. Quippe simulate timore propter cladem recens ac- 
ceptarn refugiens, Cyrum ad angustias usque produxit. Ibi 
compositis insidiis, ducenta millia Persarum cum ipso rege 
trucidavit. Turn caput Cyri amputatum in utrem humano 
sanguine repletum conjici jubet, cum hac exprobratione 1 cru- 
delitatis : Satia te, inquit, sanguine, quern sitisti? cujusque 
insatiabilis semper fuisti. Cyrus regnavit annos triginta. 

9. Cambysis regnum et interitus. (Ibid. I. 9.) 

Cyro successit Alius Cambyses, qui imperio patris Aegyp- 
tum adjecit. Aegyptiorum offensus superstitionibus, 3 Apis 4 
caeterorumque deorum aedes dirui jubet. Ad Jovis quoque 
Ammonis nobilissimum templum 5 expugnandum milites misit, 
qui arenae tempestate excitatae molibus oppressi sunt. Post 
haec per quietem 6 vidit, fratrem suum Smerdin esse regnatu- 
rum. duo somnio exterritus, non dubitavit post sacrilegia 
etiam parricidium 7 facere ; et mago cuidam mandavit, ut Smer- 
din interficeret. Interim ipse, equum, ut narrant, conscen- 
dens, gladio sua sponte evaginato, vulneratus occubuit. 

10. Pseudo-Smerdis. (Ibid. I. 9.) 

Nuntio de regis morte accepto, ille, cui parricidium a rege 
mandatum fuerat, fratrem Cambysis, cui regnum debebatur, 
occidit, suumque ipsius fratrem Oropasten, interfecto Smerdi 
ore et corporis habitu simillimum, in illius locum subjecit. 
Quae res eo occultior fuit, quod apud Persas persona regis sub 
specie majestatis occulitur. Sed postquam unus et alter frau- 
dem suspicari coepit, Ostanes, vir nobilis, filiam suam, quae 
inter regias pellices erat, interrogavit, an Cyri films rex esset. 
Ilia se id scire negabat. Turn earn dormientis caput pertrac- 
tare jubet : nam mago illi Cambyses aures olim utrasque 
praeciderat. Factus deinde per filiam certior, sine auribus esse 
regem, nobilissimis Persarum rem indie at, eosque in caedem 
falsi regis impellit. Septem tantum conscii fuere hujus con- 
jurationis, qui, postquam se sacramento obstrinxerant, extem- 
plo ad regiam pergunt, ferro sub veste occultato. Ibi obviis 
interfectis, quum ad regem penetrassent, pugna in tenebris orta, 
Gobryas, unus conjuratorum, Oropasten complexus medium, 
socios ut ferirent hortatus est ; cunctantesque, ne 8 eum pro 
mago transfoderent, vel per suum corpus adigere ferrum 



6 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

jussit. Turn fortuna ita regente, 1 Gobrya incolumi, magus 
interficitur. 



11. Darius Hystaspis rex creatur. (Ibid. 1. 10.) 

Quibus peractis, conjurati virtute et nobilitate pares, pacti 
sunt inter se, ut die statuta omnes equos ante regiam primo 
mane perducerent ; et cujus equus inter Solis ortum hinnitum 
primus edidisset, is rex esset. Nam et Solem Persae unum 
Deum esse credunt, et equos eidem Deo sacratos putant. 
Erat autem inter conjuratos Darius Hystaspis films ; cui, de 
eventu sollicito, equi custos ait : si haec res, 2 quam tu dicis, 
victoriam decernit, nihil negotii superesse existima. 3 Turn 
per noctem, pridie constitutam diem, 4 equum ad eundem locum 5 
ducit, simulque equam. Postera die itaque quum ad statu- 
tam horam omnes convenissent, Darii equus, cognito loco 
ubi equam viderat, hinnitum statim edidit. duo auspicio au- 
dita, omnes confestim equis desilierunt, et Darium regem sa- 
lutaverunt. Populus quoque uni versus, principum secutus ju- 
dicium, eundem regem constituit. Principio regni, Cyri rlliam 
in matrimonium duxit, regalibus nuptiis regnum flrmaturus ; 6 
ut non tarn in extraneum translatum quam, in familiam Cyri 
reversum esse videretur. 

12. Zopyri dolo Babylonia capitur. (Ibid. I. 10.) 

Interjecto deinde tempore, quum Assyrii descivissent, et 
Babyloniam occupassent, difficilisque urbis expugnatio esset, 
unus de interfectoribus magorum Zopyrus, domi se verberibus 
lacerari toto corpore jubet ; turn naso, auribus et labiis ab- 
scissis, regi se inopinanti oftert. 7 Jam quum Darius ejus ad- 
spectu attonitus, auctorem tarn foedae lacerationis requireret, 
ille, quo consilio hoc fecerit, edocet ; rebusque cum rege 
compositis, transfugae titulo 8 in Babyloniam proficiscitur. Ibi 
ostendit populo laniatum corpus regisque Darii jussu se tarn 
crudeliter affectum esse queritur, persuadetque mirantibus, ut 
se in urbem reciperent. Omnibus et virtus viri et nobilitas 
pariter nota erat, nee de fide 9 dubitabant, quam corpus verbe- 
ribus laniatum satis probare videbatur. Receptus igitur, om- 
nium sufTragio dux constituitur, et accepta parva manu, semel 
iterumque Persarum copias consulto cedentes fundit. Ad pos- 
tremum universus ei creditur exercitus. Hunc Dario prodit, 
urbemque ipsam in ejus potestatem redigit. 



REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 7 

13. Darii expedilio contra Scythas. (Ibid. II. 5.) 

Multis in Asia feliciter gestis, Darius Scythis 1 bellum in- 
tulit, et armatis septingentis millibus hominum, Scythiam in- 
gressus, quum hostes ei pugnae potestatem non facerent, me- 
tuens, ne interrupto ponte Istri, 2 reditus sibi intercluderetur, 
amissis octoginta millibus hominum, trepidus 3 refugit. Inde 
Macedoniam domuit. Paulo post, quum cognovisset, Atheni- 
enses Ionibus 4 contra se auxilium tulisse, bello eos adortus 
est. Quod quo eventu gestum sit, in Atheniensium historia 
narrabitur. 5 

14. Filiorum Darii de regno contentio. (Ibid. II. 10.) 

Persarum legionibus in campo Marathonio 6 magno proelio 
superatis, Darius, bellum instauraturus, in ipso apparatu de- 
cedit, relictis multis filiis, et in regno et ante regnum 7 sus- 
ceptis. 8 Ex bis Artemenes, maximus natu, aetatis privilegio, 
regnum sibi vindicabat ; Xerxes, quod patre ad regiam dig- 
nitatem sublato, primus genitus esset. Hoc certamen duo 
fratres concordi animo ad patruum suum Artaphernem defe- 
runt, qui, domi 9 cognita causa, Xerxem praeposuit: adeo- 
que fraterna fuit contentio, 10 ut nee victor insultaret, nee vie- 
tus doleret ; ipsoque litis tempore munera sibi invicem mit- 
terent. 

15. Xerxes bellum adversus Graeciam par at. (Ibid. II. 10.) 

Igitur Xerxes bellum a patre coeptum adversus Graeciam 
denuo instruxit, eique apparatui 11 quinquennium insumsit. 
Septingenta millia ex regni sui provinces armasse dicitur, et 
trecenta millia auxiliariorum; ut non inmerito proditum sit, 
flumina ab exercitu ejus siccata esse, Graeciamque omnem 
vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves quoque mille du- 
centas numero habuisse dicitur. Huic tanto agmini dux 12 de- 
fuit. Rex enim primus in fuga, postremus in proelio semper 
vis us est. In periculis timidus, ubi metus abesset, inflatus 
erat. 

16. Pugna ad Therm opylas. (Ibid. II. 11.) 

Ejus introitus in Graeciam quam terribilis, tarn turpis dis- 
cessus fuit. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Spartanorum, cum qua- 
tuor millibus militum angustias Thermopylarum 13 occupasset, 
Xerxes contemtu paucitatis eos aggreditur. Triduo ibi pug- 
natum, magnaque in Persarum exercitu caedes est edita. 

2* 



8 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

duarta die quum nuntiatum esset Leonidae, summum monti- 
um cacumen a viginti millibus hostium teneri, socios hortatur, 
recedant 1 et se ad meliora patriae tempora reservent ; sibi 
cum Spartanis fortunam esse experiendam. Turn caeteri dis- 
cessere; soli Lacedaemonii remanserunt Hi omnes Xerxis 
castra adorti, post ingentem caedem editarn ibi occubuerunt. 

L 17. Xerxes Graecia vastata fugatur. (Ibid. II. 12.) 

Turn Xerxes maris fortunam experiri statuit. Sed ante na- 
valis proelii congressionem 2 misit quatuor millia armatorum 
Delphos 3 ad templum Apollinis diripiendum. Quae manus 
tota imbribus et fulminibus deleta est, ut intelligerent, quam 
nullae 4 essent hominum adversus Deos vires. Post haec 
Thespias et Plataeas 5 et Athenas 6 vacuas hominibus incendit ; 
et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat, 7 in aedificia igne 
grassatur. Cujus incendii flammasquum viderent Graeci in 
classe circum Salamina 8 insulam statuta, 9 dissensio inter 
principes orta est, quum plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas 
discederent moenibusque se defenderent. Turn Themisto- 
cles, Atheniensium imperator, timens, ne discessu sociorum 
vires Graeciae minuerentur, per servum fidum Xerxi nuntiat, 
uno in loco eum contractas Graeciae vires facillime opprimere 
posse. Quod si populi, qui jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, 
majori labor e ei singulos consectandos esse. Hoc dolo impulit 
regem, ut signum pugnae daret. Graeci quoque adventu hos- 
tium coacti sunt proelium collatis viribus capessere. Inter- 
ea rex, velut spectator pugnae, in litore remanet. Artemi- 
sia autem, regina Halicarnassi, 10 quae in auxilium Xerxi vene- 
rat, plurima in hoc navali proelio virtutis documenta dedit. 
Sic illo tempore in viro muliebris timor, in muliere virilis con- 
spiciebatur audacia. Quum proelium anceps esset, Iones, qui 
cum rege 11 pugnabant, a Themistocle instigati, pugnae se 
paulatim subtrahere coeperunt ; quorum defectio animos cae- 
terorum fregit. Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Per- 
sae, et mox, proelio victi, in fugam vertuntur. 

18. Xerxis in Asiam reditus. (Ibid. II. 13.) 

Hac clade perculsus Xerxes domum redire statuit, parte ex- 
ercitus cum Mardonio in Graecia relicta. Sed Graeci, audita 
regis fuga, consilium ineunt pontis rumpendi, quo ille Helles- 
pontum 12 junxerat, ut intercluso reditu cum reliquiis exercitus 
deleretur. Sed Themistocles timens, ne interclusi hostes iter, 
quod aliter non pateret, ferro patefacerent, servum ad Xer- 



REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. VJ 

xem mittit, certioremque facit consilii a Graecis capti ; et oc- 
cupare transitum, maturata fuga, jubet. Ille perculsus nuntio, 
tradit ducibus milites perducendos ; ipse cum paucis Abjdon 1 
contendit. Ubi quum solutum pontem hibernis tempestati- 
bus offendisset, piscatoria scapha trepidus trajecit. Pedestri- 
um copiarum, quas ducibus tradiderat, maxima pars peste et 
inopia periit ; tantaque vis mali fuit, ut viae cadavettibus im- 
plerentur, alitesque et ferae, in praedam intentae, exercitum 
sequerentur. 

19. Persae apud Plataeas et Mycalen victi. (lb. II. 14. 
Corn. Nep. Vit. Cim. c. 2. Vit. Aristid. c. 2.) 

Caeterum fortuna Persarum cum duce mutata non est. 
Mardonius proelio apud Plataeas victus, velut e naufragio, cum 
paucis profugit ; pauci militum fuga elapsi sunt. Eodem forte 
die, quo Mardonii copiae deletae sunt, etiam navali proelio 
in Asia sub monte Mycale 2 adversus Persas dimicatum est. 
Ibi ante proelium commissum, quum classes ex adverso sta- 
rent, fama ad utrumque exercitum venit, vicisse Graecos et 
Mardonii copias deletas esse. Q,ui nuntius, ut par erat, Grae- 
corum fortitudinem et fiduciam auxit, Persarum animos fre- 
git. Captae sunt ibi, Cimonis 3 praecipue virtute atque con- 
silio, ducentae naves Cypriorum 4 et Phoenicum, 5 eodemque 
die in terra maxima vis barbarorum prostrata est. Post hanc 
victoriam maritimae res Atheniensium in dies magis norere 
coeperunt. Quum enim antea et terra et mari duces essent 
Lacedaemonii, factum est, ut summa imperii maritimi a La- 
cedaemoniis, transferretur ad Athenienses. Hoc inprimis 
Aristidi debebatur, qui, quum in communi Graeciae classe es- 
set simul cum Pausania, 6 duce Lacedaemoniorum, summa ae- 
quitate et humanitate efTecit, ut Graeciae civitates, superbia 
Pausaniae offensae, ad Atheniensium sese societatem applica- 
rent, hosque sibi duces adversus barbaros deligerent. Hoc 
autem imperio ita usi sunt Athenienses, ut brevi post tempore 
soli in mari regnare viderentur. 

20. Xerxis familia, post regis caedem, domesticis seditionibus 
agitata. (Justin. III. 1.) 

Post bellum in Graecia infeliciter gestum, Xerxes, terror 
antea gentium, etiam suis contemtui esse coepit. Q,uippe Ar- 
tabanus, praefectus ejus, deficiente quotidie regis majestate, 
spem regni concepit animo, et cum septem robustissimis 
filiis regiam vesperi ingressus, Xerxem trucidavit. Turn ut 



10 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

filios regis, votis suis obsistentes, amoveret, Artaxerxi, admo- 
dum puero, persuasit, regem a Dario, 1 qui erat adolescens, 
occisum esse, quo maturius regno potiretur, eumque impulit, 
ut patris caedem in fratre vindicaret. Quum ventum ad do- 
mum Darii esset, hie dormiens inventus inter lie itur. duo fac- 
to, ut etiam Artaxerxem tolleret, Artabanus, principum de reg- 
no certamina metuens, assumit in societatem consilii Bacaba- 
sum : qui 2 praesenti rerum statu contentus, rem prodit Artax- 
erxi, ut pater ejus occisus, ut frater falsa parricidii suspicione 
oppressus esset, quaenam ipsi denique pararentur insidiae. 
His cognitis Artaxerxes in posterum diem armatum exercitum 
adesse jubet, recogniturus 3 et numerum militum et in armis 
industriam singulorum. Itaque quum inter caeteros et ipse 
Artabanus armatus assisteret, rex simulavit, se breviorem lori- 
cam habere, jussitque Artabanum suam secum commutare ; 
turn exuentem se et nudatum gladio trajecit, simulque filios 
ejus corripi jubet. Atque ita egregius juvenis et caedem pa- 
tris, et se ab insidiis Artabani vindicavit.4 

21. Intestina discordia in regno Persarum gliscit. 

(Just. V. 11.) 

Artaxerxem secutus est films Xerxes, qui post breve quad- 
raginta quinque dierum regnum a Sogdiano occisus est. Qui 
regnum scelere occupatum quum caedibus tueri conaretur, 
post septem menses a Dario proelio superatus periit. Sub 
his regibus imperium Persarum principum discordiis populo- 
rumque seditionibus agitatum magis magisque inclinari 5 coe- 
pit. Darius moriens Artaxerxi, majori natu filio, qui Mnemon 
appellabatur, regnum, minori, Cyro, urbes Lydiae, quibus 
praefectus fuit, testamento legavit. Sed Cyro judicium 6 patris 
injuria videbatur ; itaque occulte ad versus fratrem bellum pa- 
ravit. Quod quum nuntiatum esset Artaxerxi, Cyrum ad se 
arcessitum compedibus aureis vinxit, interfecissetque, nisi 
mater prohibuisset. 

22. Cyrus in hello adversus fratrem suscepto perit. 

(Just. V. 11.) 

Quod periculum quum efTugisset, Cyrus jam non occulte 
bellum, sed palam parare coepit ; auxilium undique contrahit. 
Sed quum in proelio 7 commisso fratrem imprudentius aggre- 
ditur, hunc quidem 8 equi fuga 9 periculo subtraxit, Cyrus au- 
tem 8 a cohorte regia circumventus interflcitur. In eo proelio 
decern millia Graecorum in auxilio Cyri fuere ; quae et in 



REGNUM MEDARUM ET PERSARUM. 11 

cornu, in quo steterant, vicerunt, et post mortem Cyri neque 
armis a tanto exercitu vinci, neque dolo capi potuerunt, sed 
per indomitas nationes et gentes Barbaras, virtute sua confisi, 
in patriam revertuntur. 1 

53. Artaxerxis filii in pat rem conjurant. (Just. X. 1. 2.) 

Artaxerxi ex pellicibus centum et quindecim filii fuere, sed 
tres tantum justo matrimonio suscepti, Darius, Ariarates et 
Ochus. Ex his Darium per indulgentiam pater, contra morem 
Persarum, regem vivus fecit. Sed hie paterna pietate nihil 
motus, interficiendi patris consilium cepit. Occiso quippe 
Cyro, Aspasiam, pellicem ejus, in regium gynaeceum trans- 
latam, a patre sibi dari postulaverat. Hie, pro sua in liberos 
indulgentia, primo se id facturum esse dixerat ; mox poeniten- 
tia ductus, Solis earn sacerdotio praefecit, quo munere ab omni 
virorum consortio prohibebatur. Hinc exacerbatus juvenis 
cum quinquaginta fratribus in patrem conjuravit ; sed depre- 
hensus cum sociis poenas parricidii 2 dedit. Conjuges 3 quoque 
conjuratorum cum liberis omnibus interfectae sunt, ne quod 
vestigium tanti sceleris superesset. Paulo post Artaxerxes 
morbo ex dolore contracto decessit. 

24. Ochus. Darius Codomannus, postremus rex Persiae. 
(Just. X. 3.) 

Post patris mortem Ochus regnum paternum invasit. Qui 
parem conjurationem timens, regiam cognatorum et principum 
caede replet. Turn bellum Cadusiis 4 infert. In quo bello 
Codomannus quidam adversus hostem, qui unum ex Persis ad 
singulare certamen provocaverat, magno animo processit, et 
hoste occiso victoriam suis et prope amissam gloriam restituit. 
Ob haec decora 5 praeficitur Armeniis. Interjecto deinde tem- 
pore post mortem Ochi regis, ob memoriam pristinae virtutis 
rex apopulo constituitur, Darii nomine honoratus; bellumque 
cum Alexandro non sine virtute gessit. Postremo ab Alex- 
andro victus et a cognatis occisus, vitam pariter cum Persa- 
rum regno finivit. 



12 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

C. RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

1. Atheniensium origines et primi reges. (Just. II 6.) 

Athenienses non solum increments 1 suis, sed etiani origine 
gloriantur. Non enim a sordidis 2 initiis crevere, nee ex aliis 
regionibus advenerunt, sed eodem irmati solo, 3 quod incolunt; 
et quae illis sedes, eadem origo est. Primi laniflcii et olei 4 et 
vini 5 usum docuere. Arare quoque et serere frumenta 6 glan- 
dem vescentibus 7 monstrarunt. Litterae certe ae facundia, 
leges et civilis disciplina 8 veluti templum Athenas habuere. 
Ante Deucalionis tempora regem habuere Cecropem; quern, 
ut omnis antiquitas fabulosa est, biformem tradidere, quia 
primus marem feminae matrimonio junxit. Huic successit 
Cranaus, cujus filia Atthis regioni nomen dedit. Post hunc 
Amphictyon regnavit, qui primus Miner vae urbem sacravit, et 
nomen civitati Athenas dedit. Hujus temporibus aquarum 
illuvies majorem partem populorum Graeciae absumsit. Su- 
perfuerunt, 9 quos refugia montium receperunt, aut 10 ad regem 
Thessaliae 11 Deucalionem ratibus evecti sunt, a quo propterea 
genus humanum conditum dicitur. Per ordinem deinde suc- 
cessionis regnum ad Erechtheum descendit, sub quo frumenti 
satio apud Eleusin a Triptolemo reperta est. In hujus mu- 
neris honorem nootes initiorum 12 sacratae. 13 Tenuit et Ae- 
geus, Thesei pater, Athenis regnum. Post Aegeum Theseus, 14 
ac deinceps Thesei Alius, Demophoon, qui auxilium Graecis 
adversus Trojanos 15 tulit, regnum possedit. 

2. Codrus se pro patria devovet. (Just. II. 6. ) 

Erant inter Athenienses et Dorienses 16 veteres offensae, quas 
vindicaturi bello Dorienses, de eventu proelii oracula consulue- 
runt. Responsum superiores 17 fore, ni regem Atheniensium 
occidissent. Itaque quum ventum esset in bellum, militibus 
ante omnia enstodia 18 regis praecipitur. Atheniensibus eo 
tempore rex Codrus erat; qui et responso Dei, et praeceptis 
hostium cognitis, permutato 19 regis habitu, pannosus, sarmen- 
taque gerens, castra hostium ingreditur; ibique in turba mili- 
turn, quum unum falce sponte vulnerasset, occiditur. Cognito 
regis corpore, Dorienses sine proelio discedunt. Atque ita 
Athenienses virtute ducis, pro salute patriae, morti se offeren- 
tis, bello liberantur. 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 13 



3. Solon civiiati Athenarum leges scribit. (Just. II. 7.) 

Post Codrum nemo Athenis regnavit ;' quod memoriae nomi- 
nis ejus tributum est. Administratio reipublicae annuis magis- 
tratibus 1 permissa. Sed civitati nullae tunc leges 2 erant, quia 
libido regum pro legibus habebatur. Legitur itaque Solon, vir 
justitiae insignis, qui velut novam civitatem legibus conderet. 
Quo munere ita functus est, ut et apud plebem et optimates, 
diuturnis antea dissidiis agitatos, parem iniret gratiam. Hujus 
viri, inter multa egregia, illud quoque memorabile fuit. Inter 
Athenienses et Megarenses de Salamine insula, quam sibi 
uterque populus vindicabat, prope usque ad interitum dimica- 
tum fuerat. Post multas clades acceptas, Athenienses legem 
tulerunt, ne quis illud bellum reparandum proponeret. Solon 
igitur quum opportunitatem quandam vidisset insulae vinii- 
candae, dementiam simulat, habituque deformis, 3 more vecor- 
dium, in publicum evolat ; factoque concursu hominum, versi- 
bus suadere populo coepit, quod vetabatur; omniumque ani 
mos ita inrlammavit, ut extemplo bellum adversus Megarenses 
decerneretur, et devictis hostibus insula Atheniensium fieret. 

4. Pisistratus tyrannidem per dolum occupat. (Just. II. 87 

Legibus civitati scriptis, Solon peregre proficiscitur. Dum 
abest, Pisistratus, nobilis adolescens, propter res in bello prae- 
clare gestas populo carus, tyrannidem per dolum occupat 
Quippe quum domi se verberibus affecisset, lacerato corpore in 
publicum progreditur. Advocata concione,* vulnera populo 
ostendit ; de crudelitate principum, a quibus haec se passum 
simulabat, queritur, credulamque multitudinem et lacrymis et 
oratione accendit, dum se optimatibus propter populi amorem 
invisum esse significat. Sic ad custodiam corporis sui satel- 
litum auxilium obtinet ; per quos occupata tyrannide, per annos 
triginta tres, inter varias rerum vicissitudines, regnavit. 

5. Hippias,Pisistratifilius,patriapellitur. Bellum Per sicum 
primum. (Just. II. 9. Corn. Nep. Vita Milt. c. 4, 5.) 

Post ejus mortem Hipparchus et Hippias inpaternum imperi- 
um successerunt. Qui quum per aliquot annos eadem, qua pa- 
;er, dementia regnassent, Hipparchus ab Harmodio et Aristo- 
gitone, ob injuriam quandam acceptam in tyrannos incensis, 
interficitur. Quorum virorum virtute quum admonita civitas 



14 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

libertatis esset, tandem Hippias regno pulsus in exsilium agi- 
tur, et in Persiam profectus, Dario, Atheniensibusbellumilla- 
turo, due em se adversus patriam offert. Igitur Athenienses, 
nuntio de Persarum adventu accepto, auxilium a Lacedaemo- 
niis petiverunt. Quos ubi viderunt religione 1 retineri, quomi- 
nus statim auxilium ferrent, non exspectata eorum ope, in- 
structis decern millibus civium, et Plataeensibus auxiliaribus 
mille, in campos Marathonios 2 in proelium egrediuntur. Mil- 
tiades erat unus ducum exercitus, ejusque potissimum aucto- 
ritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt, locoque 
idoneo castra fecerunt. Deinde postero die sub montis radi- 
cibus acies instruitur. Datis, Persarum dux, etsi non aequum 
locum 3 videbat suis, tamen, fretus numero copiarum suarum, 
confligere cupiebat. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum 
decern millia produxit, proeliumque commisit. Tanta vero 
Atheniensibus in pugnam euntibus alacritas animorum fuit, ut 
qi*um mille passus inter duas acies essent, citato cursu ad 
hostem venirent. Nee audaciae eventus 4 defuit. Pugnatum 
est enim tanta virtute, ut Persae perterriti non castra sed naves 
peterent, ex quibus multae suppressae, 5 multae captae sunt. 

6. Virtutis in Mo proelio documenta. (Just. II. 9.) 

In illo proelio tanta virtus singulorum fuit, ut cujus laus 
prima esset, difficile dictu videretur. Inter caeteros tamen 
Themistoclis adolescentis gloria emicuit. Cynegiri quoque, 
militis Atheniensis, gloria multorum scriptorum laudibus cele- 
brata est. Qui post innumeras caedes, quum fugientes hos- 
tes ad naves egisset, onustam navem dextra manu tenuit, nee 
prius dimisit, quam manum amitteret, turn quoque amputata 
dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit ; quam et ipsam quum 
amisisset, ad postremum morsu navem retinuit. Persae mag- 
nam vim hominum eo proelio amiserunt. Cecidit et Hippias, 
tyrannus Atheniensis, auctor et concitor ejus belli, diis patriae 
ultoribus poena s repetentibus. 

7. Honor Miltiadi tributus. (Corn. Nep. Vita Milt. c. 6.) 

Jam non alienum videtur, hujus victoriae quale praemium 6 
Miltiadi sit tributum docere. Huic viro, qui A therms totam- 
que Graeciam liberarat, hie honor tributus est, ut, quum in por- 
ticu, quae Poecile 7 vocatur, pugna depingeretur Marathonia, 
in decern praetorum 8 numero prima ejus imago poneretur, 
milites hortantis 9 proeliumque committentis. Antiquissimis 
enim temporibus rari fuerunt honores et tenues, 10 et propter id 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 15 

ipsum gloriosi. Idem populus postquam corruptus est, tre- 
centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo 1 decrevit. 

8. Bellum Persicum alterum, (Corn. Nep. Vita Them. 

c. 2. 3.) 

Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciarrr aggressus 
est. Quo adventante quum oraculum Delphicum consuluis- 
sent, 2 responsum est, moenibus ligneis se tuerentur. Quod 
responsum quo valeret, 3 quum intelligeret nemo, Themisto- 
cles persuasit civibus, ut in naves se suaque conferrent ; eum 
enim significari murum ligneum. Quo consilio probato navi- 
um augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, 
conjuges liberosque partim Salamina, 4 partim Troezena 5 as- 
portant ; arcem 6 sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sa- 
cra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidum 7 relinquunt. Com- 
munis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum 
ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium 8 inter 
Euboeam 9 continentemque terrain cum classiariis regiis 10 con- 
flixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitu- 
dine regiarum navium circumiretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio 11 
discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod 
erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam 
superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo. 12 Quo factum est, 
ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Sa- 
lamina classem suam constituerent. 

9. Xerxes Themistoclis consilio ad Salamina superatur. 

(Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 4. Justin. II. 12.) 

At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Ur- 
bem, eamque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, 
quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit; cujus flamma perter- 
riti classiarii, quum manere non auderent, et plurimi horta- 
rentur, ut domos suas discederent, moenibusque se defen- 
derent, Themistocles unus restitit, et universos quidem hosti 
pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos autem perituros. Quum 
vero socios minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu de servis suis, 
quern habuit fidelissimum, 13 ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret su- 
is verbis, 14 Graecos in eo esse, ut fugerent. Qui si disces- 
sissent, majore cum labor e et longinquiore tempore 15 bellum 
confecturum, 16 quum singulos consectari cogeretur ; quos si 
statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum. 17 Hoc eo 
valebat, 15 ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. _ Hac 
re audita, barbarus, 19 nihil doli subesse ratus, postridie alienis- 

PART II. 3 



16 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

simo 1 sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto 
mari conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non pos- 
set. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis 
Graeciae. 

10. Xerxes in Asiam revertitur. (C. N. I. c. 5.) 

Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias 
copiarum, ut etiam cum his Graeciam opprimere posset. 
Ne igitur bellare perseveraret, Themistocles eum certiorem 
fecit, id agi, ut pons, quern ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol- 
veretur, quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur. Idque ei 
persuasit. Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, se- 
que a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. 
Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est. 

11. Reliquiae Persarum delentur. (Justin. II. 14. Corn. 

Nep. Vit. Them. c. 6.) 

Ciuum tamen pars exercitus sub duce Mardonio, regis ge- 
nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae bellum continuaret, hae 
quoquecopiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae; 
eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a 
Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, 
Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Quumque Pha- 
ser ico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur, 2 Themisto- 
clis consilio triplex Piraei 3 portus constitutus est, isque moe- 
nibus circumdatus, ut ipsam uibem dignitate 4 aequipararet, 
utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, Lace- 
daemoniis vetantibus, non sine periculo suo. 

12. Pausanias, dux Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur. 

(Just. II. 15. Corn. N. Vita Paus. c. 2.) 

Post haec Lacedaemonn, ut bis illatum Graeciae bellum 
ulciscerentur, ultro 5 fines Persarum depopulantur. Cui bel 
lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majo- 
res res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio 6 expugnato, 
cepisset complures Persaram nobiles, atque in his nonnullos 
regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex 
vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his Gongylum Eretrien- 
sem, 7 qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuisse 
tradunt; Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Byzantii ceperat, post- 
quam propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi muneri misit, 8 seque tecum 
ajfinitatc conjungi cupit. Quare, si tibi videtur, des eifiliam 



RES ATHEXIEXSIUM. 17 

tuam nuptum. Id si feceris, et Spar tarn et caeteram Graeciam 
sub tuam potestaiem se redacturwm pollicetur. His de rebus 
si quid geri volueris, certum 1 hominem ad eum mittas face 2 
cum quo colloquatur. 

13. Pausanias capitis damnatur. (Corn, Nep. Vita Paus, 
c. 2. 3. 5.) 

Rex tot hominum sibi necessariorum salute 3 magnopere ga- 
visus, confestim Artabazum cum epistola ad Pausaniam mit- 
tit, in qua eum collaudat, 4 ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea 
periicienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nullius rei a se 
repulsam esse laturum. 5 Hujus Pausanias voluntate cog- 
nita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem ceci- 
dit Lacedaemoniorum, nee multo post proditionis accusatus 
damnatur. Mortem ut fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae 
Chalcioecus 6 vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, sta- 
tim Ephori 7 valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tectum- 
que sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret. 8 Dicunt illo 
tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc vixisse, eamque, postquam 
de scelere fllii comperisset, in primis lapidem ad introitum 
aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi 
morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de templo ela- 
tus esset, confestim animam efflavit. 

14. Themistocles in Asiam confugit. (Corn. Nep. Vit. 
Them. c. 8. 9.) 

Paulo ante Themistocles testarum suffragiis 9 e civitate ejec- 
tus, Argos 10 habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter mul- 
tas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii le- 
gates Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod 
societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam fe- 
cisset. 11 Hoc crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. Id 
ut audi vit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam 
confugit. Quo quum venisset epistolam misit ad regem Ar- 
taxerxem his verbis ; Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima 
mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam 12 intuli, quum mihi 
necesse esset patriam meam defendere. Idem multo plura bo- 
na feci, postquam Xerxes in periculo esse coepit. Nunc autem 
ad te confugi, exagitatus a cuncta Graecia, tuam petens ami- 
citiam; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum 
habebis, quam fortem inimicum ille expertus est. 13 Rogo au- 
tem, ut de his rebus, u de quibus tecum colloqui volo, annum mi- 
hi temporis 15 des, eoque transacto me ad te venire patiaris. 



18 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

15. Themistocles a rege Persiae benigne exceptus, Magnesiae 
moritur. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) 

Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem 1 admiratus, cu- 
piensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit. The- 
mistocles autem omne illud tempus 2 litteris sermonique Persa- 
rum dedit ; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius 3 
dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in 
Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa esset regi pollicitus, 
magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam 4 rediit, do- 
mic iliumque Magnesiae 5 sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo 
obiisse dicitur. Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, 
quum se, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, 
praestare posse desperaret. 6 Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab 
amicis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non con- 
cederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus. 

16. Cimon insulas Atheniensibus subjicit. (Corn. Nep. 
Vita Cim. c. 2.) 

Dum ilia gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine ae- 
mulo exercebant. Hoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimo- 
nis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen 
de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum re- 
verteretur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatem 7 
imperii ab Atheniensibus defecerant, bene animatas confirma- 
vit, 8 alienatas 9 ad officium redire coegit. Scyrum, 10 quod con- 
tumacius se gesserat, vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insula- 
que ejecit, agros civibus 11 di visit. Thasios, 12 opulentia fretos, 
suo adventu fregit. His manubiis 13 Athenarum arx, qua 14 ad 
meridiem vergit, est ornata. 

17. O sir acismo p atria pulsus, mox revocatur. (Ibid. c. 3.) 

Quibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit 
in eandem invidiam, quam 15 Themistocles; nam testarum 
suffragiis decern annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti 
celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. Nam quum ille 
forti animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bellumque 
Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus 
virtutis desiderium 16 consecutum est. Itaque post annum quin- 
tum, quam expplsus erat, 17 in patriam revocatus est. Ille, 
quod hospitio Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius 1 * existi- 
mans, contendere 19 Lacedaemonem, sua sponte 20 profectus, 
pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 19 

neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator mis- 
sus, quum majorem partem ejus insulae devicisset, in morbum 
implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus. 

18. Bellum Peloponnesiacum. Pericles. (Just. III. 2. et 7.) 

Quum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia soci- 
orumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fati- 
gati, alios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent ; tota Graecia, 
ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem etincre- 
menta invidentibus, 1 in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua 
arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud norentes 
Graeciae res gravius afnixit, saepius susceptum et depositum 
est. 2 Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad 
proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio, 
ultionis tempus exspectantes, intra moenia se continebant. 
Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil 
sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. 
Clara quidem haec Periclis expeditio est habita ; sed multo 
clarior privati patrimonii contemtus fuit. Nam in populatione 
caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, 
ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditionis 
suspicionem adducerent. Quod intelligens, Pericles agros 
reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis, 
navali proelio 3 dimicatum est. Victi Lacedaemonii fugerunt. 
Post plures annos, 4 fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta 
fecere, quam non nisi sex annos servaverunt. Nam inducias, 
quos proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona 5 rumpe- 
bant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est. 

19. Atheniensium in Siciliam expeditio. (Just. IV. 3, 4.) 

Quum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses 6 et Syracu- 
sanos exorto, Athenienses Catiniensibus opem tulissent, tem- 
pore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanis non ser- 
varentur, illi denuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida ves- 
te, capillo barbaque promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque 
lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponncsiaco bello districtus, 
auxilium ill is mittendum censeret. Igitur classis ingens de- 
cernitur ; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus ; 
tantaeque vires in Siciliam effusae sunt, ut iis ipsis terrori es- 
sent, quibus auxilio venerant. 



20 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 



20. Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae. (Just. IV. 4.) 

Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indicandas, 
revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria se- 
cundo Marte 1 pugnant . munitionibusque urbi Syracusarum 
circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus intercludunt. 
Quibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis 
petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus, qui, quum in itinere de 
belli jam inclinato statu* audivisset, auxiliis parti m in Grae- 
cia, partim in Sicilia contractis, opportuna bello loca occupat. 
Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, 
sociosque obsidione liberavit. In eo proelio Lamachus forti- 
ter pugnans occisus est. 

21. Athenienses saepius victi ingentem cladem accipiunt. 
(Justin. IV. c. 4 et 5.) 

Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri bello superati, portum Sy- 
racusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone cum auxi- 
liis arcessit. Quo cognito* et ipsi Athenienses in locum amissi 
ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copia- 
rum mittunt, et quasi Graeciae bellum 4 in Siciliam translatum 
esset, ita ex utraque parte 5 summis viribus dimicabatur. 
Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athenienses vin- 
cuntur ; castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia 
amittunt. Inter haec mala quum etiam terrestri proelio victi 
essent, Demosthenes censere coepit, ut abirent Sicilia, dum res 
quamvis afflict ae, nondum t amen per ditae essent. Nicias autem 
seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato manere contendit, 
Reparatur igitur navale bellum ; sed insciti& ducum, qui Syra- 
cusanos, inter angustias maris 6 facile se tuentes, temere ag- 
gressi fuerant, Atheniensium copiae iterum vincuntur. Eury- 
medon dux in prima acie fortissime dimicans, primus cadit ; 
triginta naves, quibus praefuerat, incenduntur ; Demosthenes 
et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. 
Ab his relictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit; ipsos 
deinde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. De- 
mosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria 
morte se vindicat : Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dede- 
core captivitatis. 



RES A.THEN1ENSIUM. 21 

22. Alcibiades capitis damnatus Sparta?n se confert. (Just. 
V. 1. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 4.) 

Dum haec in Sicilia per biennium geruntur, belli illius con- 
citor et dux Alcibiades absens Athenis insimulatur mysteria 
Cereris violasse. Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, 
multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia 
crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem 
evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem, 1 deinde The- 
bas 2 se contulit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bo- 
nis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas 3 
sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devo- 
tionis exemplum, in pila lapidea incisum, esse positum in pub- 
lico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi reges impulit, ut Athe- 
niensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum infer- 
rent. Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii cum Persarum re- 
ge amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam 4 in finibus Atticae 
munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Athenas 
tenuerunt. 

23. Persarum sibi favor em conciliat. (Justin. V. 2. Corn. 
Nep. I. c. 5.) 

Non contentus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse, Al- 
cibiades cum quinque navibus in Asiam contendit, et tributa- 
rias Atheniensium civitates auctoritate nominis sui ad defecti- 
onem compellit. Sed apud Lacedaemonios Alcibiadis vir- 
tus plus invidiae quam gratiae contraxit. Nam quum acerri- 
mi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognosce- 
rent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae caritate ductus ab ipsis 
descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Itaque tempus 5 
ejus interficiendi quaerere instituerunt. Qua re cognita Alci- 
biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis Darii se contulit. 
Cujus quum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset, ei persuadet, 
ne nimis enixe Lacedaemonios juvaret. Nam dissidentibus 
Graecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac belli fore. 6 Do- 
mesticis itaque bellis Graeciam atterendam esse, ne externis 
vacet ; 7 exaequandasque vires partium et inferiores auxilio le- 
vandos. Grata oratio Tissapherni fuit. Itaque Lacedaemo- 
niis commeatus navesque maligne 8 praebere coepit. 

24. Cum Atheniensibus in gratiam redit. (Just. V. 3.) 

Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum duce exercitus Atheni- 
ensium, qui apud Samum 9 morabatur, per internuntios collo- 



22 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

quitur, polliceturque his amicitiam regis, si respublica a po- 
pulo ad senatum translata foret ; sperans fore, ut aut concor- 
dante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia 
inter ordines facta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur. 
Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transfer- 
er. 1 Qui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab exer- 
citu Alcibiades exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur. 
Hac denuntiatione territi senatores, primo urbem prodere 
Lacedaemoniis tentavere ; dein, quum id nequissent, in exsi- 
lium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestino ma- 
lo liberata, 2 summa cura classem instruit, atque, ita in bellum 
adversus Lacedaemonios perrexit. 

25. Lacedaemoniorum vires f ran git. (Corn. Nep, Vita 
Alcib. c. 5.) 

Hac expeditione tanta subito rerum commutatio facta est, 
ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant, 3 perter- 
riti pacem peterent ; victi enim erant quinque terrestribus 
proeliis, tribus navalibus, 4 in quibus trecentas triremes amise- 
rant, quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades 
simul cum collegis receperat Ioniam, Hellespontum, multas 
praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae : qua- 
rum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque 
minus multas consilio 5 ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in 
captos benevolentia fuerant usi. Inde praeda onusti, locuple- 
tato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. 

26. Athenas redit. (Corn. Nep. I. c. 6.) 

Ad hunc redeuntis exercitus triumphum effusa omnis multi- 
tudo obviam procedit, et universos quidem milites, praecipue 
tamen Alcibiadem mirantur. Sic enim populo erat persua- 
sum, omnes et adversas superiores 6 et praesentes secundas 
res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et La- 
cedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem 
virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium 
unum omnes prosequebantur, et id quod nunquam antea usu 
venerat, nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque 
vulgo donabatur.? Postquam in Urbem venerat, concione 
advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tarn ferus esset, quin ejus 
casum lacrymaret, inimicumque his se ostenderet, quorum 
opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publice 
bona ; et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus re- 
sacrare 8 sunt coacti. 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 23 



27. Lysandro duce res Lacedaemoniorum reparantur. 
(Justin. V. 5.) 

Dum haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander 
classi belloque praeficitur ; et in locum Tissaphernis Darius 
rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, Ioniae Lydiaeque prae- 
posuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae 
prioris erexit. Aueti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum 
navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur, 1 repenti- 
no adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius 
quum Athena s venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperatio fuit, 
ut statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitterent, ducis se 
fraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. Alcibi- 
ades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo involuntarium 
exsilium proficiscitur. 

28. Athenienses magno proelio apud Aegospotamos super antv/r. 
(Just. V. 6, 7. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 8.) 

Itaque Conon Alcibiadi suffectus classem maxima industria 
adornat ; sed navibus exercitus deerat. Nam ut numerus 
militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. 
Pluribus itaque proeliis adverso Marte pugnatis, tandem Ly- 
sander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, qui, navi- 
bus relictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos Humeri* 
oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. Haec enim cla- 
de res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est. 3 Tributariae civi- 
tates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradiderunt, 
nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium 4 relictum est praeter urbem 
ipsam. 

29. Atheniensium constematio. (Just. V. 7.) 

Quae quum Athenis nuntiata essent, ingens omnium con- 
stematio fuit; viri mulieresque relictis domibus, per urbem 
currere pavidi ; alius alium sciscitari ; auctorem nuntii require- 
re. 5 In foro deinde coeunt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, ques- 
tus, et lacrymas transigunt. Alii fratres, aut filios, aut paren- 
tes deflent, et cum privatis casibus querelam publicanV mis- 
cent: Jam se ipsos, jam ipsam patriam perituram, miserio- 
remque superstitum, quam amissorum fortunam esse. Nullam 
nunc classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum exerci" 
tu?n, cujus virtute servari possint. 



24 RES ATHENIENSIUM, 



30. Athenae se Lysandro tradunt. (Justin. V. 8. Corn. 
Nep. Vita Lys. c. 1.) 

Dum haec Athenis fiunt, Lysander Graeciae civitates in 
Lacedaemoniorum potestatem redigit, et undique iis, qui Athe- 
niensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in unaquaque civi- 
tate delegit viros, 1 quibus summum imperium potestatemque 
omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, mi- 
seramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget. Scie- 
bat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et ne no- 
vae advehi possent, providebat. Quibus malis Athenienses 
fracti, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere : quae an 
dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est. 
Q,uum nonnulli nomen Atheniensium 2 delendum, urbemque 
incendio consumendam censerent, Spartani negarunt, se pas- 
suros, 3 ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis 4 alter erueretur ; pacem- 
que Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia 5 dejice- 
rent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent; denique si 
respublica triginta rectores, 6 ex civibus deligendos, acciperet. 

31. Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis ezercent. (Justin V. 

8,9.) 

His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari 7 coepit: 
Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis et 
Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyrannidem in cives exercere coepe- 
runt. Quippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt ; 
et quasi hie numerus ad continendam civitatem non sufficeret, 
septingentos milites a victorious 8 accipiunt. His copiis instruc- 
ti exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fatigant : 9 quumque 
hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni 10 displicere didicissent, ip- 
sum quoque ad terrorem omnium interflciunt. Quo factum 
est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum 
terrorem 11 pati mallent. 

32. Alcibiades interficitur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. 9, 10.) 

Horum tyrannorum consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui 
quum castellum in Phrygia 12 habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae 
agitabat consilia, Critias 13 caeterique tyranni Atheniensium 
certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum 
certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum 
rerum ratum 14 fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare 
si suas res gestas manere vellet, ilium persequeretur. Ly- 



RES ATHENIENSITJM. 25 

sander, his verbis commotus, Pharnabazo, satrapae, persuasit, 
ut homines mitteret, qui, vicinitati, 1 in qua Alcibiades erat, ne- 
gotium darent, 2 ut eum interficerent. 3 Illi, quum eum ferro 
aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt circa casam 
earn, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. Ille autem 
ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subduc- 
tus, familiaris sui subalare telum 4 arripuit. Namque erat 
cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui nunquam discedere vo- 
luerat. Hunc sequi se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vesti- 
mentorum 5 fuit, arripuit. His in ignem ejectis flammae vim 6 
transiit. Quern ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, te- 
lis eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnaba- 
zum reiulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, 
muliebri sua veste contectum cremavit. Sic Alcibiades an- 
nos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum. 

33. Thrasybulus exsul patriae liber andae capit consilium. 
(Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. c. 2.) 

Inter cives, qui tyrannorum furorem effugerant, Thrasybu- 
lus erat, qui, ad spem liberandae patriae erectus, 7 adunatis 8 
triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in finibus At- 
ticae, 9 occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. 
Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum 10 transiit, Munychi- 
amque' 1 munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, 
ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus in urbem, armis impedi- 
mentisque amissis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasybulus non 
minus prudentia quam fortitudine; nam cedentes violari 
vetuit; cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; ne- 
que quisquam est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare voluit ; 
neminem jacentem 12 veste spoliavit ; nihil attigit praeter arma, 
quaeque ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit 
Critias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus. 

34. Exsules in patriam redeunt. (Corn. Nep. I. c. 3.) 

Dum haec geruntur, Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum, 
tyrannis auxilio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thra- 
sybulum et eos, qui urbem tenebant, 13 fecit pacem, his condi- 
tionibus, ne qui praeter triginta tyrannos, et decern, qui postea 
praetor es creati, eadem crudelitate in cives grassati erant, ajft- 
cerentur ezsilio, neve bona publicarentur ; reipublicae procu- 
ratio populo redderetur. u Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasy- 
buli, quod reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in civitate pos- 



26 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

set, legem tulit : ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur, ne- 
ve multaretur ; earn que illi legem Oblivionis vocant. 

35. Athenienses se desidiae tradunt. (Just. VI. 9.) 

Non ita multo post per victoriam, 1 a Conone de Lacedae- 
moniorum classe reportatam, fractae res Atheniensium non- 
nihil reparatae sunt ; nee tarn en pristinam inter Graecos auc- 
toritatem potuerunt recipere. Magis magisque in torporem 
et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, 
sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos ef- 
fundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versa- 
bantur. Turn vectigal publicum quo milites et remiges ale- 
bantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. Quibus re- 
bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum 
antea Macedonum nomen emergeret ; et Philippus, obses tri- 
ennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestan- 
tissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus Graeciae servitu- 
tis jugum imponeret. 



D. DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM. 

I. Lycurgus Spartanorum legislator. (Just. III. 2.) 

Lacedaemoniorum respublica auctoritatem, qua inter Grae- 
cos pollebat, et incrementa debebat legibus et disciplinae Ly- 
curgi. Qui vir quum fratri suo, Polydectae, regi Spartano- 
rum, 2 successisset, regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset, Cha- 
rilao, filio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem 
adultam pervenisset, regnum, summa fide restituit; ut intelli- 
gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatis3 jura, quam 
omnes opes valerent. Jam probitate ejus perspecta, populus 
et principes, diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis pre- 
cibus eum permoverunt, ut civitati leges senberet. Quo dif- 
ficillimo negotio suscepto, rem ita perfecit, ut, dum Lycurgi 
leges florebant, Spartanorum civitas principem locum inter 
Graecos obtineret. 

2. Quaedam Lycurgi leges. (Just. III. 2, 3.) 

Ac primum quidem populum in obsequia principum, prin- 
cipes ad justitiam imperiorum forma vit. 4 Parsimoniam om- 



RES LACEDAEMONIORUM. 27 

nibus suasit. Emi singula non pecunia, sed compensatione 
mercium 1 jussit. Auri argentique usum, velut omnium scc- 
lerum materiam, sustulit. Fundos omnium aequaliter inter 
omnes divisit. Convivari omnes publice jussit, ne cujus di- 
vitiae vel luxuria in occulto essent. Pueros puberes in agrum 
deduci praecepit, ut primos annos non in luxuria, 2 sed in 
opere et laboribus agerent. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit, 
ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. Maximum honorem 
senum esse voluit. Haec quoniam primo, solutis antea mori- 
bus, dura videbat esse, auctorem eorum Apollinem Delphi- 
cum fingit. 3 Dein, ut aeternitatem legibus suis daret, jure- 
jurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legibus mutaturos, 
priusquam reverteretur, et simulat, se ad oraculum Delphi- 
cum proflcisci, consulturum, quid addendum mutandumque, 
legibus videretur Deo. Proficiscitur autem Cretam, 4 ibique 
perpetuum exsilium egit, abjicique in mare ossa sua moriens 
jussit, ne, reliquiis suis Lacedaemonem relatis, Spartani se re- 
ligione jurisjurandi solutos arbitrarentur. 



3. Bella Messenica. (Just. III. 4. 5.) 

His igitur moribus ita brevi civitas convaluit, ut quum Mes- 
seniis bellum intulissent, gravissima se exsecratione obstrin- 
gerent, non, priusquam Messeniam 5 expugnassent, reversu- 
ros. Sed decern annis in obsidione urbis frustra consumtis, 
Messenii tandem per insidias expugnantur. Deinde, quum 
per octoginta annos omnia servitutis mala perpessi essent, 
post Ion gam poenarum 6 patientiam bellum restaurant. La- 
cedaemonii autem tanto majore confidentia ad arma concur- 
runt, quod adversus servos dimicaturi videbantur. Res tamen 
aliter cecidit, atque ipsi speraverant. Nam tribus proeliis 
fusi, eo usque desperationis adducti sunt Spartani, ut ad sup- 
plementum exercitus servos suos manumitterent. Turn de 
belli eventu oraculo Delphis consulto, jubentur ducem belli 
ab Atheniensibus petere. Athenienses autem, quum hoc re- 
sponsum cognovissent, in contemtum Spartanorum Tyrtaeum 
poetam claudum pede miserunt. Qui quum venisset, carmi- 
na exercitui recitavit, in quibus virtutis hortamenta, damnorum 
solatia, belli consilia, conscripserat. 7 Itaque tantum ardorem 
militibus injecit, ut omnes alacri animo mortem oppeterent. 
Raro unquam cruentius proelium fuit Ad postremum tamen 
victoria Lacedaemoniorum fuit 



PART II.« 



28 RES LACEDAEMONIORUM 



4. Lacedaemonii principatum in Graecia ezercent. 

Insequenti aevo factum est, ut Lacedaemonii, ob insitam 
quandam populo nobilitatem et eximiam virtutis famam, prin- 
cipatum in Graecia obtinerent. Quare in Persicis bellis om- 
nes Graeciae civitates, quae se ad versus barbaros conjunxe- 
rant, eorum imperio parebant. Sed post ilia tempora quum 
Athenienses maris sibi imperium vindicassent, ingens Lace- 
daemoniorum contra eos exarsit invidia. Hinc inimicitiae, 
mox bella exorta ; un unique 1 gravissimum, quod, per viginti 
septem annos extractum, universae Graeciae vires vehemen- 
ter afflixit. Victoria penes Spartanos fuit ; qui post pugnam 
apud Aegos flumen, ubi Atheniensium robur fractum est, ter- 
ra marique dominari coeperunt. 

5. Lacedaemonii cum Persis in Asia helium gerunt. (Just. 
VI. 1. Corn. Vit. Con. c. 2.) 

Jam auctis viribus, Lacedaemonii totius Asiae imperium 
affectare coeperunt. Circa illud tempus, Conon, Athenien- 
sis, qui, amissa bello patria, in exsilio vivebat, contulit se ad 
Pharnabazum, Satrapen Ioniae et Lydiae, eundemque gene- 
rum regis et propinquum, apud quern ut gratia valeret, multo 
labore perfecit. Nam quum Lacedaemonii in societate non 
manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, Agesilaumque bel- 
latum miaissent in Asiam, maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, 
qui a regis amicitia defecerat, et cum Lacedaemoniis co'ierat 
societatem, hunc adversus 2 Pharnabazus habitus est impera- 
tor ; re vera autem exercitui praefuit Conon, ejusque arbitrio 
omnia gesta sunt. Hie summum diicem Agesilaum multum 
impedivit, saepeque ejus consiliis obstitit, neque non fuit aper- 
tum, si ille non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus 2 regi 
fuisse erepturum. 

6. Agesilai res gestae. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Ages. c. 4.) 

Hie quum jam animo meditaretur proficisci in Persas et 
ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit Ephorum iussu, 
bellum Athenienses et Boeotios 3 indixisse Lacedaemoniis ; 
quare venire ne dubitaret. Qui quum victori praeesset exer- 
citui, maximamque haberet fiduciam regni Persarum potiun- 
di, gloriosius tamen duxit, si institutis patriae 4 paruisset, quam 
si bello superasset Asiam. Quum jam haud ita longe abes- 
set Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeo- 



RES LACEDAEMONIORUM. 29 

tn caeterique eorum socii -apud Coroneam ; quos omnes gravi 
proelio vicit. Huic victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod, 
quum plerique se ex fuga in templum Miner vae conjecissent, 
quaerereturque ex eo, 1 quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vulnera 
acceperat eo proelio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus 
eum arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religionem, et eos 
vetiut violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia fecit, ut 
templa Deorum sancta haberet, sed etiam apud barbaros 
summa religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit. 

7. Graeciae civitates sese i/wicem debilitant. (Corn. Vita 
Agesil. c. 5. Vit. Conon. c. 4. Just. VI. 4.) 

Post hoc proeiium collatum est omne bellum circa Co- 
rinthum, ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie quum una 
pugna decern millia hostium Agesilao duce cecidissent, eoque 
facto opes adversariorum debilitatae viderentur, 2 tantum abfuit 
ab insolentia gloriae, 3 ut commiseraretur fortunam Graeciae, 
quod tarn multi vitio adversariorum cecidissent ; namque ilia 
multitudine, si sana mens esset, Graeciam a Persis supplicium 
sumere potuisse, — Sed per idem tempus. Conon, Persarum 
classi praefectus, Spartanorum vires in pugna navali apud 
Cnidum fregit. Victi Lacedaemonii fugam capessunt, multis 
navibus amissis, quas Conon partim ceperat, partimdepresserat. 
Hoc initium Atheniensibus resumendae potentiae fuit. Conon 
cum parte navium in patriam venit ; muros a Lysandro dirutos 
reficiendos curat; pecuniaeque quinquaginta talenta, quae a 
Pharnabazo acceperat, civibus suis donat. 

Bellum exoritur inter Thebanos et Lacedaemonios. (Jus- 
tin. VI. 6.) 

Dum haec geruntur, Artaxerxes, rex Persarum, legatos in 
Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab armis diseedere ; 
qui aliter fecisset, eum se pro hoste habiturum : civitatibus 
libertatem suaque omnia restituit. Fessi tot bellis Graeci 
cupide paruerunt. Sed Lacedaemonii securis 4 insidiantes, 
castellum Arcadum expugnant, occupatoque praesidium 
imponunt. Itaque armato instructoque exercitu Arcades, 
adhibitis in auxilium Thebanis, qui jam, Epaminondae vir- 
tute excitati, ad Graeciae imperium adspir^bant, bellum re- 
petunt. In eo proelio Archidamus, 5 dux Lacedaemoniorum, 
^Tilneratur ; qui quum caedi suos videret, per praeconem 
corpora interfectorum ad sepulturam poscit. Hoc est enim 



30 RES LACEDAKMONIORUM. 

signum apud Graecos victoriae traditae. Qua confessione 
contend Thebani signum parcendi dederunt. 

9. Spartanorum virtus. Epaminondas in pugna ad Manti- 

neam interficitur. (Just. VI. 7. Corn. Nep. 

Vita Epam. c. 9.) 

Paulo post Thebani, Epaminonda duce, occupandae urbis 
hostium spem ceperunt. Igitur principio noctis 1 taciti Lacedae- 
mona proficiscuntur, non tamen aggredi incautos potuerunt. 
Q,uippe senes, et caetera imbellis aetas, quum adventum hos- 
tium sensissent, in ipsis portarum angustiis armati occurrunt. 
Pauci igitur senes sustinuerunt aciem, 2 cui paulo ante universa 
juventus par esse non potuit. Agesilai autem adventu nun- 
tiato, Thebani recessere. Nee bellum diu dilatum ; siquidem 
Spartanorum juventus, senum virtute et gloria incensa, teneri 
non potuit, quin ex continent! 3 acie decerneret. Quum victo- 
ria 4 Thebanorum esset, Epaminondas, dum non ducis tantum, 
verum etiam fortissimi militis officio fungitur, graviter vulnera- 
tur. Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii : neque 
tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnantes profliga- 
runt. At Epaminondas quum animadverteret, mortiferum se 
vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpore 
remanserat, extraxisset, an imam statim emissurum, usque eo 
retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id post- 
quam audivit, satis, inquit, vixi ; invictus enim morior. Turn, 
ierro extracto, confestim exanimatus est. 

10. Epaminondae laus. Just. VI. 8. Corn. Nep. Vita 
Epam. c. 3.) 

Una cum Epaminonda Thebanorum quoque vires cecide- 
runt ; ut non tarn ilium amisisse, quam cum illo interiisse 
omnes viderentur. Nam neque hunc ante 5 ducem ullum 
memorabile bellum gessere; nee postea virtutibus, sed cla- 
dibus insignes fuere ; ut manifestum sit, patriae gloriam et 
natam et exstinctam cum eo fuisse. Fuit autem incertum 
vir melior, 6 an dux esset. Erat enim modestus, prudens, 
gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis ma- 
nu, animo maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui- 
dem mentiretur. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut 
de republica nihil nisi gloriam caperet ; honores autem ita 
gessit, ut ornamentum non accipere, 7 sed dare ipse honori- 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 31 

bus videretur. Jam litterarum studium et philosophiae doc- 
trina tanta fuit, ut mirabile videretur, unde tam insignis mili- 
tiae scientia homini inter litteras nato contigisset 



E. MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



1. Macedoniae origines. (Justin. VII. 1.) 

Macedonia ante, a nomine Emathionis regis, Emathia 
cognominata est. Hujus, sicut incrementa modica, ita ter- 
mini perangusti fuere. Antiquissimis temporibus Caranus, ex 
Herculis progenie, responso oraculi sedes quaerere jussus, 
cum magna multitudine Graecorum in Emathiam venit, ibique 
urbem Edessam, oppidanis propter imbrium et nebulae mag- 
nitudinem non sentientibus, gregem caprarum, imbrem fugien- 
tium secutus, occupavit. Oraculum autem jusserat eum duci- 
bus capris imperium quaerere. Hinc etiam postea in bellis, 
quae cum finitimis gerebat, capras ante signa habere sole- 
bat. Urbem quoque Edessam, ob memoriam muneris 1 Ae- 
gas, 2 populum Aegeadas vocavit. Pulso deinde Mida, qui 
partem Macedoniae tenebat, aliisque regibus, in locum omnium 
solus successit, primusque adunatis gentibus variorum popu- 
1 or urn, veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit. 

2. Primi Macedoniae reges. (Just. VII. 2.) 

Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, cujus et vita illustris et mor- 
tis postrema 3 memorabilia fuere; siquidem senex moriens 
Argaeo fllio monstravit locum, quo condi vellet, ibique non 
sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi regum ossa poni jus- 
sit; praefatus, 4 quoad ibi conditae posterorum reliquiae fo- 
rent, regnum in familia mansurum ; creduntque exstinctam 
in Alexandre stirpem, 5 quod locum sepulturae mutaverit. 
Argaeus, moderate et cum amore popularium administrato 
regno, successorem filium Philippum reliquit : qui immatu- 
ra morte raptus AeTopum, parvulum admodum, instituit he- 
redem. Illis temporibus Macedonibus assidua certamina 
cum Thracibus et Iilyriis 6 fuere. Turn quoque Illyrii, in- 
fantiam regis pupilli contemnentes, belio Macedonas aggre- 
diuntur. Q,ui quum primo proelio pulsi essent, rege suo in 
4* 



32 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

cunis prolato et pone aciem posito, acrius certamen repetivere 
Conserto itaque proelio magna caede Illyrios fudere, osten- 
deruntque hostibus suis, priore bello regem l Macedonibus, 
non virtutem defuisse. 

3. Amynta rex. (Just. VII. 4.) 

Multis annis interjectis, per ordinem successionis regnum ad 
Amyntam pervenit. Hie quoque rex insigni industria et omni- 
bus imperatoriis virtutibus instructus fuit. Ex Eurydice tres 
filios sustulit, 2 Alexandrum, Perdiccam et Philippum, Alexan- 
dri Magni patrem, et filiam Euryonen. Cum Illyriis et 
Olynthiis 3 gravia bella gessit. Insidiis autem Eurydices ux- 
oris, quae regnum adultero tradendum susceperat, occupatus 
fuisset, 4 nisi fllia matris consilia et scelus prodidisset. Func- 
tus itaque multis periculis senex decessit, regno maximo ex 
filiis Alexandro tradito. 

4. Philippus, Thebis eruditus, fratri Perdiccae succedit. 
(Just. VII. 5.) 

Alexander inter prima initia regni bellum ab Illyriis pac- 
ta mercede redemit; et interjecto tempore, Philippo fratre 
obside dato, cum Thebanis pacem conciliat ; quae res ad 
egregiam Philippi indolem formandam plurimum valuit. Si- 
quidem per triennium Thebis obses habitus in domo Epa- 
minondae, summi et philosophi et imperatoris, ad hujus viri 
exemplum se composuit. Nee multo post Alexander, insi- 
diis Eurydices matris petitus, occubuit : 5 cui Amyntas, quum 
in scelere esset deprehensa, propter communes liberos pe- 
percerat, ignarus, earn his ipsis aliquando exitiosam fore. 
Frater quoque ejus Perdicca pari insidiarum fraude decipitur, 6 
parvo filio relicto. Nuntio de fratris morte accepto, Philippus 
clam Thebis aufugit, domumque rediit, ubi diu pupilli regis 
tutorem egit. At ubi graviora bella imminebant, serumque 
auxilium in exspectatione infantis 7 erat, compulsus a populo 
regnum suseepit. 

5. Initia regni. (Justin. VII. 6.) 

Principium imperii non satis prosperum videbatur, quum 
hinc 8 insidiarum metus, inde inopia regni, continuis bellis 
exhausti, immaturam adolescentis aetatem urgeret 9 Simul 
finitimae gentes, velut conspiratione facta ad opprimendam 
Macedonian!, ex diversis locis uno tempore regnum bello 



MACEDONUM IMPEIUUM. 33 

petebant. Quibus bellis omnibus quum par esse non posset, 
alia interpositapactionecomposuit, alia redemit/invalidissimos 
quosque aggressus vicit : quo factum est, ut et militum trepi- 
dos animos iirmaret, et se a contemtu hostium vindicaret 
Primum illi cum Atheniensibus certamen ad Amphipolm 2 fuit ; 
quibus per insidias victis, quum interficere omnes posset, in- 
columes sine pretio dimisit. Post haec, bello in Illyrios trans- 
lato, multa millia hostium caedit. 3 Urbem nobilissimam Laris- 
sam capit in Thessalia, non praedae cupiditate, sed quod exer- 
citui suo robur Thessalorum equitum 4 adjungere gestiebat. 
His ita gestis, jam non contentus submovere bella, ultro etiam 
quietos lacessit. Quum Methonam 5 urbem oppugnaret, jacta 
de muris sagitta 6 dextrum oculum regis efTodit. Quo vulnere 
nee segnior in bellum, nee iracundior adversus bostes factus 
est; adeo ut, interjectis diebus, 7 pacem deprecantibus daret, 
nee moderatus tantum, verum etiam rnitis adversus victos 
esset. 

6. Philippics se Graecorum rebus immiscet. 
(Justin. VIII. I.) 

Rebus Macedoniae compositis, finitimisque hostibus aut 
devictis aut territis, Philippus Graecorum libertati coepit insi- 
diari. Quare civitatum contentiones alit, et auxilium inferiori- 
bus 8 ferendo victos pariter victoresque subire regiam servitutem 
coegit. Causa et origo hujus mali Thebani fuere ; qui quum 
rerum potirentur, incredibili odio adversus Phocenses inflam- 
mati, bellum sacrum excitavere. Quod quum soli profligare 
non possent, Philippum ducem eligunt, qui sacrilegos puniret. 
Phocenses enim, templo Apollinis occupato, magnam inde vim 
auri in belli usum converterant. Igitur Philippus, quasi sacri- 
legii ultor esset, omnes milites coronas laureas 9 sumere jubet, 
atque ita, veluti deo duce, in proelium pergit. Phocenses, in- 
signibus dei conspectis, conscientia delictorum territi, abjectis 
armis fugam capessunt, poenasque violatae religionis sanguine 
pendunt. 

7. Fines imperii promovet. (Just. VIII. 1.) 

Philippus, quum magnam inde gloriam apud omnes natio- 
nes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggreditur. Receperant enim 
per misericordiam, post caedem unius, duos fratres ejus, 10 quos 
Philippus ex noverca genitos, velut aemulos regni, interficere 
gestiebat. Ob hanc igitur causam urbem antiquam et nobi- 



34 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

lem exscindit, et fratres olim destinatosupplicio tradit, simulque 
praeda ingenti fruitur. Inde auraria in Thessalia, argenti me- 
talla in Thracia 1 occupat. His ita gestis, forte evenit, ut eum 
fratres duo, 2 reges Thraciae, disceptationum suarum judicem 
eligerent. Sed Philippus ad judicium, velut ad bellum, in- 
structo exercitu supervenit, et regno utrumque spoliavit. 

8. In Graeciam penetrat. (Just. VIII. 4.) 

Paulo post Thebani iterum legatos ad eum miserunt, qui 
rogarent, ut bellum contra Phocenses susceptum renovaret. 
Contra Phocensium legati, adhibitis 3 Lacedaemoniis et Athe- 
niensibus, bellum deprecabantur, 4 cujus ab eo dilationem ter 
jam emerant. Secreto igitur auditis utriusque populi legationi- 
bus, his 5 veniam belli pollicetur ; 6 illis contra, venturum se 
auxiliumque laturum. Utrosque vetat parare bellum aut nie- 
tuere. " Sic factum est, ut, securis omnibus, Thermopylarum 
angustias occuparet. Tunc primum Phocenses captos 7 se 
fraude Philippi animadvertentes, trepidi ad arma confugiunt. 
Sed neque spatium erat instruendi belli, nee tempus ad con- 
trahenda auxilia ; et Philippus excidium minabatur, ni deditio 
fleret. Victi igitur necessitate, pacta salute, 8 se dediderunt. 
At, deditione facta, caeduntur passim rapiunturque, haud secus 
ac si proelio superati essent. 

9. Bella secunda gerit in Chersoneso et in Scythia, 
(Justin. VIII. 6. IX. 1.) 

His peractis, rebusque Macedoniae compositis, Dardanos 9 
caeterosque finitimos expugnat, et Byzantium, nobilem urbem 
et maritimam, obsidione cingit. Quam quum expugnare non 
posset, profectus cum fortissimis, se ad Chersonensium urbes lc 
convertit, plurimasque earum sibi subjicit, filiumque Alexan- 
drum, decern et octo annos natum, ad se arcessit, ut prima 
stipendia sub patris militia faceret. In Scythiam quoque 
praedandi causa profectus est ; Scythasque, et virtute et nu- 
mero praestantes, dolo vicit. Viginti millia puerorum ac 
feminarum capta, pecoris magna vis, auri argentique nihil. 11 
Aliquot millia nobilium equarum ad genus faciendum in Mace- 
donian! missa. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 35 



10. Graecos ad Chaeroneam vincit. (Just. IX. 3.) 

Ab hac expeditione reversus, diu dissimulatum 1 bellum Athe- 
niensibus 2 infert, quorum causae Thebani se junxerunt. Fac- 
ta igitur inter duas antea infestissimas civitates societate, ]e- 
gationibus Graeciam fatigant. 3 Communem hostem putant 
communibus viribus summovendum ; neque enim cessatu- 
rum Philippum, nisi omnem Graeciam domuerit. Motae 
quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jungunt, quasdam autem 
ad Philippum belli metus traxit. Proelio ad Chaeroneam 4 
commisso, quum Athenienses longe majore militum nurae- 
ro pra^starent, tamen assiduis bellis indurata Macedonum 
virtute vincuntur. Non tamen immemores pristinae virtu- 
tis ceciderunt ; quippe adversis vulneribus 5 omnes loca, quae 
tuenda a ducibus acceperant, morientes corporibus texerunt. 
Hk dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetus- 
tissimam libertatem finivit. 

11. Bellum contra Persas par at. (Just. IX 4, 5.) 

Hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est. Non so- 
lita sacra Philippus ilia die fecit ; non in convivio risit ; non 
coronas aut unguenta sumsit ; et, quantum in illo fuit, ita 
vicit, 6 ut victorem nemo sentiret. Atheniensibus, quos passus 7 
infestissimos fuerat, et captivos gratis remisit, et bello con- 
sumtorum corpora sepulturae reddidit. Compositis in Graecia 
rebus, omnium civitatum legatos ad formandum reium prae- 
sentium statum evocari Corinthum 8 jubet. Ibi pacis leges 
universae Graeciae pro meritis singularum civitatum statuit, 
conciliumque omnium, veluti unum senatum, ex omnibus le- 
git. Auxilia deinde singularum civitatum describuntur ; nee 
dubium erat, eum Persarum imperium et suis et Graeciae viri- 
bus impugnaturum esse. 

12. Philippus inierficitur. (Just. IX. 6,) 

Interea dum auxilia a Graecia coeunt, nuptias Cleopa- 
trae filiae, et Alexandri, 9 quern regem Epiri fecerat, magno 
apparatu celebrat. Ubi quum Philippus ad ludos spectan- 
dos, medius inter duos Alexandros, et filium et generum, 
contenderet, 10 Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adoles- 
cens, occupatis augustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. 
Hie ab Attalo 11 indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe quere- 
lam ad Philippum frustra detulisset, et honoratum insuper ad- 



36 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

versarium videret, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit, ultio- 
nemque quam ab adversario non poterat, 1 ab iniquo judice 
exegit. 

13. Olympias mariti percussorem muneribus condecorat. 
(Justin. IX. 7, 8.) 

Creditum est etiam, percussorem immissum ab Olympi- 
ade, matre Alexandri, fuisse ; nee ipsum Alexandrum igna- 
rum paternae caedis exstitisse, quod Philippus, Olympiade 
repudiata, Cleopatram, Parmenionis sororem, in matrimo- 
nium duxisset. Olympias certe fugienti percussori equos 
praeparatos habuit. Ipsa deinde, quum regis nece^ audita 
accurrisset, eadem nocte, qua venit, Pausaniae in cruce 
pendentis capiti coronam auream imposuit. Paucos deinde 
post dies reftxum corpus interfectoris super reliquias mariti 
crcmavit, et tumulum ei fecit eodem in loco, parentarique 
eidem quotannis curavit. Post haec Cleopatram, a qua pulsa 
Philippi matrimonio fuerat, filia ejus in matris gremio in- 
terfecta, finire vitam suspendio coegit. Novissime gladium 
quo rex percussus est, Apollini consecravit. Caeterum deces- 
sit Philippus anno aetatis quadragesimo septimo, quum annis 
viginti quinque regnasset. 

14. Philippus cum Alexandro filio comparatus. 
(Justin. IX. 8.) 

Philippo Alexander filius successit, et vir'.ute et vitiis patre 
major. Vincendi ratio utrique diversa. Hie aperte, ille arti- 
bus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudere 2 hostibus, hie pa- 
lam fusis. Prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magnificentior. 
Iram pater cfissimulare, plerumque etiam vincere ; hie ubi 
exarsisset, nee difatio ultionis, nee modus erat. Vini uterque 
nimis avidus ; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pater de convivio 
in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, periculis se temere 
offerre ; Alexander non in hostem, sed in suos saevire. Reg- 
nare ille cum amicis volebat ; hie in amicos regna exercebat. 
Amari pater malle, hie metui. Litterarum cultus utrique 
similis. Solertiae pater majoris, hie fidei. Verbis atque 
oratione Philippus, hie rebus moderatior. Parcendi victis 
filio animus promtior ; ille nee sociis abstinebat. Frugalitati 
pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. Quibus artibus orbis 
imperii fundamenta pater jecit, operis totius gloriam filius con- 
summavit. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 37 



15. Initio, regni Alexandri. (Justin XL 2.) 

Imperio suscepto, prima Alexandro cura paternarum exse- 
quiarum fuit ; in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumu- 
lum patris occidi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes re- 
bellantes compescuit ; orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. 
Inchoatum deinde a patre Persic urn bell urn aggreditur. In 
cujus apparatu nuntiatur, Athenienses et Thebanos ab eo ad 
Persas defecisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis Demosthe- 
nem oratorem exstitisse ; qui omnes Macedonum copias una 
cum rege a Triballis deletas esse afrlrmaverit. Qua opinio- 
ne 2 mutatos omnium ferme civitatum animos esse ; praesidia 
Macedonum obsideri. 

16. Alexander Graecos defectionem meditantes coercet. 
(Justin. XL 3.) 

His motibus occursurus summa celeritate in Graeciam pe- 
netravit. Athenienses, sicuti primi defecerant, ita primos 
consilii poenitere coepit, missisque legatis bellum deprecan- 
tur. Quibus auditis et graviter increpatis Alexander bellum 
remisit. 3 Inde Thebas exercitum convertit, eadem indul- 
gentia usurus, si parem poenitentiam invenisset. Sed Theba- 
ni armis, non precibus, usi sunt. Itaque victi gravissima 
quaeque supplicia miserrimae captivitatis experti sunt. Urbs 
diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur ; captivi sub corona 
venduntur. Miseranda res Atheniensibus visa. Itaque pro- 
fugos contra inter dictum regis apud se receperunt. Q.uam 
rem ita graviter tulit Alexander, ut secunda legatione denuo 
bellum deprecantibus ita demum remitteret, ut oratores et 
duces, quorum fiducia toties rebellarent, sibi dederentur. Res 
eo deducta est, ut, retentis oratoribus, duces in exsilium age- 
rentur ; qui ex continents ad Darium profecti, non mediocre 
momentum Persarum viribus accessere. 

17. Persicum bellum aggreditur. (Just. XL 5.) 

Jam ad Persicum bellum proflciscens, patrimonium omne 
suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa habebat, amicis divisit : 
sibi Asiam sufficere praefatus. 6 Nee exercitui alius quam regi 
animus fuit. Quippe omnes obliti conjugum liberorumque, et 
longinquae a domo militiae, nihil nisi Orientis opes cogitabant. 
Q,uum delati in Asiam essent, primus Alexander jaculum ve- 
lut in hostilem terram jecit; armatusque de navi tripudianti si- 



38 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

milis prosiluit, atqua ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem 
illae terrae invitae accipiant. In II io quoque ad tumulos he- 
roum, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. 

18. Prima congressione Persas vincit. (Just. XL 6.) 

Inde hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae prohibuit, 
parcendum suis rebus 1 praefatus, nee perdenda ea, quae posses- 
suri venerint. In exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo mil- 
lia, equitum quatuor millia quingenti, naves centum octoginta 
duae. Hac tarn parva manu universum terrarum orbem vin- 
cere est aggressus. Quum ad tarn periculosum bellum exer- 
citum legeret, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum 
patre patruisque militaverant, elegit : ut non tarn milites, 
quam magistros militiae electos putares. Prima cum hoste 
congressio in campis Adrastiae 2 fuit. In acie Persarum sex- 
centa millia militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte quam vir- 
tute Macedonum superata, terga verterunt. Magna itaque 
caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedi- 
tes, centum viginti equites cecidere ; quos rex magnifice hu- 
matos statuis equestribus donavit ; cognatis eorum autem im- 
munitates a publicis muneribus dedit. Post victoriam major 
pars Asiae 3 ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura proelia cum 
praefectis Darii, quos jam non tarn armis, quam terrore nomi- 
nis sui vicit. 

19. Gordii nodum fatalem solvit. (Just. XL 7.) 

Post haec Gordium urbem petit, quae posita est inter Phry- 
gian! majorem et minorem, quod audierat, in ea urbe, in tem- 
plo Jovis, jugum plaustri Gordii 4 esse positum ; cujus nexum 
si quis solvisset, eum tota Asia regnaturum, antiqua oracula 
cecinisse. Capta igitur urbe quum in templum venisset, illud 
jugum requisivit ; quo monstrato, quum capita loramentorum 
intra nodos abscondita reperire non posset, gladio loramenta 
caedit, dicens nihil interest, quo modo nodus solvatur ; atque 
ita resolutis nexibus, latentia in nodis capita invenit. 

20. In gravem morbum incidit (Just. XL 8.) 

Haec illi agenti nuntiatur, Darium cum ingenti exercitu 
adventare, Itaque timens angustias, magna celeritate Tau- 
rum transcendit. Quum Tarsum 5 venisset, captus amoeni- 
tate Cydni fluminis, per mediam urbem influentis, projectis 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 39 

armis, plenus pulveris ac sudoris, in praefrigidam undam se 
projecit. Tum repente tantus nervos ejus occupat rigor, ut 
jam de eo actum esse videretur. Unus erat ex medicis, no- 
mine Philippus, qui remedium polliceretur ; sed hunc Par- 
menionis epistolae pridie e Cappadocia missae suspectum fa- 
ciebant. Hie enim, ignarus infirmitatis Alexandri, scripserat, 
a Philippo medico caveret ; nam corruptum ilium a Dario 
ingenti pecunia esse. Alexander tamen tutius est ratus, du- 
biae se fidei medico credere, quam indubitato 1 morbo perire. 
Accepto igitur poculo, epistolas medico tradidit; atque ita 
inter bibendum oculos in vultum legentis intendit. Ut secu- 
rum conspexit, laetior factus est, sanitatemque quarta die 
recepit. 

21. Darium vincit ad Issum. (Just. XI. 9.) 

Interea Darius cum quadringentis millibus peditum, ac 
centum millibus equitum in aciem procedit. Movebat haec 
multitudo hostium respectu paucitatis suae Alexandrum j nee 
tamen bellum difTerre ratus, circumvectus suos, singulas gen- 
tes diversa oratione alloquitur. Illyrios et Thracas opum ac 
divitiarum 2 ostentatione ; Graecos veterum bellorum memoria, 
inter necivique cum Persis odii accendebat. Macedones autem 
nunc Europae victae admonet, nunc Asiae expetitae; nee 
inventas illis toto orbe pares vires gloriatur. 3 Nee Darii segnis 
opera in ordinanda acie fuit. Q,uippe ipse omnia circumire, 
singulos hortari, veteris gloriae Persarum admonere. Post 
haec proelium ingentibus animis committitur. In eo uterque 
rex vulneratur. Tarn diu certamen anceps fuit, quoad fugeret 
Darius. Exinde caedes Persarum secuta est. In castris 
eorum multum auri caeterarumque opum inventum. Inter 
captivos castrorum mater et uxor et filiae duae Darii fuere. 
Ad quas visendas quum Alexander venisset, conspectis arma- 
tis in vie em se complexae, velut statim moriturae, complora- 
tionem edidere. Provolutae deinde genubus Alexandri mortis 
dilationem precantur, dum Darii corpus sepeliverint. Motus 
tanta mulierum pietate Alexander, et Darium vivere dixit, et 
timentibus mortis metum demsit, easque haberi ut reginas prae- 
cepit. 

22. Plurimae Asiae gentes victori se subjiciunt. (Justin. 
XI. 10.) 

Post hoc proelium Parmenionem ad occupandam Persicam 
classem, aliosque amicoruni suorum ad recipiendas Asiae ci- 

PART II. 5 



40 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

vitates misit, quae statim, audita fama victoriae, in potestatem 
victorum venerunt. Tunc in Syriam proficiscitur, ubi obvios 
cum infulis multos Orientis reges habuit. Ex his, pro meritis 
singulorum, alios in societatem recepit, aliis regnum ademit, 
sufTectis in loca eorum no vis regibus. Insignis praeter caete- 
ros fuit Abdalonymus, rex ab Alexandro Sidoniae 1 constitutus. 
Quern Alexander, quum operam locare ad puteos exhauriendos 
hortosque irrigandos solitus esset, regem fecerat, spretis' 2 nobi- 
libus, ne generis id, non dantis, beneficium putarent. 3 Q,uum 
Tyriorum legatis, qui ei coronam auream magni ponderis mi- 
serant, significasset, se Tyrum 4 ire velle ad vota Herculi red- 
denda, iique ejus introitum deprecarentur, ita exarsit, ut urbi 
excidium minaretur. Confestim admoto exercitu, post diutur- 
nam obsidionem, Tyriis muros animose defendentibus, urbs 
tandem per proditionem capitur. 



23. Ab oraculo Jovis Ammonis Alexander salutatur deus. 
(Justin. XL 11.) 

Inde Rhodum Alexander, Aegyptum, Ciliciamque sine cer- 
tamine cepit. Ad Jovem deinde Ammonem 5 pergit, consulturus 
et de eventu futurorum et de origine sua. Nam mater ejus 
Olympias gloriata erat, Alexandrum non ex Philippo, sed ex 
serpente ingentis magnitudinis esse conceptum. Igitur Alex- 
ander, cupiens, originem divinam sibi tribui, subornat antistites, 
quid sibi responderi velit per praemissos docens. Itaque ingre- 
dientem templum statim antistites , ut Ammonis filium, salu- 
iant. Simul victoriam omnium bellorum, possessionemque 
terrarum dari respondetur. Comitibus quoque ejus imperatum, 
ut Alexandrum pro deo, non pro rege colerent Reversus ab 
Ammone Alexandriam 6 condidit, et coloniam Macedonum. 
caput esse Aegypti jubet. 

24. Darius pacem precatur frustra. (Just. XL 12.) 

Darius quum Babyloniam profugisset, 7 per epistolam Alex- 
andrum precatur, redimendarum sibi capti varum potestatem 
faciat, 8 inque earn rem magnam pecuniam pollicetur. Sed 
Alexander in pretium captivarum regnum omne, non pecuni- 
am petit. Interjecto tempore aliae epistolae Darii Alexan- 
dro redduntur, quibus rlliae matrimonium et regni portio of- 
fertur. Sed Alexander sua sibi dari 9 rescripsit, jussitque 
regni arbitria 10 victori 11 permittere. Turn, spe pacis amissa, 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 4i 

bellum Darius reparat, et cum quadringentis millibus pedi- 
tum, et centum millibus equitum obviam vadit Alexandro. 
In itinere nuntiatur, uxorem ejus decessisse, ejusque mortem 
illacrymatum Alexandruro, exsequiasque benigne prosecutum 
esse. Tunc Darius, quum se beneficiis quoque a rege supe- 
ratum videret, tertias epistolas scripsit, et gratias egit, quod 
nihil hostile in suos fecerit. Offert deinde majorem partem 
regni usque ad flumen Euphraten, 1 et alteram filiam uxo- 
rem ; pro reliquis captivis triginta millia talentorum. Ad 
haec Alexander, gratiarum actionem supervacaneam esse, res- 
pondit; se didicisse non adversus calamitates hostium, sed 
vires eorum contendere. Caeterum neque mundum posse duo- 
bus solibus regi, neque orbem terrarum duo maxima regna 
salvo statu terrarum habere posse ; proinde aut deditionem eo 
die, aut in posterum aciem paret. 

25. Magno proelio ad Gaugamelam* vincitur. 
(Justin. XL 13, 14.) 

Postero die aciem producunt. Turn repente ante proelium 
Alexandrum somnus oppressit; quum que ad pugnam solus 
rex deesset, a Parmenione aegre excitatus est. Ante proelium 
utraque acies hostibus spectaculo fuit. Macedones multitudi- 
nem hominum, corporum magnitudinem, armorumque pulchri- 
tudinem mirabantur ; Persae a tarn paucis victa suorum tot 
millia stupebant. Raro in ullo proelio tantum sanguinis fusum 
est. Darius quum vinci suos videret, mori voluit et ipse, 
sed a proximis fugere compulsus est. Alexander autem peri- 
culosissima quaeque aggrediebatur, et ubi confertissimos hos- 
tes acerrime pugnare conspexisset, eo se semper ingerebat. 
Hoc proelio Asiae imperium ei obtigit, quinto post acceptum 
regnum anno. Post haec expugnat Persepolin, 3 caput Persici 
regni, urbem antiquissimam plurimisque refertam opibus, quae 
interitu ejus primum apparuere. 

26. A suis inter jicitur . (Justin. XL 15.) 

Interea Darius a cognatis suis in vico Parthorum Thara 
aureis compedibus vincitur. Alexander postero die citato cur- 
su supervenit, ibique cognovit, 4 Darium clauso vehiculo per 
noctem exportatum. Jusso caetero exercitu subsequi, cum sex 
millibus equitum fugientem insequitur ; in itinere multa et 
penculosa proelia fecit. Emensus deinde multum itineris quum 
nullum Darii invenisset indicium, respirandi equis data potes- 
tate, unus ex militibus, dum ad fontem proximum pergit, in 



42 MACEDONUM IMPERITJM. 

vehiculo Darium, multis quidem vulneribus confossum, sed 
spirantem adhuc invenit, et unum e captivis ad eum adduxit. 
Quern quum rex ex voce civem esse cognovisset, Alexandre* 
dicere jubet, se plurimam ei gratiam habere, quod in matrem 
liberosque suos regium, non hostilem animum exhibuisset. 
Quare se precari superum inferilmque numina, et deos regni 
custodes et praesides, ut Mi t err arum omnium contingat im- 
perium. Posthaecporrectamanuexspiravit. Quae ubi Alexan 
dro nuntiata sunt, viso corpore defuncti, tarn indignam mortem 
lacrymis prosecutus est; corpusque regio more sepeliri jussit 

27. Graecarum civitatum motus ad, libertatem recuperandam. 
(Justin. XII. 1.) 

Dum haec in Asia gerebantur, Graecia fere omnis, spe 
recuperandae libertatis, ad arma concurrerat, auctoritatem 
Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux hujus belli Agis, rex Lace- 
daemoniorum, fuit. Quern motum Antipater, dux ab Alexan- 
dro in Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. Magna ta- 
men utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga dantes 
videret, dimissis satellitibus, ut Alexandro felicitate, non vir- 
tute inferior videretur, tantam stragem hostium edidit, ut ag- 
mina interdum fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine 
victus, gloria tamen omnes vicit. 

28. Alexander Persarum vitam et cultum imitatur. 
(Justin. XII. 3.) 

Alexander autem, Hyrcanis 1 Mardisque 2 subactis, habitum 
regum Persarum et diadema, insolitum antea regibus Mace- 
donicis, assumit, amicos quoque longam vestem auratam et 
purpuream sumere jubet. Ut luxum quoque Persarum imi- 
taretur, ingentes epularum apparatus fecit, et convivia juxta 
regiam magnificentiam instruxit. 

29. Alexander suorum in se animos exacerbat. 
(Justin. XII. 5.) 

Turn etiam primum hostili odio in suos saevire coepit. Max- 
ime indignabatur, carpi se sermonibus suorum, quod Philippi 
patris patriaeque mores subvertisset. Propter quae crimina 3 
Parmenio senex, dignitate regi proximus, cum Philota fllio in- 
terflcitur. Fremere itaque omnes universis castris coepere, 
innoxii senis flliique casum miserantes : interdum, se quoque 
non debere melius sperare dicentes. Quae quum nuntiata 



MACEDONUM IMPERITJM. 43 

Alexandro essent, simulat, se ex amicis quosdam in patriam 
victoriae nuntios missurum. Hortatur milites, ut suis scribe- 
rent; datasque epistolas tacite ad se deferri jubet; ex qui- 
bus cognito de se singulorum judicio, 1 in unam cohortem eos, 
qui de rege durius opinati fuerant' 2 contribuit, aut consumtu- 
rus eos, 3 aut in ultimis terris in colonias distributurus. Inde 
Drancas, Euergetas, caeterosque populos, qui ad radicem 
Caucasi habitabant, subegit. Interea unus ex amicis Darii, 
Bessus, vinctus adducitur, qui regem non solum prodiderat, 
verum etiam interfecerat. Quern in ultionem perfidiae fratri 
Darii excruciandum tradidit. Et ut his terris nomen relin- 
queret, urbem Alexandriam super amnem Tanain 4 condidit. 
Jn Bactrianis quoque Sogdianisque 5 duodecim urbes condidit, 
ibique eos, quos in exercitu seditiosos cognoverat, habitare 
jussit. 

30. Clitum sua manu interficit. (Justin. XII. 6.) 

His ita gestis solemni die amicos in convivium vocat. Ubi 
orta inter ebrios rerum a Philippo gestarum mentione, ipse 
se patri praeferre coepit, assentante majore convi varum parte. 
Itaque quum unus e senibus, Clitus, fiducia amicitiae regiae, 
memoriam Philippi tueretur, laudaretque ejus res gestas, Alex- 
ander adeo ira exarsit, ut, telo a satellite rapto, Clitum in 
convivio trucidaret. Post, irae aestu subsidente, in poeniten- 
tiam versus, mori voluit. Mansit haec moriendi voluntas etiam 
insequentibus diebus, donee exercitus universi precibus exora- 
tus est, precantis, ne ita unius mortem doleat, ut uni versos 
perdat ; neque milites in ultimam deductos barbariam, inter 
infestas gentes destituat. Revocato igitur ad bellum animo, 
Chorasmos et Dahas 6 in deditionem accepit. 

31. In Indiam penetrat. (Justin. XII. 7.) 

Post haec Indiam petit, ut Oceano finiret imperium. Cui 
gloriae ut etiam exercitus ornamenta convenirent, phaleras 
equorum et arma militum argento inducit; exercitumque 
suum, ab argenteis clypeis, Argyraspidas 7 appellavit. Quum 
ad Nysam 8 urbem venisset, oppidanis non repugnantibus, 
fiducia Liberi 9 patris, a quo condita urbs erat, parci jussit. 
Tunc ad sacrum montem duxit exercitum, vite hederaque 
non aliter vestitum, quam si manu cultus exornatusque es- 
set. Ubi ad montem accessit, exercitus, repentino mentis 
impetu correptus, ululare coepit, et Bacchantium more dis* 
currit. 

5* 



44 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



32. Porum, regem Indiae, superat. (Just. XII. 8.) 

Unus ex regibus Indorum fuit, Porus nomine, viribus cor- 
poris et animi magnitudine pariter insignis ; qui ad famam 
de Alexandri adventu beilum paraverat. Commisso proe- 
lio, 1 Alexandrum ad singulare certamen provocat. Nee 
Alexander pugnae moram facit ; sed prima congressione 
vulnerato equo, quum praeceps in terram decidisset, concur- 
su satellitum servatur. Porus multis vulneribus obrutus ca- 
pitur. Qui victum se adeo doluit, ut, quum veniam ab hoste 
invenisset, neque cibum capere vellet, neque vulnera curari 
pateretur; aegreque ab eo obtentum est, ut vellet vivere. 
Quern Alexander ob honorem virtutis incolumem in regnum 
remisit. Duas ibi urbes condidit, unam Nicaeam, 2 alteram ex 
nomine equi Bucephalen 3 vocavit. 

33. Macedones in patriam redire cupiunt. (Justin. XII. 8.) 

Quum ad Cuphites venisset, ubi eum cum ducentis milli- 
bus equitum bostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis laboribus 
fessus, lacrymis eum precatur, finem tandem belli faceret; 
aliquando patriae reditusque meminisset, militumque annos 
respiceret. Ostendere 4 alius canitiem, alius vulnera, alius 
aetate consumtum corpus et cicatricibus obductum. Motus 
eorum precibus, veluti finem victoriis facturus castra solito 
magniflcentiora fieri jussit, quorum molitionibus et hostis ter- 
reretur, et posteris sui admiratio relinqueretur. Nullum opus 
laetius milites fecerunt. Itaque caesis hostibus cum gratula- 
fione in haec castra reverterunt. 

34. Alexander evitaepericuloaegre servatur. (Justin. XII. 9.) 

Inde Alexander ad amnem Acesinen 5 pergit ; per quern 
in Oceanum devehitur, et in Ambros et Sigambros navigat. 
Quae gentes eum armatis octoginta millibus peditum, et sex- 
aginta millibus equitum excipiunt. Quum proelio victor es- 
set, exercitum ad urbem eorum duxit. Quam quum de muro, 
quern primus ceperat, a defensoribus desertam animadvertis- 
set, in urbis planitiem sine ullo satellite desiliit. Itaque quum 
eum hostes solum conspexissent, clamore edito undique in 
eum concur runt. Ubi obrui multitudine se vidit, trunco se, 
qui propter murum stabat, applicuit. Quum sic diu agmen 
sustinuisset, tandem, regis periculo cognito, amici ad eum 
desiliunt, ex quibus multi caesi ; proeliumque tamdiu anceps 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 45 

fuit, quoad omnis exercitus, muris dejectis, in auxilium veni- 
ret. In eo proelio sagitta sub mamma trajectus est, cujus 
vulneris curatio ipso vulnere gravior 1 fuit. 

35. Oceano lustrato nujptias celebrat. (Justin. XIL 10.) 

Tandem saluti redditus 2 Polyperchonta 3 cum exercitu Ba- 
byloniam mittit. Ipse cum lectissima manu, navibus conscen- 
sis, Oceani litora peragrat. Ibi Oceano libamenta dedit, 4 pros- 
perum in patriam reditum precatus ; ac, veluti positis imperii 
terminis, ostio fluminis Indi invehitur. Ibi in monumenta 
rerum a se gestarum urbem Barcen condidit, arasque statuit. 
Inde terrestri itinere Babyloniam redit. Ibi flliam Darii re- 
gis Statiram in matrimonium recepit ; sed et optimatibus Ma- 
cedonum lectas ex omnibus gentibus nobilissimas virgines tra- 
didit 

36. Babyloniam redit. (Justin. XIL 13.) 

Ab ultimis oris Oceani Babyloniam revertenti nuntiatur, 
non solum legationes Cartbaginiensium caeterarumque Afri- 
cae civitatum, sed et Hispaniarum, Siciliae, Galliae, Sardiniae, 
nonnullas quoque ex Italia ejus adventum Babyloniae oppe- 
riri. Hac igitur ex causa Babyloniam festinanti quidam ex 
magis praedixit, 5 ne urbem introiret, testatus, 6 hunc locum ei 
fatalem fore. Sed ab Anaxarcho 7 philosopho compulsus, ut 
magorum praedicta contemneret, Babyloniam reversus, con- 
vivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quum totus in laetitiam effu- 
sus esset, recedentem jam e convivio Medius Thessalus, in- 
staurata comissatione 8 invitat. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum 
veluti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio semianimis, 
tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia posceret. Ve- 
nenum accepisse creditur. 

37. 'Babyloniae moritur. (Justin. XII. 15.) 

Quarta die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens, agnos- 
cere se fatum domus 9 majorum suorum, ait ; namque plerosque 
Aeacidarum 10 intra tricesimum annum defunctos. Tumultu- 
antes deinde milites, insidiis periisse regem suspicantes, ipse 
sedavit, eosque omnes ad conspectum suum admisit, osculan- 
damque dextram porrexit. Quum lacrymarent omnes, ipse 
non sine lacrymis tantum, verum etiam sine ullo tristioris 
mentis argumento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in Ham- 
monis templo condi jubet. Gluum deflcere eum amici vide- 



46 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

rent, quaerunt, quern imperii faciat heredem ; respondit, dig 
nissimum. Hac voce omnes amicos suos ad aemulam regni 
cupiditatem accendit. Sexta die, praeclusa voce, exemtum 
digito annulum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscentem ami- 
corum discordiam sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus 
heres, judicio tamen electus esse videbatur. 

38. De Alezandri virtute etfortuna quaedam, 
(Justin. XII. 16.) 

Decessit Alexander mensem unum tres et triginta annos 
natus, vir supra humanum modum vi animi praeditus. Omina 
quaedam magnitudinem ejus in ipso ortu portendisse existima- 
bantur. Quo die natus est, pater ejus nuntium duarum victo- 
riarum accepit; alterius belli Illyrici, alterius certaminis Olym- 
piad, in quod quadrigas miserat. Puer acerrimus 1 litterarum 
studiis 2 eruditus fuit. Exacta pueritia, per quinquennium 
Aristotele, philosopho praestantissimo, usus est magistro. Ac- 
cepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis flduciam fecit, ut, 
illo praesente, nullius hostis arma timerent. Itaque cum nullo 
hoste unquam congressus est, quern non vicerit ; nullam ur- 
bem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit. Victus denique est non 
virtute hostili sed insidiis suorum et fraude. 

39. Lucius barbarorum, Macedonum laetitia. 
(Justin. XIII. 1.) 

Exstineto in ipso aetatis et victoriarum flore 3 Alexandro 
Magno, triste apud omnes tota Babylone silentium fuit. Ut 
vero nuntius de ejus morte disseminatus est, omnes barbarae 
gentes, paullo ante ab eo devictae, non ut hostem, sed ut pa- 
rentem luxerunt. Mater quoque Darii regis, audita morte 
victoris, in quo pietatem filii erat experta, mortem sibi ipsa con- 
scivit. Contra Macedones, non ut civem, sed ut hostem de- 
functum gaudebant ; severitatem nimiam et assidua belli peri- 
cula exsecrantes. Hue accedebat, quod principes regnum et 
imperia, vulgus militum thesauros, veluti praedam, specta- 
bant. Erant enim in thesauris quinquaginta millia talentum, 4 
quae sibi divisum iri sperabant. Nee amici Alexandri frustra 
regnum spectabant Nam tantae virtutis et venerationis erant, 
ut singulos reges putares. Neque unquam ante Macedonia 
vel ulla gens alia tanto clarorum virorum proventu floruit; 
quos primo Philippus, mox Alexander tanta cura lege rat, ut 
non tarn ad societatem belli, quam in successionem regni electi 
viderentur. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 47 

40. Duces de imperio constituendo consilia ineunt. 
(Justin. XIII. 2.) 

Caeterum, defuncto Alexandre*, armati in regiam coeunt, ad 
formandum rerum praesentium statum. 1 Perdicca censet, 
Roxanes, regiae conjugis, quam gravidam relinquerat, partum 
esse exspectandum, et si puerum peperisset, hunc patri suc- 
cessorem fore. Meleager negat, exspectandum, 2 dum reges 
nascerentur, quum jam genitis uti liceret. Esse Per garni 
puerum, filium Alexandri, natum ex Barsine, nomine Hercu- 
lem ; seu mallent juvenem, esse in castris fratrem Alexandri, 
Aridaeum, comem et cunctis non suo tantum, verum et patris 
Philippi nomine acceptissimum. Ptolemaeus recusabat re- 
gem Aridaeum, turn, quod ex Larissaeo scorto natus esset, 
turn ob majorem, qua laborabat, valetudinem ; 3 nam veren- 
dum esse, ne ille nomen regis, alius imperium teneret ; me- 
lius esse ex his legi, qui pro virtute regi suo proximi fuerint. 
Vicit Perdiccae sententia, consensu universorum. Placuit 
itaque Roxanes exspectari partum, et si puer natus fuisset, 
tutores Leonatum, Perdiccam, Crateron et Antipatrum consti- 
tuunt, confestimque in tutorum obsequia jurant. 4 

41. Aridaeus, Philippi filius, rex creatur. (Justin. XIII. 

3,4.) 

Quum equites idem fecissent, pedites indignati, nullas sibi 
consiliorum partes relictas, 5 Aridaeum, Alexandri fratrem, 
regem appellant, satellitesque illi ex turba sua legunt, et no- 
mine Philippi patris vocari jubent. Magna hinc in castris 
seditione orta, tandem ab equitibus quoque Aridaeus rex ag- 
noscitur. Servata est portio regni Alexandri fllio, si natus 
esset. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeciae Antipa- 
ter praeponitur : regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero traditur : 
castrorum et exercitus cura Meleagro et Perdiccae assigna- 
tur; jubeturque Aridaeus rex corpus Alexandri in Hammo- 
nis templum deducere. Tunc Perdicca, lustratione castrorum 
indicta, seditiosos supplicio occulte tradi jubet. Reversus inde, 
provincias inter principes divisit. 

42. Bellum in Graecia ortum per Antipatrum comprimitur. 
(Justin. XIII. 5.) 

Dum haec in Oriente geruntur, in Graecia Athenienses et 
Aetoli bellum, quod jam vivo Alexandro moverant, summis 
viribus instruebant. Causa belli erat, quod reversus ab In- 



48 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

dia Alexander epistolas in Graeciam scripserat, quibus omni* 
um civitatum exsules restituebantur. Quae litterae recita- 
tae praesente universa Graecia, in mercatu Olympiaco, 1 mag- 
nos motus excitaverunt, quod plurimi non legibus, sed per 
factionem prkicipum pulsi fuerant principesque verebantur, 
ne revocati potentiores in republica fierent. Palam igitur 
jam turn multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam freme- 
bant. 2 Principes tamen omnium Athenienses et Aetoli fue- 
runt. Bello igitur exorto, Antipater, cui Graecia sorte obve- 
nerat, Leonatum ex Asia in auxilium vocavit. Qui quum ve- 
nire cum exercitu nuntiatus esset, obvii ei Athenienses cum 
instructis copiis fuere, ibique equestri proelio, gravi vulnere 
ictus, exstinguitur. Sed Antipater, exercitu exstincti recepto, 
quum par hostibus etiam proelio videretur, solutus obsidione, 
qua cinctus fuerat Lamiae, 3 in Macedoniam concessit ; Grae- 
corum quoque copiae, finibus Graeciae hoste depulso, in ur- 
bes dilapsae sunt. 

43. Certamina inter duces Alexandri. (Justin. XIII. 6. 
XV. 1.) 

Post haec bellum inter Perdiccam et Antigonum oritur, 
quod, velut incendium, mox latius serpsit. Macedonia, in 
duas partes discurrentibus 4 ducibus, in sua viscera armatur, 
ferrumque a barbaris in civilem sanguinem 5 vertit. In hoc 
bello Perdiccas occisus est ; pluresque ejusdem partis duces 
perierunt. Et jam finitum certamen inter successores Alex- 
andri Magni videbatur, quum repente inter ipsos victores nata 
est discordia. Ptolemaeus 6 et Cassander, Antipatri filius, 
inita cum Lysimacho et Seleuco societate, contra Antigonum 
bellum terra marique enixe instruunt. Tenebat Ptolemaeus 
Aegyptum cum Africae parte minore et Cypro et Phoenica 
Cassandro parebat Macedonia cum Graecia. Asiam et par- 
tes Orientis occupaverat Antigonus, cujus filius Demetrius, 
prima belli congressione, a Ptolemaeo apud Gamalam 8 vinci- 
tur. In quo proelio major Ptolemaei moderationis gloria, 
quam ipsius victoriae fuit. Siquidem et amicos Demetrii 
non solum cum suis rebus, verum etiam additis insuper mune- 
ribus, dimisit ; et ipsius Demetrii privatum omne instrumen- 
tum 9 ac familiam 10 reddidit, dicens ; non se propter praedam, 
sed propter dignitatem inisse bellum, indignatum, quod Anti- 
gonus, devictis diversae factionis ducibus, solus communis 
victoriae praemia corripuisset. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 49 

44. Exstincta Alexandri sobole, principes regium nomen su- 
munt. (Justin. XV. 2.) 

Dum haec aguntur, Cassander Herculem, Alexandri fili- 
um, qui fere annos quatuordecim excesserat, ne favore pater- 
ni nominis in regnum Macedoniae vocaretur, occidi tacite 
cum matre Barsine jubet; turn alterum quoque filium cum 
matre Roxane pari fraude necavit. Interea Ptolemaeus cum 
Demetrio navali proelio 1 iterato 2 congreditur, et amissa clas- 
se in Aegyptum refugit. Hac victoria elatus, Antigonus re- 
gem se cum Demetrio filio appellari jubet. Ptolemaeus quo- 
que, ne minoris apud suos auctoritatis esset, rex ab exercitu 
cognominatur. Quibus auditis, Cassander et Lysimachus et 
ipsi regiam sibi majestatem vindicarunt. Sed Ptolemaeus et 
Cassander caeterique factionis alterius duces, quum se sin- 
gulos ab Antigono carpi ac lacessi viderent, per epistolas se 
invicem exhortati suntadbellum communibus viribus suscipi- 
endum. Cui quum Cassander interesse propter finitimum 
bellum 3 non posset, Lysimachum cum ingentibus copiis in 
auxilium sociis mittit. 

45. Lysimachi fortitudo. (Justin. XV. 3.) 

Erat hie Lysimachus illustri inter Macedones loco natus, 
sed magis etiam virtute quam genere clarus. Quum Alex- 
ander Callisthenem 4 philosophum miserandum in modum om- 
nibus membris truncasset, et insuper cum cane in cavea clau- 
sum circumferret, Lysimachus, eum audire et praecepta 
virtutis ab eo accipere solitus, misertus tanti viri, venenum ei 
in remedium calamitatum dedit. Quod adeo aegre Alexan- 
der tulit, ut eum objici ferocissimo leoni juberet. Sed quum 
leo impetum fecisset in eum, Lysimachus manum amiculo in- 
volutam in os leonis immersit, arreptaque lingua feram exani- 
mavit. Quod quum nuntiatum regi esset, admiratio irae suc- 
cessit, carioremque eum propter constantiam tantae virtutis 5 
habuit. Post mortem regis, quum inter successores ejus pro- 
vinciae dividerentur, ferocissimae gentes, quasi omnium for- 
tissimo, assignatae sunt. 

46. Nova inter Alexandri successores bella oriuntur. 
(Justin. XV. 4.) 

Priusquam bellum inter Ptoleraaeum sociosque ejus adver- 
sus Antigonum committeretur, repente ex Asia majore Se- 
leucus, novus Antigono hostis, accessit Hujus quoque viri 



50 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

virtus clarissima fuit. Post mortem Alexandri, occupato regno 
Orientis, urbem condidit, patris nomine Antiochiam vocatam, 
et campos urbi vicinos Apollini dicavit, a quo generis originem 
ducebat. Multa in Oriente post divisionem inter socios regni 
Macedonici bella gessit. Principio Babyloniam cepit : inde 
auctis ex victoria viribus Bactrianos expugnavit. Compositis 
deinde in Oriente rebus, in bellum cum Antigono descendit. 
Conjunctis igitur omnium sociorum copiis, proelium 1 committi- 
tur; in eo Antigonus occiditur; Demetrius films ejus in fugam 
vertitur. Sed socii, profligato hostili bello, denuo in semet 
ipsos arma verterunt; et, quum de praeda non conveniret, 
iterum in duas factiones diducuntur. Seleucus Demetrio, 
Ptolemaeus Lysimacho junguntur. Cassandro defuncto Phi- 
lippus films succedit. Sic quasi ex integro nova Macedoniae 
bella nascuntur. 

47. Regnum Macedoniae, parricidiis inquinatae, Demetrius 
occupat. (Justin. XVI. 1.) 

Post Cassandri regis, filiique ejus Philippi continuas mortes, 3 
Thessalonice, uxor Cassandri, non multo post tempore, ab 
Antipairo filio occiditur. Causa parricidii fuit, quod, post mor- 
tem mariti, in divisione inter fratres regni, in alterum filium 
Alexandrum videbatur fuisse propensior. Quod facinus eo 
gravius visum est, quod nullum maternae fraudis vestigium fu- 
it. Ob haec igitur Alexander, in ultionem maternae necis ges- 
turus cum fratre bellum, auxilium a Demetrio petit : nee De- 
metrius, spe invadendi Macedonici regni, moram fecit. Cujus 
adventum verens Lysimachus persuadet genero Antipatro, ut 
malit cum fratre suo in gratiam redire, quam paternum hos- 
tem in Macedoniam admitti. Inchoatam igitur inter fratres 
reconciliationem quum praesensisset Demetrius, per insidias 
Alexandrum interfecit, regnumque Macedoniae occupavit. 
Lysimachus quoque, quum bello Dromichaetis, regis Thra- 
cum, premeretur, tradita ei 3 altera parte Macedoniae, quae An- 
tipatro ejus genero obvenerat, pacem cum eo fecit. 

48. Demetrius a Pyrrho, Epiri rege, Macedonia pellitur. 
(Justin. XVI. 2.) 

Igitur Demetrius, totius Macedoniae viribus instructus, 
Asiam occupare statuit. Sed Ptolemaeus, Seleucus et Ly- 
simachus, pacta societate conjunctisque copiis, bellum ad- 
versus Demetrium transferunt in Europam. His comitem se 
iungit Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, sperans, Demetrium non diffici- 
lius amittere Macedoniam posse, quam acquisierat. Nee 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 5i 

spes frustra fait ; quippe, exercitu ejus corrupto, ipsoque in 
fagam acto, regnum Macedoniae occupavit. Demetrius au- 
tem, a tot exercitibus circumventus, quum posset honeste mo- 
ri, turpiter se dedere Seleuco maluit. Finito beilo, Ptole- 
maeus cum magna rerum gestarum gloria moritur, regno mi- 
nimo natu ex filiis 1 relicto. 

49. Lysimachus et Seleucus, ultimi commilitonum Alexandria 
pereunt (Just. XVI. 3. XVII. 1, 2;) 

Sed mox inter Lysimachum et Pyrrhum, socios paullo ante 
adversus Demetrium, bellum exarsit. Victor Lysimachus, 
pulso Pyrrho, Macedoniam occupavit. Inde Thraciae bel- 
lum intulit. Mox post varia ostenta, quae Lysimacho dira 
portendebant, Agathoclem, filium, Arsinoe noverca veneno in- 
terfecit. Hoc parricidium principum secuta est caedes, lu- 
entium supplicia, quod occisum juvenem dolebant. Itaque 
et hi, qui caedibus superfuerant, et hi, qui exercitibus prae- 
erant, certatim ad Seleucum deflciunt, eumque compellunt, 
ut bellum Lysimacho in ferret. Ultimum hoc certamen com- 
militonum Alexandri fait. Lysimachus quatuor et septua- 
ginta annos natus erat ; Seleucus septem et septuaginta. 
Sed in hac quoque aetate utrique juvenilis erat animus, 
imperiique cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant. Lysimachus in 
eo bello strenue 2 moritur, 3 amissis ante variis casibus quinde- 
cim liberis. Seleucus autem, solum se de cohorte Alexandri 
superesse gavisus, post septem menses a Ptolemaeo Cerauno, 4 
cujus sororem Lysimachus in matnmonio habuerat, per insi- 
dias circumventus, occiditur, regnumque Macedoniae, quod 
Lysimacho eripuerat, cum vita pariter amittit 

50. Motus in Graecia. (Justin. XXIV. 1. 3.) 

Paulo post, dissidentibus inter se Ptolemaeo Cerauno et 
Antiocho 5 et Antigono 6 regibus, omnes ferme Graeciae civi- 
tates, ducibus Spartanis, ad spem libertatis erectae, in bel- 
lum prorumpunt ; et, ne cum Antigono, sub cujus regno 
erant, bellum cepisse viderentur, socios ejus Aetolos aggredi- 
untur, causam belli praetendentes, quod sacratum Apollini 
campum Cirrhaeum 7 per vim occupassent. Conjuncto ex- 
ercitu, Aetolorumque finibus devastatis, magnam clad em passi 
sunt. Deinde, Spartanis bellum reparantibus, auxilium mul- 
tae gentes negaverunt, existimantes, dominationem eos, norv 
libertatem Graeeiae quaerere. Inter ea inter reges bellum 
finitur. Nam Ptolemaeus, pulso Antigono, quum regnum to- 

PART II. 6 



52 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

tins Macedoniae occupasset, pacem cum Antiocho facit, affi- 
nitatemque cum Pyrrho, data ei in matrimonium filia sua, 
jungit. Sed brevi post, incredibilibus commissis sceleribus, 
a Gallis regno spoliatus captusque, vitam ferro, ut meruerat, 
amisit. 

51. Galli in Graeciam penetrant. (Just. XXIV. 4, 5.) 

Namque Galli, abundante multitudine, quum eos non ca- 
perent terrae, quae genuerant, trecenta millia hominum ad 
sedes novas quaerendas miserunt. Ex his portio in Italia 
consedit, quae et Romam incendit, 1 alia portio in Illyricos 
sinus penetravit, et in Pannonia 2 consedit, ubi per multos an- 
nos bella cum finitimis gesserunt. Hortante deinde succes- 
su, divisis agminibus, alii Greciam, alii Macedoniam peti- 
vere. Tantusque terror Gallici nominis fuit, ut etiam reges 
non lacessiti ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mercarentur. So- 
lus rex Macedoniae Ptolemaeus adventum Gallorum intre- 
pidus audivit, hisque cum paucis et incompositis, quasi parri- 
cidiorum furiis agitatus, occurrit. Proelio commisso Mace- 
dones caeduntur. Ptolemaeus multis vulneribus saucius ca- 
pitur; caput ejus amputatum et lancea flxum circumfertur. 
Paucos ex Macedonibus fuga servavit : caeteri aut capti aut 
occisi. 

52. Galli Brenno duce Delphos petunt. (Justin. XXIV. 6.) 

Paullo post Brennus, quo duce portio Gallorum in Graeci- 
am se effuderat, cum centum et quinquaginta millibus pedi- 
tum et quindecim millibus equitum in Macedoniam irrumpit. 
Victo exercitu, totius regionis agros depraedatur. Turn Del- 
phos iter vettit ad Apollinis templum spoliandum. Hoc tem- 
plum positum est in monte Parnasso, in rupe undique impen- 
dente, cujus praecipitiis, ut naturali praesidio, defenditur. 
Multa ibi et opulenta regum populorumque visuntur munera, 
quaeque magnificentia sua et gratam hominum voluntatem, et 
Apollinis veracitatem manifestant. 

53. Cum ingenti clade repelluntur. (Just. XXIV. 7.) 

Brennus quum in conspectu haberet templum, ad acuendos 
suorum animos, praedae ubertatem militibus ostendebat, sta- 
tuasque cum quadrigis, quarum ingens copia procul viseba- 
tur, solido auro fusas esse affirmabat. Qua asseveratione 
incitati Galli, simul et mero saucii, 3 sine respectu periculorum 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 53 

in bellum ruebant. Habebat Brennus lecta ex omni exercitu 
peditum sexaginta quinque millia ; Delphorum sociorumque 
nonnisi quatuor millia militum erant. Hi plus in Deo, quam 
in viribus spei ponentes, cum contemtu hostium resistebant, 
Gallosque scandentes e summo montis vertice partim saxo, 
partim armis obruebant. Inter haec templorum antistites, 
sparsis crinibus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pug- 
nantium aciem procurrunt, eos hortantes, ne cunctarentur 
diis antesignanis 1 hostem caedere. Guibus vocibus incensi 
omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei sta- 
tim sensere. Nam et terrae motu portio montis abrupta Gal- 
lorum stravit exercitum, et tempestas insecuta grandine et 
frigore saucios absumsit. Dux ipse Brennus, quum dolorem 
vulnerum ferre non posset, pugione vitam fmivit. Alter ex 
ducibus cum decern millibus sauciorum citato agmine Graecia 
excedit. Sed nee fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit ; nullus sine 
labore et periculo dies ; assidui imbres et gelu, nix, fames, 
lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infelicis belli reliquias obtere- 
bant. Quo pacto evenit, ut brevi 2 ex tanto exercitu nemo su- 
peresset. 

54. Clade in Macedonia accepta, Galli in Asiam trajiciunt. 
(Justin. XXV. 1, 2.) 

Pace inter duos reges, Antigonum Gonatam, Demetrii flli- 
um, et Antiochum regem Syriae, statuta, 3 quum in Macedo- 
niam Antigonus reversus esset, Gallorum exercitus, qui a 
Brenno ad fines tuendos relictus erat, in Macedoniam irrupit. 
Q,ui quum classemin Hellesponti litoribus collocatam incau- 
tius diripiunt, a remigibus et ab exercitus parte, quae eo cum 
conjugibus et liberis confugerat, trucidantur ; tantaque cae- 
des Gallorum fuit, ut opinio 4 hujus victoriae Antigono pacem, 
non a Gallis tantum, verum etiam a fmitimis praestaret. Pos- 
tea Galli, a Bithyniae rege in auxilium vocati, parta victoria 
regnum cum eo diviserunt : eamque regionem Gallograeciam 
cognominaverunt. 

55. Pyrrhus rex Epiri Macedoniam invadit. (Justin. 
XXV. 3.) 

Interea Pyrrhus ex Sicilia 5 in Epirum reversus fines Mace- 
doniac invadit ; cui Antigonus cum exercitu occurrit, victus- 
que proelio in fugam vertitur. Atque ita Pyrrhus Macedo- 
niam in deditionem accipit ; Antigonus autem cum paucis 
equitibus Thessalonicam se recepit, ut inde cum conducta 
Gallorum manu bellum repararet. Rursus a Ptolemaeo, Pyr- 



54 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

rhi filio, funditus victus, cum septem comitibus fugiens salutis 
latebras in solitudine quaerit. 

56. Argos oppugnans occiditur. (Just. XXV. 4, 5.) 

Pyrrhus autem, in tanto fastigio regni collocatus, Graeciae 
Asiaeque imperium meditatur. Primum illi bellum ad versus 
Spartanos fuit : ubi majore mulierum quam virorum virtute 
exceptus, Ptolemaeum fllium, et exercitus partem robustissi- 
mam amisit. Ptolemaeus in oppugnatione urbis usque in me- 
diam urbem procurrerat, ubi concur su multitudinis inter fectus 
est. Cujus corpus ut relatum est patri, dixisse Pyrrhum fe- 
runt, aliquanto tardius eum, quam timuerit ipse, vel temeritas 
ejus meruerit, occisum esse. Ipse Pyrrhus quum a Spartanis re- 
pulsus Argos petiisset, ibi inter confertissimos violentissime di- 
micans saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Satis constans inter om- 
nes auctores fama est, nullum nee ejus, nee superioris aetatis 
regem comparandum Pyrrho fuisse. Nam et vitae sanctitate 
atque justitia optimos quosque aequabat ; scientia rei militaris 
plurimos superabat, patriamque suam angustam et ignobilem, 
fama rerum gestarum toto orbe illustrem reddidit. 

57. Antigonus Gallos magno proelio fundit. Bella inter Ma- 
cedonas et Epirotas. (Just. XXVI. 1, 2, 3.) 

Post mortem Pyrrhi non in Macedonia tantum, verum 
etiam in Asia Graeciaque magni bellorum motus fuere ; civi- 
tatesque mutuis inter se odiis in bellum ruebant. Inter hos 
motus Antigonus, qui in Macedoniae regnum redierat, quum 
multiplici bello et Ptolemaei 1 regis et Spartanorum premere- 
tur, novusque ei hostis, Gallograeciae exercitus, aftluxisset, 9 
parva manu adversus caeteros relicta, adversus Gallos totis 
viribus proficiscitur. Galli, quum hostiae ante pugnam cae- 
sae infaustum pugnae exitum portenderent, in furorem versi 
conjuges et liberos suos trucidant, cruentique ex recenti suo- 
rum caede in proelium proflciscuntur. Omnes occidione 
caesi. Post hujus pugnae eventum, Ptolemaeus et Spartani 
victorem hostium exercitum declinantes, in tutiora se recipi- 
unt. Antigonus ubi eorum discessum videt, bellum Atheni- 
ensibus infert. In quo quum occupatus esset, Alexander, 
rex Epiri, ulcisci mortem patris Pyrrhi cupiens, fines Mace- 
doniae depopulatur. Adversus quern quum reversus a Grae- 
cia Antigonus esset, transitione militum destitutus, 3 regnum 
Macedoniae cum exercitu amittit. Hujus films Demetrius, 
puer admodum, absente patre, reparato exercitu, non solum 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 55 

amissam Macedoniam recipit, verum etiam Epiri regno Alex- 
andrum spoliat. Tanta fortunae varietas erat! Paullo post 
tamen Alexander, non minore Epirotarum desiderio, quam 
suorum auxilio, in regnum restituitur. 

58. Seleuci et Antiochi, fratrum, Jlagitia. (Justin. 
XXVII. 1, 2.) 

Mortuo Syriae rege Antiocho, Seleucus, qui in ejus locum 
successerat, parricidio novercae, Ptolemaei sororis, inquinatus, 
a Ptolemaeo terra marique victus est. Quum, quo se verte- 
ret, non haberet, Antiochi fratris auxilium implorat, oblata ei 
Asia inter fines Tauri montis, in praemium latae opis. Antio- 
chus 1 autem, quum esset annos quatuordecim natus, supra 
aetatem regni avidus, 2 occasione arrepta fratrem regno spoliare 
conatus est. Ea tempestate omnia bella in exitium Asiae 
gerebantur. Seleucus et Antiochus fratres bellum propter 
Asiam gerebant; Ptolemaeus, rex Aegypti, sub specie soro- 
riae ultionis, Asiae inhiabat : hinc Bithynus Eumenes, inde 
Galli Asiam depopulabantur. Victo Antiocho, quum Eumenes 
majorem Asiae partem occupasset, ne tunc quidem fratres a 
bello abstinuemnt. Antiochus victus, quum profugo nusquam 
tutus locus esset, ad Ptolemaeum hostem confugit. Sed 
Ptolemaeus eum servari arctissima custodia jubet. Hinc opera 
cujusdam mulieris, quam familiarius noverat, custodibus decep- 
tis, elabitur, fugiensqae a latronibus interficitur. Seleucus quo- 
que iisdem ferme diebus, amisso regno, 3 equo praecipitatus 
obiit. Sic fratres, ambo exsules, ambo regno privati, similibus 
casibus, scelerum suorum poenas luerunt. 



59. 



Antigonus, Philippi tutor, regnum Macedoniae admini- 
strat (Justin. XXVIII. 3.) 

Circa ilia tempora Demetrius, rex Macedoniae, Antigoni 
Gonatae Alius, relicto filio Philippo admodum parvulo deces- 
sit. Cui Antigonus Doson 4 tutor Jatus, accepta in matrimo- 
nium matre pupilli, regem se constitui laborabat. Interjecto 
deinde tempore, quum seditione minaci Macedonum clausus 
in regia teneretur, in publicum sine satellitibus procedit, pro- 
jectoque in vulgus diademate ac purpura, dare haec eos alteri 
jubet, qui aut im-perare illis nesciat, aut cui far ere ipsi sciant. 
Commemorat deii.de beneficia sua, ut defectionem sociorum 
vindicaverit : ut Dardanosf Tkessalosque exsultantes morte 
Demetrii regis comvescuerit ; ut denique dignitatem Macedo- 
6* ' 



56 MACEDONUM IMPER1UM. 

num non solum defenderit, verum etiam auxerit. Quorum si 
illos poeniteat, deponere se imperium et redder e Mis munus 
suum ; ipsi re gem quaerant, cui imperent. Q.uum populus 
pudore motus recipere eum regnum juberet, lamdiu recusavit, 
quoad seditionis auctores supplicio traderentur. 

60. Spartanos superat. Horum in malis virtus. (Justin. 
XXVIII. 4.) 

Post haec bellum Spartanis infert, qui soli adhuc Macedo- 
num arma contemnebant. Inter duas nobiiissimas gentes sum- 
mis viribus pugnabatur ; quum hi pro vetere Macedonum 
gloria, illi non solum pro illibata libertate, sed etiam pro salute 
certarent. Victi Laced aemonii 1 non ipsi tantum, sed etiam 
conjuges liberique magno animo fortunam tulere. Nemo 
quippe in acie saluti 2 pepercit ; nulla amissum conjugem fle- 
vit ; iiliorum mortem senes laudabant ; patribus in acie caesis 
filii gratulabantur ; suam vicem omnes dolebant, quod non et 
ipsi pro patriae libertate cecidissent. Inter haec nullus in urbe 
strepitus, nulla trepidatio : magis omnes publicam quam pri- 
vatum fortunam lugebant. Inter haec Cleomenes rex, post 
multas hostium caedes, toto cor pore suo pariter et hostium cru- 
ore madens, supervenit ; ingressusque urbem non humi conse- 
dit, non cibum aut potum poposcit, non armorum onus depo- 
suit, sed acciinis parieti, quum quatuor millia sola ex pugna 
superfuisse conspexisset, hortatur, ut se ad meliora tempora 
reipublicae reservarent. Turn cum conjuge et liberis Aegyp- 
tum ad Ptolemaeum 3 proficiscitur, a quo honorifice susceptus, 
diu in summa dignatione vixit. Postremo post Ptolemaei 
mortem' a filio ejus 4 cum omni familia inter ficitur. Antigonus 
autem fortunam tantae urbis miseratus a direptione milites 
prohibuit, veniamque his, qui super fuerunt, dedit. Nee mul- 
to post ipse decessit, regnumque Philippo pupillo, annos qua- 
tuordecim nato, tradidit. 

61. Multa imperia nova re gum successione mutantur. 
(Justin. XXIX. 1.) 

Iisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia nova 
regum successione mutata sunt. Nam et in Macedonia Phi- 
lippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit ; et in Asia, inter- 
fecto Seleuco, 5 impubes adhuc rex Antiochus 6 constitutus est. 
Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Ptole- 
maeus, cui ex crimine facinoris cognomen Philopdtor 1 fuit. 
Etiam Spartani in locum Cleomenis suffecere Lycurgum; et 



MACEDONITM IMPERIUM. 57 

apud Carthaginienses aetate immatura dux Hannibal constitui- 
tur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Romanorum, quo eum 
a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibus pueris magna 
indoles virtutis enituit. Solus Ptolemaeus, sicut scelestus in 
occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit. 

62. Philippics cum Hannibale societatem contra Romanos 
jungit. (Justin. XXIX. 2. 4.) 

Philippus quum, Dardanis aliisque finitimis superatis, Aeto- 
lis bellum inferre gestiret, a Demetrio, Illyriorum rege, im- 
pulsus est, ut Romanos aggrederetur. Querebatur ille Ro- 
manorum injuriam, qui non contenti Italiae t er minis imp erium 
totius orbis spe complexi, 1 bellum cum omnibus regibus gererent. 
Se cedere illi regno' 2 quod Rornani occupaverint, proiitetur ; gra- 
tius habiturus? si in possessione imperii sui socium potius quam 
hostes viderit. Hujusmodi oratione impulit Philippum, ut, omis- 
sis Aetolis, bellum Romanis inferret, minus negotii 4 existiman- 
tem, quod jam victos ab Hannibale apud Trasimenum 5 lacum 
audierat. Itaque ne eodem tempore multis bellis distineretur, 
pacem cum Aetolis facit, navesque fabricare coepit, quibus in 
Italiam trajiceret. Legatum deinde ad Hannibalem, jungen- 
dae societatis gratia, cum epistolis mittit; qui a Romanis 
comprehensus et ad senatum perductus, incolumis dimissus est, 
non in honorem regis, sed ne, dubius adhuc, indubitatus hostis 
redderetur. 

63. Pacem cum Romanis facer e cogilur. 
(Justin. XXIX. 4.) 

Paullo post autem quum Romanis nuntiatum esset, Philip- 
pum in Italiam copias trajecturum, Laevinum praetorem cum 
instructis navibus ad prohibendum transitum mittunt. Qui 
quum in Graeciamtrajecisset, multis promissis impulit Aetolos, 
ut bellum ad versus Philippum susciperent. Philippus quoque 
Achaeos in Romanorum bellum sollicitat. Interea et Dardani 
Macedoniae fines vastare coeperunt, et Laevinus praeter, junc- 
ta cum Attalo rege societate, Graeciam populatur. His aliis- 
que rebus distractus rex Macedoniae cum Romanis pacem fa- 
cit, contentis interim bellum Macedonicum distulisse ; Philo- 
poemeni autem, Achaeorum praetori, quern didicerat animos 
sociorum ad Romanos trahere, insidias praetendit. Quibus 
cognitis ille Achaeos auctoritate sua a rege Macedoniae pror- 
sus abstraxit. 



58 MACEDONUM. IMFERIUM. 



64. Ptolemaei quaedam gesta. (Just. XXX. 1, 2.) 

Dum haec in Graecia geruntur, Ptolemaeus, qui ad nee em 
utriusque parentis fratris quoque caedem adjunxerat, luxuriae 
se tradiderat, nee amici tan turn, verum etiam omnis exercitus 
regis exemplum secuti erant. Q,uibus cognitis, Antiochus, 
rex Syriae, repentino bello multas urbes ejus oppressit, ipsam- 
que Aegyptum aggreditur. Ptolemaeus autem exercitu in 
Graecia conducto, secundum proelium facit, spoliassetque 
regno Antioclium, si fortunam virtute juvisset. Sed conten- 
tus recuperatione urbium, quas amiserat, facta pace, in pris- 
tinam luxuriam revolutus, regnum perditissimis hominibus 
tanquam praedam permisit. Eo mortuo Alexandrini, suppli- 
cio de praedonibus illis sumto, legatos miserunt ad populum 
Romanum, rogantes, ut tutelam pupilli susciperent, tuerentur- 
que regnum Aegypti, quod jam Philippum et Antiochum, fac- 
ta inter se pactione, inter se divisisse dicebant. 

65. Romani bellum contra Philippum suscipiunt. 
(Justin. XXX. 3, 4.) 

Grata legatio Romanis fait, causam belli adversus Philip- 
pum quaerentibus, qui ipsis, belli Punici temporibus, insidia- 
tus fuerat. Mittuntur itaque legati, qui Antiocho et Philippo 
denuntient, regno Aegypti abstineant. Mittitur et M. Lepi- 
dus in Aegyptum, qui tutorio nomine regnum pupilli adminis- 
traret. Dum haec aguntur, legationes Attali et Rhodiorum, 
injurias Philippi 1 querentes, Romam venerunt. Quae res 
omnem cunctationem Macedonici belli senatui exemit. Sta- 
tim igitur titulo 2 ferendi sociis auxilii, bellum adversus Phi- 
lippum decernitur, legionesque cum consule in Macedonian! 
mittuntur. Nee multo post tempore tota Graecia, fiducia 
Romanorum ad spem pnstinae libertatis erecta, bellum Phi- 
lippo intulit ; atque ita quum rex undique urgeretur, pacem 
petere compellitur. Repudiata a Senatu pace, proelium 
commissum est apud Cynoscephalas in Thessalia inter Phi- 
lippum et Flaminium, Romanorum ducem. Macedonas Ro- 
mana fortuna vicit. Fractus itaque bello Philippus, pace ac- 
cepta, nomen quidem regium retinuit ; sed omnibus Graeciae 
urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessionis amissis, solam 
Macedoniam retinuit. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 59 



66. Antiochum, Hannibalis consiliis adjutum, Romani aggre- 
diuntur. (Justin. XXXI. 1, 2. 4.) 

lnterea Antiochus, rex Syriae, Aegyptum occupare statuit. 
Itaque Phoenicen, caeterasque Syriae quidem, sed juris Ae- 
gypti civitates, quum invasisset, legatos ad eum Senatus mi- 
sit, qui denuntiarent ei, abstineret 1 regno pupilii populi Ro- 
mani, postremis patris precibus fidei suae traditi. Quibus 
spretis, bellum ei denuntiatum est. Eodem tempore Nabis, 
Lacedaemoniorum tyrannus, multas Graeciae civitates occu- 
paverat. Igitur Senatus, ne uno tempore duplici bello Ro- 
manae vires distinerentur, scripsit 2 Flaminino, si ei videretur, 
sicuti Macedoniam a Philippo, ita Graeciam a Nabide libe- 
raret. Terribile quippe Antiochi bellum nomen Hannibalis 
fecit, quern aemuli ejus cum Antiocho inisse societatem apud 
Romanos criminabantur. Qui quum sibi a Romanis insidias 
strui mtellexisset, clam nave conscensa, cursum ad Antiochum 
direxit. Ad hunc quum pervenisset, negabat opprimi Roma- 
nos nisi in Italia posse. Cujus consilia quum regi placerent, 
Romani ad Antiochum legatos misere, qui et regis apparatum 
specularentur, et Hannibalem assiduo colloquio 3 suspectum 
invisumque redder ent. Hie dolus bene illis successit. Quip- 
pe Antiochus reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam 4 exis- 
timans, eum veluti hostem proditoremque sui odisse coepit. 

67. Eum pugna navali super ant. (Just. XXXI. 6. ) 

Dum igitur Antiochus, falsa suspicione deceptus, omnera 
belli apparatum temere et negligenter agit, Acilius, Romanus 
consul, omnia bello necessaria summa industria parat. Ita- 
que prima belli congressione 5 rex victus et fugatus castra di- 
tia victoribus reliquit. Deinde quum in Asiam fugiendo per- 
venisset, poenitere neglecti consilii coepit, revocatoque in 
amicitiam Hannibale, omnia ex sententia ejus agere. Inte- 
rim nuntiatur, Aemilium, Romanum ducem, cum octoginta 
rostratis navibus adventare. Itaque, priusquam sociae civi- 
tates ad hostes deficerent, decernere navali proelio statuit, 
sperans cladem in Graecia acceptam nova posse victoria 
aboleri. Tradita igitur Hannibali classe, proelium committi- 
tur. 6 Sed nee Asiani milites Romanis, neque naves eorum 
pares rostratis navibus fuerunt ; minor tamen clades ducis 
solertia fuit. 



60 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



68. Antiochus pads leges, a Romanes dictatas, repudiat 
(Justin. XXXI. 7.) 

Novae hujus victoriae fama nondum Romam venerat, quum 
jam Lucius Scipio consul creatus esset, qui bellum in Asia ge- 
reret. Huic datur legatus frater Africanus, cui Poeni et Han- 
nibal superati nomen fecerant. Trajicientibus autem in Asiam 
exercitum Scipionibus, jam utrobique prorogatum bellum nun- 
tiatum est, victumque Antiochum terrestri, Hannibalem navali 
bello invenerunt. Primo igitur adventu eorum legatos pacem 
petentes ad eos Antiochus mittit, peculiare donum Africano 
ferentes ipsius filium, quern rex parvo navigio trajicientem ce- 
perat. Leges pacis dicuntur : Ut rex Asia Romanis cederet, 
contentus regno Syriae esset, naves universas traderet, sumtum- 
que omnem belli Romanis restitueret. Quae quum nuntiata 
Antiocho essent, nondum ita se victum esse respondit, ut spoli- 
ari se regno pateretur. 

69. Magno proelio vinciiur. (Justin. XXXI. 8.) 

Igitur quum ab utrisque bellum pararetur, ingressique 
Asiam Romani Ilion 1 venissent, mutua gratulatio Iliensium 
ac Romanorum fuit, Iliensibus, Aeneam caeterosque duces cum 
eo a se profectos ; Romanis, se ab his procreatos, referentibus 
Tantaque laetitia omnium fuit, quanta esse post longum tern- 
pus inter parentes et liberos solet. Profectis ab Ilio Roma- 
nis, Eumenes rex cum auxiliis occurrit ; nee multo post 
proelium cum Antiocho commissum. 2 Quum in dexteriore 
cornu pulsa legio Romana ad castra fugeret, M. Aemilius, 
tribunus militum, ad tutelam castrorum relictus, armare se 
milites suos et extra vallum progredi jubet, strictisque gladiis 
fugientibus minari, morituros, nisi in proelium revertantur ; in- 
festioraque sua, quam hostium castra, inventuros. Attonita 
tarn ambiguo 3 periculo legio in proelium revertitur, magna- 
que caede edita, initium victoriae fuit. Caesa hostium quin- 
quaginta millia, capta undecim. Antiocho pacem petenti 
nihil ad superiores conditiones additum. Captas civitates inter 
socios divisere Romani. 

70. Aetoli a Romanis victi. Achaeorum et Messeniorum bella. 
(Justin. XXX 4. XXXII. 1.) 

Aetoli, 4 qui Romanis offensi, quod non omnem Macedoni- 
an! Philippo ademtam ipsis dedissent, Antiochum in bellum 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 61 

impuleranl, illo victo soli remanserunt. Nee multo post 
victi, libertatem, quam adversus dominationem Atheniensium 
et Spartanorum inter tot Graeciae civitates soli retinuerant, 
amiserunt. Sub idem tempus bello inter Messenios et Achae- 
os exorto, Achaeorum imperator Philopoemen, in transitu 
fossae cquo praecipitatus, a multitudine hostium oppressus 
est. Hunc, velut in illo omne bellum confecissent, 1 in mo- 
dum triumphi per universam civitatem circumduxerunt. De- 
inde in carcerem ducto venenum dederunt ; quod ille laetus, 
ac si vicisset, accepit, quaesito 2 prius, an Lycortas, praefeclus 
Achaeorum, quern secundum a se esse sciebat, incolumu 
effugisset ? Quern ut accepit effugisse, non in totum, dicens, 
consultum 3 male Achaeis, exspiravit. Nee multo post reparato 
bello, Messenii vincuntur, poenasque interfecti Philopoemenia 
pependerunt. 

7 1 . Regia Philippi Macedonis parricidio inquinatur. (Just, 
XXXII. 2.) 

Interim regis Macedonum domus intestinis malis agitaba- 
tur. Nam quum Demetrius, Philippi films, a patre Romam 
missus, ob insignem pudorem 4 multa favoris documenta a 
senatu accepisset, patri invisus esse coepit, indignanti, plus 
momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem 
patris habuisse. Igitur Perseus, major filiorum regis, per- 
specta patris aegritudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud 
eum criminari, et primo in visum, mox etiam suspectum red- 
dere ; nunc amicitiam Roman orum, nunc proditionem ei pa- 
tris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo paratas con- 
fingit, ad cujus criminis probationem immittit indices, testes- 
que subornat. Gluibus rebus patrem impulit, ut supplicium 
de innocente sumeret. 

72. Philippus morilur. (Justin. XXXII. 3.) 

Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aemulo non negligentior tan- 
turn Perseus in patrem, verum etiam contumacior erat ; nee 
heredem regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus offensus 
Philippus impatientius in dies mortem Demetrii dolebat, et, 
denique fraude cognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam in- 
noxii Demetrii morte cruciabatur. Brevi post tempore, mor- 
bo ex aegritudine animi contracto decessit, relicto magno 
belli apparatu adversus Romanos, quo postea Perseus usus 
est. 



62 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

73, Ultima Hannibalis fata. (Justin. XXXII. 4. Corn. 

Nep. Vita Hannib. c. 12.) 

Hannibal, quum ab Antiocho Romani, inter caeteras con- 
ditiones pacis, deditionem ejus deposcerent, admonitus a 
rege, Cretam confugit. Ibi quum se propter nimias opes in- 
vidiosum 1 videret, contendit ad Prusiam, regem Bithyniae. 
Qui quum terrestri proelio ab Eumene victus esset, et bel- 
lum in mare transtulisset, Hannibal novo commento auctor 
victoriae fuit. Q,uippe omne serpentium genus 2 in fictiles 
lagenas conjici jussit, medioque proelio in naves hostium 
mitti. Id primum illis ridiculum visum. Sed ubi serpenti- 
bus repleri naves coepere, ancipiti periculo circumventi, 
hosti victoriam cessere. Quae ubi Romam nuntiata sunt, 
senatus legatos misit, qui utrumque regem in pacem coge- 
rent, Hannibalemque deposcerent. His Prusias, quod pete- 
bant, negare non ausus, rogavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, 
quod adversus jus hospitii esset ; ipsi, si possent, compre- 
henderent; locum, ubi esset, facile inventuros. Hannibal 
enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod ei a rege datum 
erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus 
aedificii exitum sibi haberet; semper verens, ne usu eveni- 
ret, quod accidit. Hue quum legati Romanorum venissent, 
ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent, puer a janua 
prospiciens Hannibali dixit, plures praeter consuetudinem ar- 
matos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii 
circumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo un- 
dique obsideretur. Puer quum omnes exitus occupatos os- 
tendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sese peti, neque sibi 
diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio 
dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum, quod sem- 
per secum habere consueverat, sumsit. 

74. Perseus a Rom anis victus; Macedonia in provinciae 

Rom. for mam redacta. (Just. XXXIII. 1, 2.) 

Jam Macedonicum bellum summa omnium virium conten- 
tione a Romanis geri coeptum est. Prima equitum congres- 
sio fuit, qua Perseus victor suspensam 3 omnium exspecta- 
tionem in sui favorem traxit ; misit tamen legatos ad consu- 
lem, qui pacem peterent, quam patri suo Romani etiam victo 
dedissent, impensas belli lege victi 4 suscepturus. Sed consul 
Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, 5 leges dixit. Dum 
haec aguntur, Romani Aemilium Paulum consulem creant, 
eique extra ordinem Macedonicum bellum decernunt; qui 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 63 

quum ad exercitum venisset, non magnam moram pugnae fe- 
cit. Pridie, quam proelium 1 consereretur, luna nocte defe- 
cit ; quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici regni 
portendere vaticinabantur. Quod vaticinium non fefellit. Per- 
seus rex fuga cum decern millibus talent urn Samothraciam 5 
defertur ; quern Cnaeus Octavius ad persequendum missus a 
consule, cum duobus filiis, Alexandro et Philippo, cepit, cap- 
tumquead consulem duxit. Macedonia Romanorum ditioni 
addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in Graecia excitantium 
principes Romam missi, ibique, ne quid in patria novarent, diu 
detenti sunt. Tandem per multos annos legationibus civita- 
tium senatu fatigata, in suam quisque patriam remissus est. 

75. Romani in Achaeos causas belli quaerunt. (Justin. 
XXXIV. 1.) 

Macedonibus subactis, Aetolorumque viribus debilitatis, 
soli adhuc ex uni versa Graecia Achaei nimis potentes tunc 
temporis Romanis videbantur, non propter singularum civi- 
tatium nimias opes, sed propter conspirationem 3 universarum. 
Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divisi, unum tamen im- 
perium habent, singularumque urbium pericula mutuis viri- 
bus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Romanis causas belli, 
tempestive fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum 
agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Sparta- 
nis a senatu responsum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res 
sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam mandatum 
est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi itaque omnium 
civitatium principibus Corinthum evocatis, decretum senatus 
recitant, dicentes, expedire omnibus, ut singulae civitates sua 
jura et suas leges habeant. Quod ubi omnibus innotuit, ve- 
lutin furoremversi universumperegrinumpopulum trucidant; 
legatos quoque ipsos Romanorum violassent, nisi hi, audito tu- 
multu, trepidi fugissent. 

76. Achaeis metis Corinthus diripitur. (Justin. XXXIV. 2.) 

Haec ubi Romae nuntiata sunt, statim senatus Mummio 
consuli bellum Achaicum decernit, qui, omnibus strenue pro- 
visis, pugnandi copiam hostibus fecit. Sed apud Achaeos 
omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non proe- 
lium agitantes, 4 vehicula ad spolia hostium reportanda, se- 
cum duxerunt, et conjuges liberosque suos ad spectaculum 
certaminis in montibus posuerunt. Sed proelio commisso 5 

Part II.— 7 



64 RES PARTHORUM. 

ante oculos suorum caesi sunt. Conjuges quoque et liberi 
eorum praeda hostium fuere. Urbs Corinthus diruitur : popu- 
lus omnis sub corona venditur ; ut hoc exemplo ceteris civita- 
tibus metus novarum rerum 1 imponeretur. 

77. Attalo defuncto, Asia fit Romanorum. 
(Justin. XXXVI. 4.) 

Non ita multo post etiam Asia Romanorum facta est. Atta- 
lus 2 ibi florentissimum ab Eumene patruo acceptum regnum 
caedibus amicorum et cognatorum suppliciis foedabat Post 
multa scelera squalidam vestem sumit, barbam capillumque in 
modum reorum summittit : 3 non in publicum prodire, non popu- 
lo se ostendere, non domi laetiora conviviainire,prorsusutpoe- 
nas scelerum pendere videretur. Omissa deinde regni adminis- 
tratione, hortos fodiebat, gramina seminabat, et noxia innoxiis 
permiscebat, eaque omnia veneni succo infecta, velut pecu- 
liare munus, amicis mittebat. Postea aerariae artis fabricae 
se tradidit, cerisque fingendis et aere fundendo et procuden- 
do oblectabatur. Matri deinde sepulcrum facere instituit: 
cui operi intentus, morbum ex solis fervore contraxit, et sep- 
tima die decessit. Hujus testamento populus Romanus heres 
regni est institutus. 



F. RES PARTHORUM. 

1. Parthorum origines. (Justin. XLI. 1.) 

Parthi, 4 penes quos nunc Orientis imperium est, Scytharum 
exsuies fuere. Hoc etiam ipsorum nomine manifestatur ; nam 
Scythico sermone Parthi exsuies dicuntur. Hi et Assyriorum 
et Medorum temporibus inter Orientis populos obscurissimi 
fuerunt. Postea quoque quum imperium Orientis a Medis ad 
Persas translatum est, veluti vulgus sine nomine, praeda vic- 
torum fuere. Postremo Macedonibus servierunt. A Roma- 
nis autem, binis bellis, 5 per maximos duces, fiorentissimis tem- 
poribus, lacessiti, soli ex omnibus gentibus non pares solum, 6 
verum etiam victor es fuere. 

2. Parthorum mores. (Justin. XLI. 2.) 

Administrate gentis post defection em Macedonici imperii 
sub regibus fuit Proximus regibus populi ordo est : ex hoc 



RES PARTHORUM. 65 

duces in bello, ex hoc recto-res in pace habent. Sermo inter 
Scythicum et Medicum medius et ex utrisque mixtus. Vestis 
olim sui moris ; L posteaquam accessere opes, ut Medis, pellu- 
cida ac fluida.* Exercitum non, ut aliae gentes, liberorum, 
sed majorem partem servorum habent. Hos pari ac liberos 
suos cura habent, et equitare ac sagittare magna industria do- 
cent. Locupletissimus ut quisque est, ita plures in bello equites 
regi suo praebet. Cominus in acie proeliari, aut obsessas ex- 
pugnare urbes nesciunt. Pugnant autem procurrentibus equis, 
aut terga dantibus; saepe etiam fugam simulant, ut incautio- 
res adversus vulnera insequentes habeant. 3 Diu pugnare 
nequeunt ; et sane intolerandi forent, si, quantus est impetus, 
vis tanta et perseverantia esset. Plerumque in ipso ardore 
certaminis proelia deserunt, et paullo post pugnam ex fuga 
repetunt ; ut, quum maxime te vicisse putes, turn tibi discri- 
men subeundum sit maximum. Murrimentum ipsis equisque 
loricae plumatae sunt, quae utrumque toto corpore tegunt 
Auri argentique nullus in armis usus. 

3. Continuatio. (Justin. XLI. 3.) 

Uxores singuli plures habent, iisque non convivia tantum 
virorum, verum etiam conspectum inter dicunt. Carne nonnisi 
venatibus quaesita vescuntur. 4 Equis omni tempore vectantur ; 
illis 5 bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia obeunt; 
super illos ire, consistere, mercari, colloqui. Hoc denique dis- 
crimen inter servos liberosque est, quod servi pedibus, liberi 
nonnisi equis incedunt. Sepultura vulgo aut avium aut ca- 
num laniatus est. Nuda demum ossa terra obruunt. In su- 
perstitionibus 6 praecipua amnibus veneratio est. Caeterum 
ingenia genti tumida, seditiosa, fraudulenta, procacia ; natura 
taciti ; 7 ad faciendum, quam ad dicendum, promtiores. Prin- 
cipibus metu, non pudore 8 parent. Fides dictis promissisque 
nulla, nisi quatenus expedit. 

4. Arsaces Partkos in libertatem vindicat. (Justin. XLI. 4.) 

Post mortem Alexandri Magni quum inter successores ejus 
Orientis regna dividerentur, primum Stasanori cuidam sunt 
traditi, quum nullus Macedonum Parthorum imperium dig- 
naretur accipere. Postea diductis Macedonibus in bcllum 
civile, alios post alios habuere dominos. Tandem Arsaces 
vir incertae originis sed magnae virtutis, Seleuco, 9 ad quern 
Parthorum populus per aliquod tempus pertinuerat, a Gallis 



66 RES PARTHORUM. 

in Asia victo, cum praedonum manu Parthos ingressus, impe- 
rmra gentis invasit. Non magno deinde post tempore Hyrca- 
norum quoque regnum occupavit, et Seleucum ad defectores 
persequendos venientem, proelio vicit. Q,uem diem Parthi 
exinde solemnem, velut initium libertatis, observant. 

5. Regnum fir mat. (Justin. XLI. 5.) 

Revocato deinde Seleuco novis motibus in Asiam, Arsaces 
dato laxamento, regnum Parthicum format, militem legit, cas- 
tella munit, civitates iirmat. Urbem quoque nomine Daram, in 
monte Zapaortenon condit, cujus loci ea conditio est, ut neque 
munitius quidquam esse, neque amoenius possit. Nam prae- 
ruptis montibus ita cingitur, ut tutela loci nullis defensoribus 
egeat ; et soli circumjacentis tanta ubertas est, ut propriis opi- 
bus expleatur. Sic Arsaces, quaesito simul constitutoque regno 
non minus memorabilis Parthis, quam Persis Cyrus, matura 
senectute decedit. Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi 
tribuerunt, ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncu- 
pent. Hujus nepos, Arsaces et ipse nomine dictus, quindecim 
annis in regno actis decessit, relictis pluobus rlliis, Mithridate 
et Phrahate ; quorum major Phrahates more gentis, heres 
regni, Mardos, validam gentem, bello domuit, nee multo post 
decessit, multis rlliis relictis ; quibus praeteritis, 1 fratri potissi- 
mum Mithridati, insignis virtutis viro, reliquit imperium, pa- 
triae potius quam liberis consulendum ratus. 

6. Mithridates regni fines prof ert (Justin. XLI. 6.) 

Hie vir spem de se conceptam non fefellit. Bello inter 
Parthos et Medos orto, post varios utriusque populi casus, ad 
postremum victoria penes Parthos fuit His viribus auctus 
Mithridates Mediae Bacasin praeponit, ipse in Hyrcaniam pro- 
ficiscitur. Unde reversus bellum cum Elymaeorum 2 rege 
gessit, quo victo hanc quoque gentem regno adjecit, impe- 
riumque Parthorum a monte Caucaso, multis populis in di- 
tionem redactis, usque ad Humeri Euphratem protulit. His 
actis adversa valetudine correptus, non minor Arsace proavo, 
gloriosa senectute decessit. 

7. Regum Parthicorum successio. (Just. XLII. 1, 2, 3.) 

Huic Phrahates Alius successit. Qui cum Scythis bellum 
gerens a Graecis militibus, quibus in bello captis et crudeliter 
tractatis, imprudentius, ut suis, utebatur, in pugna relictus at- 



RES PARTHORUM. 67 

que occisus est. In hujus locum Artabanus, patruus ejus, rex 
substituitur ; qui bello Thogariis 1 illato, in brachio vulneratus, 
statim decedit. Huic Mithridates filius succedit, cui res gestae 
Magni cognomen dedere: quippe claritatem parentum animi 
magnitudine supergreditur. Multa bella cum finitimis magna 
virtute gessit, multosque populos Parthico regno addidit. Eti- 
am cum Scythis prospere aliquoties dimicavit. Ad postremum 
Ortoadisti, Armeniorum regi, bellum intulit; quo debellato 
propter crudelitatem a Senatu Parthico regno pellitur. 

8. Romanorum legiones a Parthis trucidantur, 
(Justin. XLII. 4.) 

Vacans regnum occupavit Orodes, Mithridatis frater. Qui 
quum Babyloniam, quo Mithridates confugerat, din obsideret, 
oppidanos fame coactos in deditionem compulit. Mithridates 
quoque, flducia cognationis, ultro se in protestatem Orodis 
tradit. Sed Orodes plus hostem, quam fratrem, cogitans, in 
conspectu suo eum trucidari jussit. Post haec bellum cum 
Romanis gessit, Crassumque imperatorem cum filio et omni 
exercitu Romano delevit. Hujus filius Pacorus, missus ad 
persequendas Romani belli reliquias, magnis rebus in Syria 
gestis, patri suspectus in Parthiam revocatur ; quo absente, 
exercitus Parthorum relictus in Syria a Cassio, quaestore 
Crassi, cum omnibus ducibus trucidatur, 

9. Romani Parthos magno proelio vincunt 
(Justin, XLII. 4.) 

His ita gestis non multo post tempore, apud Romanos inter 
Caesarem et Pompejum civile bellum exarsit, in quo Parthi 
Pompejanarum partium fuere. Victis partibus Pompejanis, 
et Cassio et Bruto auxilia ad versus Augustum et Antonium 
misere, et post belli rlnem rursum, Pacoro duce, Syriam et 
Asiam vastavere, castraque Ventidii, qui absente Pacoro ex- 
ercitum Parthicum fuderat, magna mole aggrediuntur. Sed 
ille simulato timore, diu continuit se, et insultare* Parthos ali- 
quantisper passus est. Ad postremum in securos laetosque 
partem legionum emisit, quarum impetu fusi Parthi in diversa 
abiere. Pacorus quum fugientes suos abduxisse secum legio^ 
nes Romanas putaret, castra Ventidii, velut defensoribus pri- 
vata, agoreditur. Turn Ventidius, reliqua parte legionum 
emissa, universam Parthorum manum cum rege ipso Pacoro 
interfecit. Nullo bello Parthi unquam majus vulnus acce- 
perunt. 7 * 



68 RES PARTHORUM. 

10. Orodis, regis Parthorum, de mortefilii Indus. 

(Justin. 1. c.) 

Haec quum in Parthia nuntiata essent, Orodes, pater Pa- 
cori, qui paullo ante vastatam Syriam, Asiam a Parthis occu- 
patam esse audiverat, victoremque Pacorum Romanorum 
gloriabatur, repente filii morte et exercitus clade audita, ex 
dolore in furorem vertitur. 1 Multis diebus non alloqui quem- 
quam, non cibum sumere, non vocem mittere, ita ut etiam 
mutus factus videretur. Post multos deinde dies, ubi dolor 
vocem laxaverat, 2 nihil aliud quam Pacorum vocabat, ilium 
videre, ilium audire se putabat. Post longum deinde luctum 
alia sollicitudo miserandum senem invadit, quern ex numero 
triginta filiorum in locum Pacori regem destinet. Multae 
pellices, ex quibus generata tanta juventus erat, pro suis 
quaeque sollicitae, animum senis obsidebant. Sed fatum Par- 
thiae fecit, ut sceleratissimus omnium, et ipse Phrahates no- 
mine, rex statueretur. 

11. Phrahatis saevitia et ezilium. (Just. XLII. 5.) 

Hie itaque, beneficium parricidio rependens, patrem inter- 
fecit ; fratres quoque ad unum omnes trucidat. Jam quum 
infestos sibi optimates propter assidua scelera videret, ne esset, 
qui in suum locum nominari rex posset, adultum filium interfici 
jubet. Huic Antonius bellum cum sedecim validissimis ]egio- 
nibus intulit, sed graviter multis proeliis vexatus, a Parthia 
refugit. Qua victoria insolentior Phrahates redditus, quum in 
dies magis saeviret, in exilium a populo pellitur. Exilii impa- 
tiens, quum diu finitimas civitates, ad postremum Scythas pre- 
cibus fatigasset, Scytharum maxime auxilic in regnum resti- 
tuitur. Eo absente regem Parthi Tiridaten quemdam consti- 
tuerant ; qui, audito adventu Scytharum, cum magna amicorum 
manu ad Caesarem, 3 in Hispania bellum tunc temporis geren- 
tem, profugit, obsidem Caesari minimum filium Phrahatis fe~ 
rens, quern negligentius custoditum rapuerat. 

12. Augustus Phrahatem terret. (Justin. 1. c.) 

Quo cognito, Phrahates statim ad Caesarem legatos mittit, 
servum suum Tiridaten et filium remitti sibi postulat. Qua 
legatione audita, Caesar, neque Tiridaten dediturum se Par- 
this, dixit, neque adversus Parthos Tiridati auxilia daturum. 
Simul Phrahati filium sine pretio remisit, et Tiridati, quoad 
manere apud Romanos vellet, opuientum sumtum praeberi 



RES SICILIAE. 69 

jussit. Post haec fmito Hispaniensi bello, quum in Syriam 
ad componendum Orientis statum venisset, metum Phrahati 
incussit. Quare hie ut bellum a Parthiae finibus averteret, 
omnes captivos ex Crassi et Antonii legionibus colligi jussit, 
eosque simul cum signis militaribus 1 Augusto remisit. Sed 
et filii nepotesque Phrahatis obsides Augusto dati, plusque 
Caesar magnitudine sui nominis fecit, quam armis alius im- 
perator facere potuisset. 



G. RES SICILIAE. 



1. Siciliae origines. (Justin. IV. 2.) 

Siciliae primo Trinacriae 2 nomen fuit: postea Sicania 3 
cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit, 
quibus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insulae occupavit; post 
quern singulae civitates in tyrannorum imperium concesserunt, 
quorum nulla terra feracior fuit. Horum ex numero Anaxilaus 
justitia cum caeterorum crudelitatecertabat ; cujus moderatio- 
nis haud mediocrem fructum tulit. Q,uippe decedens quum 
fllios parvulos reliquisset, tutelamqueeorum Micytho,spectatae 
fidei servo, commisisset, tantus amor memoriae ejus apud 
omnes fuit, ut parere servo, quam carere regis flliis mallent, 
principesque civitatis, obliti dignitatis suae, regni majestatem 
administrari per servum paterentur. 

2. Carthaginienses in Sicilia. (Justin. IV. 2.) Dionysius 
major. (Ibid. XX. 1. 5.) 

Imperium Siciliae etiam Carthaginienses tentavere ; diuque 
varia fortuna cum tyrannis dimicatum. Ad postremum 
amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exercitu, aliquantisper 
quievere victi. Insequenti tempore Dionysius, Carthagini- 
ensibus victis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. Turn, de- 
sidiam exercitus sui timens, copias in Italiam trajecit. Prima 
illi militia adversus Graecos fuit, qui proxima Italici maris 
litora tenebant ; quibus devictis, finitimos quosque aggredi- 
tur, omnesque Graeci nominis, 4 Italiam possidentes, hostes 
sibi destinat ; quae gentes non partem, sed universam ferme 
Italiam ea tempestate occupaverant. Expugnatis Locris, 



70 RES SICILIAE. 

Crotonienses aggreditur, qui cum parvis copiis fortiter restite- 
runt. Hoc bello occupatum Dionysium legati Gallorum, qui 
paucos ante menses Romam incenderant, 1 societatem amici- 
tiamque petentes adeunt. Grata legatio Dionysio fuit. Ita 
pacta societate, et auxiliis Gallorum auctus, bellum velut ex 
integro restaurat. Sed eum in Siciliam adventus Carthagi- 
niensium revocavit, qui, reparato exercitu, bellum auctis viri- 
bus repetebant. Nee multo post Dionysius, assiduis bellis 
victus fractusque, ad postremum suorum insidiis interficitur. 

3. Dionysius minor patri succedit. (Just. XXI. 1.) 

Eo exstmcto milites maximum natu ex filiis ejus, nomine 
Dionysium, in ejus locum surTecere. Qui, ut popularium ani- 
mos inter initia regni sibi conciliaret, nexorum 2 tria millia e 
carcere dimittit ; tributa populo intra triennium remittit, et, 
quibuscunque delini mentis potest, animos omnium sollicitat. 8 
Tunc fratrum suorum avunculos, veluti aemulos imperii sui, 
hortatoresque puerorum ad divisionem regni, sustulit, ipsos- 
que paullo post fratres interficit. 

4. Regno pellitur. (Just. XXI. 2.) 

Sublatis aemulis in segnitiem lapsus, saginam corporis ex 
nimia luxuria, oculorumque valetudinem contraxit, adeo ut non 
golem, non pulverem, non denique splendorem ferre lucis posset. 
Propter quae dum contemni se putat, saevitia grassatur, civita- 
temque caedibus implet. Quae saevitia quum eum omnibus 
invisum reddidisset, et bellum denique Syracusani ad vers us 
eum decrevissent, diu dubitavit, 4 imperium deponeret an bello 
resisteret. Sed a militibus, praedam ex urbis direptione spe- 
rantibus, descendere in proelium cogitur. Plus semel victus, 
legatos ad Syracusanos mittit, spondens, se depositururn tyran- 
nidem, si mitterent ad eum, quibuscum sibi de pace conveniret. 
In quam rem missos primores in carcere retinet, 5 atque ita, in- 
cautis omnibus nee quidquam hostile metuentibus, exercitum 
ad delendam civitatem mittit. Fit igitur in ipsa urbe anceps 
proelium ; in quo, oppidanis multitudine superantibus, Diony- 
sius pellitur, qui quum obsidionem arcis timeret, cum omni 
regio apparatu in Italiam profugit tacitus. 



RES SICILIAE. 71 



5. Post tyrannidem in Locrenses exercitam Syracusas redit 

(Justin. XXI. 2, 3.) 

Exul a Locrensibus sociis exceptus, velut jure regnaret, ar« 
cem occupat, solitamque sibi saevitiam exercet. Opulentiores 
interfecit, matronas etiam nonnullas ad prodendas virorum pe- 
cunias torquet. Quum his artibus per annos sex regnasset, 
conspiratione Locrorum 1 civitate pulsus, in Siciliam redit. Ibi 
Syracusas, securis omnibus, post longam intercapedinem pa- 
ds, per proditionem recipit. 

6. A Timoleone pulsus Corinthum concessit. (Justin. XXL 

5. Conf. Corn. Nep. Vita Timol. 2.) 

Ibi quum gravior crudeliorque in dies civitati esset, iterata 
conspiratione obsidetur. Petiverant autem ejus adversarii 
opem a Corinthiis, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, postula- 
verant. Ab illis Timoleon missus, incredibili felicitate Dio- 
nysium tota Sicilia depulit. Tunc, deposito imperio, Corin- 
thum in exilium proficiscitur. Ibi, humillima quaeque tutis- 
sima existimans, in sordidissimum vitae genus descendit; in 
publico vagabatur et potabat; totis diebus in popinis deside- 
bat, cum perditissimo quoque de minimis rebus disceptabat, 
pannosus et squalidus incedebat ; quae omnia facere videbatur 
ut contemnendus magis quam metuendus videretur. Denique, 
ludimagistrum professus, pueros in trivio docebat. 

7. Agathoclis tyranni genus et vita. (Just. XXII. 1.) 

Paucis annis interjectis Agathocles ex humili genere ad 
regnum Syracusarum totiusque Siciliae pervenit. Quippe in 
Sicilia patre figulo natus, juveniles annos omni infamiae gene- 
re inquinavit, latrocinia quoque exercuit. Interjecto tempore 
quum Syracusas concessisset, diu sine fide fuit f deinde gre- 
gariam militiam sortitus, non minus tunc seditiosa, quam an- 
tea turpi vita, in omne facinus promtissimus erat. Nam et 
manu strenuus, et in concionibus perfacundus habebatur. 
Brevi itaque centurio, ac deinceps tribunus militum factus est. 
Jam quum in diversis proeliis insignem fortitudinem praesti- 
tisset, dignus est habitus, qui in locum defuncti ducis Damas- 
conis sufficeretur. Turn bis occupare imperium Syracusarum 
voluit, bis in exilium actus est. 



72 RES SICILIAE. 

8. Tyrannidem Agathocles occwpat. (Just. XXII. 2.) 

Quum apud Murgantinos 1 exularet, ab his odio Syracusa- 
norum primo praetor, mox dux belli creatur. In eo bello et 
urbem Leontinorum 2 capit, et patriam suam Syracusas obsi- 
dere coepit. Sed quum videret, fortius defendi urbem, quam 
oppugnari, precibus per internuntios Hamilcarem exorat, ut 
inter se et Syracusanos pacis arbitrium suscipiat. duo inter- 
cedente non pax tantum Agathocli conciliatur, verum etiam 
praetor Syracusis constituitur. Quo facto, acceptis ab Ha- 
milcare quinque millibus Afrorum, potentissimos quosque ex 
principibus interficit, senatum trucidat, et ex plebe quoque lo- 
cupletissimos et promtissimos tollit. 

9. Agathoclis bella cum Poenis. (Just. XXII. 3 — 6.) 

His ita gestis militem legit exercitumque conscribit ; quo 
instructus finitimas civitates, nihil hostile metuentes, ex im- 
proviso aggreditur. Deinde quum ad versus Poenos arma 
movisset, Poenique victores Syracusas obsidione cinxissent, 
mira prorsus audacia bellum in Africam transferre statuit. 
Itaque oppidan is ad obsidionis necessitatem frumento in- 
structs, comitibus duobus adultis filiis, Archagatho et Hera- 
clida, cursum in Africam direxit. duo quum venisset, uni- 
versas naves, consentiente exercitu, incendi jubet, ut omnes 
scirent, auxilio fugae ademto, 3 aut vincendum aut moriendum 
esse. Deinde quum omnia, quacunque ingrederentur, pros- 
ternerent, villas castellaque incenderent, obvius ei fuit cum 
triginta millibus Poenorum Hanno ; sed, proelio commisso, 
duo 4 de Siculis, tria millia de Poenis cum ipso duce cecidere. 
Hac victoria et Siculorum animi eriguntur et Poenorum fran- 
guntur. Castra deinde in quinto lapide a Carthagine statuit, 
ut vastitatem agrorum et incendia villarum de muris ipsius ur- 
bis specularentur. 5 

10. Agathocles Poenos e Sicilia pellit. (Justin. XXII. 7, 8.) 

His Poenorum malis etiam deletus in Sicilia cum impera- 
tore exercitus accessit. Nam post profectionem Agathoclis 
Poeni in obsidione urbis segniores redditi, ab Antandro, fra- 
tre Agathoclis, occidione caesi nuntiabantur. 6 Itaque quum 
domi forisque eadem fortuna Carthaginiensium esset, non 
tributariae tantum ab his urbes, sed etiam socii reges deflcie- 
bant. Quorum copiis auctus, 7 Carthaginienses gravi proe- 



RES SICILIAE. 73 

Ho superat. duo facto, tradito exercitu filio Archagatho, in 
Siciiiam rediit, nihil actum existimans, si amplius Syracusae 
obsiderentur. Nam post occisum Hamilcarem, Gisgonis fili- 
um, novus eo a Poenis missus exercitus fuerat. Statim igi- 
tur primo adventu ejus Siciliae urbes, auditis rebus, quas in 
Africa gesserat, certatim se ei tradunt, atque ita pulsis e Si- 
cilia Poenis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. In Africam 
deinde reversus, seditione militum excipitur. Nam stipen- 
diorum solutio in adventu m patris dilata a filio fuerat. Igi- 
tur ad concionem vocatos blandis verbis permulsit : stipendia 
illis dicens ab hoste quaerenda esse : communem victoria m 
communem praedam futuram. Sedato itaque militari tumul- 
tu, ad castra hostium exercitum ducit ; ibi inconsultius proe- 
lium committendo, majorem partem exercitus perdidit. Quum 
itaque in castra fugisset, militesque ob stipendium non solu- 
tum metueret, concubia nocte solus cum Archagatho filio 
profugit. Archagathus tamen, qui a patre noctis err ore 1 
discesserat, a militibus comprehensus reducitur. Turn pac- 
tione cum hostibus facta, milites, interfectis Archagathi libe- 
ris, Carthaginiensibus se tradidere; Archagathus ipse ab 
Arcesilao, amico antea patris, occisus est. Post haec Poeni 
ad persequendas belli reliquias duces in Siciiiam miserunt, 
cum quibus Agathocles pacem aequis conditionibus fecit. 

11. Agathocles moritur. (Justin. XXIII. 2.) 

Brevi post tempore, Agathocles, quum spe ampliandi 2 reg- 
ni in Italiam trajecisset, gravi morbo correptus est. Quum 
jam nulla spes esset, eum hoc malo liberari posse, bellum 
inter filium ejus nepotemque oritur, regnum jam quasi mortui 
vindicantes, occisoque filio, regnum nepos occupavit. Inter 
haec domestica mala rex moritur. Carthaginienses autem, 
cognitis quae in Sicilia agebantur, occasionem totius insulae 
occupandae datam sibi existimantes, magnis viribus 3 eo tra- 
jiciunt, multasque civitates subigunt. 

12. Pyrrhus Siciiiam occupat et amittit. 
(Justin. XXIII. 3.) 

Eo tempore Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, adversus Romanos bellum 
gerebat : 4 qui imploratus a Siculis in auxilium, quum Syracu- 
sas venisset, multasque civitates subegisset, rex Siciliae 
appellatur. Post haec multa secunda proelia cum Carthagi- 
niensibus facit. Interjecto deinde tempore, quum legati ab 
Italicis sociis venissent, nuntiantes, Romanis resisti non posse. 



74 DE HISPANIA. 

deditionemque futuram, nisi subveniat victorem exercitum in 
Italiam trajecit. Quo facto socii in Sicilia ab eo defecerunt, 
et imperium Siciliae tarn cito amisit, quam facile quaesierat. 
Sed nee in Italia meliore felicitate usus in Epirum revertitur. 

13. Hiero, Hieroclis Jilius, imperium Siciliae adipiscitur. 
(Justin. XXIII. 4.) 

Post profectionem a Sicilia Pyrrhi, magistratus Hiero 1 crea- 
tur, cujus tanta moderatio fuit, ut, consentiente omnium civita- 
ium favore, dux adversus Carthaginienses primum, mox rex, 
crearetur. Hujus futurae magnitudinis multa fuerunt omina. 
Gluippe genitus patre Hierocle, nobili viro, a patre, quod ex 
ancilla natus esset, expositus erat. Sed parvulum apes multis 
diebus aluerunt. Ob quam rem responso aruspicum admoni- 
tus pater, qui regnum infanti portendi canebant, puerum rece- 
pit, omnique studio ad spem majestatis, quae promittebatur, 2 
instituit. Eidem, in ludo inter aequales discenti, lupus, in 
turba puerorum repente conspectus, tabulum eripuit. Ado- 
lescenti quoque, prima bella ineunti, aquila in clypeo, noctua 
in hasta consedit. Denique adversus provocatores saepe 
pugnavit, semperque victor iam reportavit. A Pyrrho rege 
multis militaribus donis donatus est. Pulcritudo ei corporis 
insignis, vires quoque in homine admirabiles fuere; in alloquio 
blandus, in negotio Justus, in imperio moderatus, prorsus ut 
nihil ei regium deesse, praeter regnum, videretur. 



H. DE HISPANIA QUAEDAM. 
1. Hispaniae descripto, (Justin. XLIV. 1.) 

Hispaniam veteres ab Ibero amne primum Iberiam, postea 
ab Hispano 3 Hispaniam cognominaverunt. Haec, inter Afri- 
cam et Galliam posita, Oceani freto et montibus Pyrenaeis 
clauditur. Sicut minor utraque terra, ita utraque fertilior. 
Nam neque, ut Africa, violento sole torretur, neque, ut Gallia, 
assiduis ventis fatigatur, sed media inter utramque in omnia 
frugum genera fecunda est, adeo ut non ipsis tantum incolis, 
verum etiam Italiae urbique Romanae cunctarum rerum abun- 
dantiam suppeditet. Hinc enim magna copia est frumenti, 



DE HISPANIA. 75 

vini, mellis et olei ; nee ferri solum materia praecipua est, sed 
et equorum pernices greges ; nee summae tantum terrae lau- 
danda bona, 1 verum et abstrusorum metallorum felices divitiae. 
Jam lini spartique vis ingens ; minii certe nulla feracior terra. 
In hac cursus amnium nontorrentes rapidique, ut noceant, sed 
lenes, et vineis campisque irrigui, 2 plerique etiam divites auro. 
Uno tantum Pyrenaei montis dorso adhaeret Galliae, reliquis 
partibus undique mari cingitur. Salubritas coeli per omnem 
Hispaniam aequalis, quia aeris spiritus nulla paludum gravi 
nebula inficitur. Hue accedunt et marinae aurae undique- 
versus assidui flatus, quibus omnem pro vine iam penetrantibus, 
eventilato terrestri spiritu, praecipua hominibus sanitas reddi- 
tur. 

2. Hispanorum mores. Viriathus dux. (Ibid. 2.) 

Corpora hominum ad inediam 3 laboremque, animi ad mor- 
tem parati. Bellum quam otium malunt ; si extraneus 4 deest, 
domi hostem quaerunt. Velocitas genti pernix, inquies ani- 
mus; plurimis militares equi, et arma sanguine ipso cariora. 5 
Nullus in festos dies epularum apparatus. In magna tamen 
saeculorum serie nullus illis dux magnus, praeter Viriathum, 
fuit, qui annis decern Romanos varia victoria fatigavit. Cujus 
ea virtus et continentia fuit, ut, quum consulares exercitus fre- 
quenter vicerit, tantis rebus gestis non armorum, non vestis 
cultum, non denique victum mutaret, sed in eo habitu, quo 
primum bellare coepit, perseveraret ; ut quivis gregarius miles 
ipso imperatore opulentior videretur. 

3. Gallaecorum divitiae et mores. (Just. XLIV. 3.) 

Pars Hispaniae,. quae Gallaecia vocatur, aeris ac plumbi 
uberrima; turn et minio, quod etiam vicino flumini nomen dedit, 
et auro quoque ditissima adeo, ut etiam aratro frequenter 
glebas aureas exscindant. In hujus gentis finibus sacer mons 
est, quern ferro violari nefas habetur : sed si quando fulgure 
terra prose issa est, detectum aurum, veluti dei munus, colligere 
permittitur. Feminae res domesticas agrorumque culturam 
administrant ; ipsi 6 armis et rapinis serviunt. 7 Praecipua his 
quidem ferri materia, nee tamen ullum apud eos telum proba- 
tur, quod non aut Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tinctum sit 



PART II. 8 



76 RES MASSILIENSITJM. 



4. Carthaginiensium in Hispania impenum. 
(Justin. XLIV. 5.) 

Mature Carthaginienses imperium Hispaniae occupavera 
Nam quum Gaditan^a Tyro, unde et Carthaginiensibus origo 
est, sacra Herculis in Hispaniam transtulissent, urbemque ibi 
condidissent, fmitimi incrementis novae urbis invidentes, Ga- 
ditanos bello lacessiverunt. Consanguineis Carthaginienses 
auxilium miserunt. Ibi felici expeditione et Gaditanos ab in- 
juria vindicaverunt, et majorem partem Hispaniae imperio suo 
adjecerunt. Postea quoque, hortante primae expeditionis suc- 
cessu, Hamilcarem imperatorem cum magna manu ad occu- 
pandam provinciam misere, qui, magnis rebus gestis, dum for- 
tunam inconsultius sequitur, in insidias deductus occiditur. Ln 
hujus locum gener ipsius Hasdrubal mittitur ; qui et ipse a 
servo Hispani cujusdam, ulciscente domini injustam necem, in- 
terfectus est. Major utroque Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, suc- 
cessit. Hie universam Hispaniam domuit ; inde bello Roma- 
nis illato, Italiam per annos sexdecim variis cladibus fatigavit j 
quum interea Romani, missis in Hispaniam Scipionibus, primo 
Poenos provincia expulerunt, postea cum ipsis Hispanis gravia 
bella gesserunt. £j ec prius Hispani jugum potuerunt accipere, 
quam Caesar Augustus, perdomito orbe terrarum, victricia ad 
eos arma transtulit, populumque barbarum et ferum, legibus ad 
cultioris vitae usum traductum, in formam provinciae redegit. 



1. RES MASSILIENSIUM. 



I. Phocaeenses Massiliam condunt. (Just. XLIII. 3.) 

Temporibus Tarquinii Superbi, Romanorum regis, ex Asia 
Phocaeensium juventus, patria profuga, Massiliam inter Li- 
gures 2 et feras gentes Gallorum condidit, et, dum se armis 
adversus Gallicam feritatem tuentur, magnas res gesserunt 
Duces classis Simos et Protis fuerunt. Hi regem Segobri- 
giorum, Nannum nomine, in cujus finibus urbem condere 
gestiebant, conveniunt. Forte eo die rex occupatus in ap- 
paratu nuptiarum Gyptis filiae erat; quam more gentis, elec- 
to inter epulas genero, nuptum tradere illic 3 parabat. Itaque 



RES MASSILIENSIUM. 77 

quum ad nuptias invitati omnes proci essent, rogantur etiam 
Graeci hospites ad convivium. Introducta deinde virgo quum 
juberetur a patre aquam porrigere ei, quem virum eligeret, 
tunc, omissis omnibus, ad Graecos conversa, aquam Proti 
porrigit ; qui factus ex hospite gener, locum condendae urbis 
a socero accepit. Condita igitur est Massilia prope ostia 
Rhodani amnis, in remoto sinu, velut in angulo maris. Sed 
Ligures, incrementis urbis invidentes, Graecos assiduis bellis 
fatigabant. 1 Qui pericula propulsando in tantum 2 enituerunt, 
ut, victis hostibus, in captivis agris multas colonias constitu- 
erent. 



2. Massiliensibus afinitimis struuntur insidiae. 
(Justin. XLIII. 4.) 

Ab his igitur Galli et usum vitae cultioris et agrorum cul- 
tus, et urbes moenibus cingere didicerunt. Tunc et legibus, 
non armis vivere, tunc et vitem putare, tunc olivam serere 
consueverunt. Mortuo rege Nanno Segobrigiorum, a quo 
locus condendae urbis acceptus fuerat, quum regno films ejus 
Comanus successisset,affirmat Ligur quidam, Massiliam, quan- 
doque 3 Jinitimis populis exitio futuram, in ipso ortu opprimen- 
dam esse. Subnectit et fabulam : canem gravidam aliquando a 
pastor e locum petisse precario, in quo parerct; quem quum ob- 
tinuisset, iterato petisse, ut sibi educare eodem inloco catulos h~ 
ceret; ad postremum, adultis caiulis, pastorem illam,domestico 
praesidio fortem* depellere non potuisse. His incitatus rex in- 
sidias Massiliensibus struit. Itaque solemni Floraliorum 5 die 
multos fortes et strenuos viros hospitii jure inurbem misit; plu- 
res etiam frondibus tectos vehiculis induci jussit. Ipse cum ex- 
ercitu in proximis montibus delitescit, ut, quum nocte portae 
apertae forent, 6 tempestive adesset, urbemque somno ac vino se- 
pultam 7 armis invaderet. Sed has insidias mulier quaedam, 
regis cognata, prodidit, quae Graecum adolescentem, cujus 
amore tenebatur, miserata formae et fortunae ejus, periculum 
declinare jussit. Ille rem statim ad magistratus defert ; atque 
ita patefactis insidiis, cuncti Ligu res comprehenduntur. duibus 
interfectis, insidianti regi insidiae tenduntur. Caesa sunt cum 
ipso rege hostium septem millia. Exinde Massilienses festis 
diebus portas claudere, vigilias agere, peregrinos recognos- 
cere, 8 ac veluti bellum habeant, urbem custodire. 



78 RES MASSILIENSIUM. 

3. Massiliensium bella. (Justin. XLIII. 5.) 

Post haec magna illis cum Liguribus, magna cum Gallis 
fuere bella ; quae res urbis gloriam auxit Graecorumque vir- 
tatem celebrem inter finitimos reddidit. Carthaginiensium quo- 
que exercitus, quum bellum, captis piscatorum navibus, ortum 
esset, saepe fuderunt, pacemque victis dederunt ; cum His- 
panis amicitiam junxerunt; cum Romanis prope ab initio 
conditae urbis foedu?summafldecustodierunt,auxiliisquem omni- 
bus bellis industrie socios juverunt. Quae res illis et virium 
fiduciam auxit, et pacem ab hostibus praestitit. 

4. Finitimis impetum in eos facientibus, deorum cur a serva?i- 
tur. (Ibid.) 

Quum igitur Massilia fama rerum gestarum, et abundantia 
opum, et virium gloria floreret, repente finitimi populi ad no- 
men Massiliensium 1 del end um, veluti ad commune exstinguen- 
dum incendium, concurrunt. Dux consensu omnium Catu- 
mandus regulus eligitur, qui, quum magno exercitu lectissi- 
morum virorum urbem hostium obsideret, per quietem specie 
torvae mulieris, quae se deam dicebat, exterritus, ultro pacem 
cum Massiliensibus fecit ; petitoque, 2 ut intrare illi in urbem et 
deos eorum adorare liceret, quum in arc em Minervae venisset, 
conspecto simulacro deae, quam per quietem viderat, repente 
exclamat, illam esse, quae se nocte exterruisset ; illam, quae 
recedere ab obsidione jussisset, gratulatusque Massiliensibus, 
quod animadverteret, eos ad curam deorum immortalium perti- 
nere, 3 torque aureo donata dea, in perpetuum amicitiam cum 
Massiliensibus junxit. Parta pace et securitate fundata legati 
Massiliensium, revertentes a Delphis, quo missi munera Apol- 
lini tulerant, audierunt urbem Romanam a Gallis captam in- 
censamque. 4 Quam rem domi nuntiatam publico funere 5 
Massilienses prosecuti sunt ; aurumque et argentum publicum 
privatumque contulerunt, ad explendum pondus Gallis, a qui- 
bus redemtam pacem cognoverant. Ob quod meritum et im- 
munitas illis decreta et locus spectaeulorum in senatu datus et 
foedus aequo jure percussum est. 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 



1. Cicero puer. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero natus est Arpini, U. C. ann. 
DCXLVIL, matre Helvia, ex honesta et nobili gente prog- 
nata, patre, Equite Romano, qui in amoenissima ad Arpinum 
regione habebat praedium, a majoribus acceptum. Ibi ado- 
levit et educatus est Cicero. Pater ejus, quum bene perspi- 
ceret, quanta m vim in omnem vitam haberet recte instituta 
liberorum educatio, mature filios optimis praeceptoribus eru- 
diendos tradidit. Jam quum Tullius, in quo alacre ingenium 
cum eximia assiduitate conjunctum mature elucescebat, bona 
in litterarum studiis incrementa cepisset, a patre Romam mis- 
sus est, ubi celeberrimorum Graecorum scholis interesset. 
Quod quidem tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum, turn 
caeterorum discipulorum, admiratione factum est, ut, quum 
fama de insigni Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad alios quoque 
manasset, non pauci, qui ejus videndi et audiendi gratia scholas 
adirent, reperti fuisse dicantur. Idem, quum forte eodem tem- 
pore Romae commoraretur Graecus quidam, Archias, poetica 
facultate excellens, familiaritatem cum eo junxit, ejusque prae- 
ceptis et exemplo ita profecit, ut ipse turn carmen, Pontius 
Glaucus inscriptum, multa arte componeret. 

2. Cicero adolescens. 

Sic educatus et omni litterarum genere egregie instructus 
decimum sextum aetatis annum agebat Cicero. Mos fuit 
apud Romanos, ut ii, qui hunc aetatis annum consecuti es* 
sent, toga virili induta, in forum prodirent, ibique populi con- 
cionibus, judiciis et orationibus, quibus publicae causae de- 
fenderentur, adessent. Praeterea juvenes Romani, ut atten* 
8* 



80 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

tius ad ea, quae e re sua essent, animos adverterent, senatori 
cuidam nobiliori, cujus nutu et auctoritate regerentur eorum 
studia, commendari solebant. Cicero igitur, toga virili sum- 
ta, a patre deductus est ad CI. Mucium Scaevolam augurem, 
tarn rerum publicarum et civilium scientia, quam ingenio et 
doctrina, longe praestantissimum. Quern quidem quum Ci- 
cero, quod adolescentes honoris causa solebant facere, dedu- 
ceret in forum, reduceretque, nee unquam ab ejus latere dis- 
cederet ; non solum consilia, quae rogatus ille dabat, cupide 
arripiebat et animo recondebat, sed etiam vel commode, vel 
acute, vel prudenter ab eo dicta et disputata diligenter me- 
moriae mandabat. Hinc factum est, ut brevi tempore et le- 
gum, et omnium, quae a bono causarum patrono exiguntur, 
cognitionem sibi pararet accuratissimam. Sed quum nulla 
re magis ad summos in republica honores viam muniri posse 
intelligent, quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in 
ejus studium incubuit ; in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non 
solum eos, qui in foro et judiciis causas perorarent, studiose 
sectaretur, sed privatim quoque, tarn graecas orationes in la- 
tin am linguam vertendo, quam, quae ipse commentatus esset, 
declamando, diligentissime se exerceret. At ne in hoc qui- 
dem exercitationis genere acquievit. Nam eodem tempore 
non solum carmina, quibus Scaevolam et Atticum miriflce 
delectatos esse legimus, conscripsit, sed etiam philosophiae, 
Phaedro Epicureo inprimis duce, operam dedit 

3. Cicero miles. 

Postquam juvenes Romani assidua in rebus forensibus ex- 
ercitatione, et vario officiorum genere, senatus populique fa- 
vorem atque gratiam sibi collegerant, turn, ut foris pariter ac 
domi de republica bene merere discerent, togam cum sago 
mutare, sive castra sequi, et virtutis bellicae documenta ede- 
re, debebant. Itaque Cicero, ut faceret et tentaret omnia, 
quibus in republica ad summos honores enitendum erat, mi- 
litaris quoque artis scientiam sibi parare constituit. Nee de- 
erat ei ad hanc rem occasio. Saeviente enim turn bello So- 
ciali sive Marsico, quum consul Pompejus Strabo, Pompeji 
Magni pater, exercitum duceret contra hostiles copias, facile 
ab eo, ut in ejus comitatu sibi esse liceret, impetravit. In 
quo quidem bello, quamvis ad pacis magis, quam ad belli 
artes, natus esse videbatur Cicero, tamen nulli strenui mi- 
iitis defuit officio, et omnino ita se gessit, ut bellicae quoque 
virtutis laudem inde referret. 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 81 



4. Cicero post militiam in urbem reversus. 

Quum rerum publicarum status graviter turn concuteretur 
Sullae et Marii certaminibus, Cicero, ab omni partium stu- 
dio alienus, oratoribus, qui turn excellebant, vacabat, vel ipse 
cogitata mentis litteris mandabat. Sed multum ille in hac 
re discrepabat a nostrae aetatis hominum ingenio. Non enim 
protrusit et evulgavit statim, quae juvenis litteris consignave- 
rat, sed ad maturiorem aetatem reposuit, et, quae minus turn 
probarentur ejus judicio, aut emendavit, aut plane delevit. 
Ad oratores autem, quorum exemplo et disciplina adjuta turn 
imprimis sunt Ciceronis studia, pertinent Philo Academic us 
et Molo Rhodius, Mithridatis furore atque violentia cum mul- 
tis aliis e Graecia exacti. His quidem et Diodoto Stoico 
(quern recepit adeo in domum suam) eo impensius dedit ope- 
ram, quo major ei inter Romanos oratores eminendi fuit cu- 
piditas. Accenderat inprimis Ciceronis studia exemplum 
Hortensii, omnium oratorum, qui turn Romae florebant, elo- 
quentissimi. Hunc igitur tanto animi ardore aemulatus est, 
ut brevi tempore non aequaret tantum ejus laudem, sed etiam 
superaret. 

5. Cicero in causa publica primum orator prodit. 

Cicero, viginti et sex annos natus, postquam in privatis 
causis jam pluribus operam suam commodaverat, nunc in 
publica causa eloquentiae suae copias expromendi occasio- 
nem nactus est. Nam quum Roscium quendam ex Ameria, 
parricidii accusatum, ob Chrysogoni, qui in ejus adversariis 
fuit, potentiam nemo defender e auderef; tanta eloquentiae 
vi et animi libertate eum defendit Cicero, ut jam turn in arte 
dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ipse Cicero saepius 
magna cum animi voluptate hujus orationis et partae sibi per 
earn laudis meminit, quamvis idem, se nimium passim in hac 
oratione juvenili fervori indulsisse et fines, intra quos contineri 
debuisset, transiluisse, in maturiore aetate constitutus haud 
dissimulat. 

6. Cicero peregrinatur. 

Anno post ad corporis male affecti valetudinem reficien- 
dam Cicero in Asiam profectus est. Quum primum Athenas 
venisset, adeo hujus urbis commodis et opportunitatibus cap- 
tus est, ut per sex menses ibi commoraretur. Nihil autem 



82 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

opportunius et jucundius in hac ceiebratissima Musarum sedc 
obtingere potuit Ciceroni nostro, quam quod ei cum Antiocho, 
philosopho Academico, non versari tantum, sed etiam apud 
euni habitare liceret. Sic enim nactus fuerat non solum ami- 
cura, quocum familiariter viveret, sed etiam magistrum, ad 
cujus praecepta philosophiae studia moderari posset. Ad vi- 
tae jucunditatem, qua Cicero Athenis fruebatur, multum con- 
ferebat Pomponii Attici, veteris amici et aequalis, quern ibi con- 
venerat, consuetudo ; quae quidem ita turn aucta et confirmata 
est, ut per totam reliquam vitarn alter alteri exsisteret amicis- 
simus. Eodem tempore apud Demetrium Syrum, veterem et 
haud ignobilem dicendi magistrum, studiose Noster in arte 
rhetorica se exercuit. 



7. Cicero Asiam peragrat. 

Athenis relictis Cicero iter flexit in Asiam, ibique cum 
principibus oratoribus, ad quos se applicaverat, Menippo Stra- 
tonicensi, Dionysio Magnete, Aeschylo Cnidio, Xenocle Adra- 
mytteo et aliis versatus est et nobilissimas Asiae urbes per- 
agravit. Delatus deniqueestRhodum, ubi, quern jam Romae 
audiverat, Moloni denuo operam dedit. Insignes, quos Cicero 
in arte dicendi inter ea fecerat, progresses mirabatur quidem 
Molo, sed idem vitia, quae vitanda essent oratori bono et gravi, 
libere ei indicavit. Nam quum res, quas Noster in orationibus 
describendas sibi sumserat, nimia verborum copia exaggeraret, 
et sententiarum lumina ingenii ostentandi causa nimis coacer- 
varet ; human iter eum monuit Molo, ut hunc juvenilem im- 
petum reprimere, et, quae redundarent, quasi extra ripas difflu- 
entia, coercere studeret. Cujus quidem praecepti veritatem se 
bene jam turn percepisse, ipse grato animo profitetur. — Posido- 
nium quoque, philosophum, qui Rhodi erat, diligenter audivit, 
eumque in philosophiae studio ducem adhibuit. . 



8. Cicero ex peregrinatione redux in urbem f actus. 

Biennio post quum Cicero Romam se recepisset, ibi, sicut 
ante peregrinationem, in foro versari atque causas perorare 
coepit. Ad eos, quorum causas turn Ciceronem defendisse 
constat, pertinet Roscius Comoedus, vir tarn arte histrionica, 
quam ingenio et aliarum virtutum laude florentissimus. Q,uo 
crebrior autem causarum dicendarum oblatafuit Ciceroni oc- 
casio, eo luculentius exsplendescere coepit ejus fama atque 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 83 

gloria, et eo magis ad summos honores consequendos via ei 
aperta atque munita est. 

9. Cicero Quaestor in Sicilia. 

Quum Cicero trigesimum primum aetatis annum ageret, 
quo anno secundum leges Romanas magistratum ei capessere 
licebat, ab omnibus tribubus sine ulla sunragiorum varietate 
Quaestor creatus est. Jam vero quum creati Quaestores de 
provincia, quam quisque administraret, sortiri solerent, sorti- 
tione facta evenit Nostro Sicilia. Profectus igitur in provin- 
ciam tanta diligentia tantaque prudentia omnes ac singulas 
demandati sibi muneris partes explevit, ut non solum senatus 
populique Romani favorem et gratiam, sed etiam Siculorum 
amorem atque benevolentiam sibi conciliaret. Romanis qui- 
dem, frumenti penuria et caritate hoc anno laborantibus, com- 
meatu ex Sicilia subvecto egregie prospexit ; Siculis vero tarn 
mitem, comem, humanum et officiosum se praebuit, ut dece- 
dentem ex provincia inauditis, ut ipse testatur, honoribus orna- 
rent, et, quocunque modo possent, gratum animum ei declara- 
rent. — Caeterum quicquid temporis, a publicis negotiis vacui, 
ei datum fuit in Sicilia, id exercitationibus, ad artem dicendi 
spectantibus, sacra vit. 

10. Cicero sepulchrum Archimedis investigate 

Priusquam Cicero ex Sicilia decederet, totam insulam per- 
agrare, et, quicquid rerum memorabilium ibi reperiretur, cog- 
noscere et oculis usurpare constituit. Quum Syracusis esset, 
principes quosdam, quibus ducibus in celeberrima ilia urbe 
lustranda utebatur, ut sibi Archimedis sepulchrum monstra- 
rent, rogavit. Illi quidem, se nihil plane unquam de Archime- 
dis sepulchro inaudivisse ajebant, imo, ilium Syracusis sepul- 
tum esse, omnino negabant. At Cicero, quum ei succurrerent 
versus quidam, Archimedis sepulchro inscripti, qui sphaeram 
cum cylindro in summo sepulchro positam esse declarabant, ab 
mvestigandi studio haud abstitit. Delatus igitur in locum, ubi 
magna veterum sepulchro rum frequentia fuit, quum omnia 
oculis coilustrasset, ecce ! animadvertit columellam, non mul- 
tum e dumis et vepribus eminentem, in qua sphaerae et cylin- 
dri figura conspiciebatur. Statim locum circa columellam 
falcibus purgari et aperiri jubet ; ace edit ad columellam, et 
ipsos illos versus, quos memoria tenebat, adversae basi inscrip- 
tos invenit. 



84 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES: 



11. Cicero e Sicilia Romam reversus. 

Cicero, Quaestoris munere insigni laude perfunctus, e Si- 
cilia rediit Romam, gravissimis turn bell is pressam et disten- 
tarn. Ibi per quinque annos in causis dicendis ita excelluit, 
ut inter omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur prin- 
ceps. Jam vero quum ad earn aetatem pervenisset, (triginta 
et septem annos turn natus erat,) quae praestituta fuit aedilita- 
tem vel praeturam petituris, nomen suum inter candidatos 
aedilitatis professus est eo successu, ut, praelatus caeteris can- 
didatus omnibus, uno ore omnium Aedilis Curulis crearetur. 

12. Cicero V err em accusat. 

Priusquam aedilitatem adibat Cicero, opportuna, qua summi 
oratoris artem ostenderet, oblata ei est occasio Verris accu- 
sations Homo iste, qui primum Quaestor, turn Praetor per 
tres deinceps annos in Sicilia fuerat, tanta avaritia et impu- 
dentia non privata tantum, sed etiam publica bona, diripuerat, 
ut Siculi, inaudita impudentia ab isto spoliati et expilati, diem 
ei Romae dicere constituerent. Quo magis autem illi jam 
olimnon solum summum Ciceronis in causis dicendis ingenium 
et eloquentiam, sed etiam insignem ejus animi integritatem, 
humanitatem et benevolentiam perspexerant, eo vehementius 
nunc eum rogabant, ut accusationem contra Verrem suscipe- 
ret. Nee defuit ille eorum precibus. Imo nefandam, qua in 
Siculorum bona grassatus fuerat Verres, avantiam tanta 
orationis gravitate et animi libertate in judicio perstrinxit et 
ante omnium oculos posuit, ut iste, argumentorum vi convic- 
tus, sponte in exilium, ubi reliquam vitae partem transegit, 
abiret. 

13. Cicero Aedilis Praetor. 

Cicero, aedilitatem ingressus, solemnem ilium morem, quo 
munera, sive ludos populo edere solebant novi Aediles, haud 
neglexit quid em, sed in eorum sumtibus faciendis sapienter 
modum tenuit, honestiorem rationem, qua populi gratiam et 
amor em sibi conciliaret, secutus. Nam, quum populus turn 
premeretur annonae caritate, splendidissima a Siculis sibi 
oblata munera impendebat eo, ut viliore annona veniret pre- 
tio. Quo quidem honesto liberalique studio populi in Cicero- 
nem favor adeo auctus est, ut, quum post aedilitatem Prae- 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 85 

oris munus peteret, inter octo Praetores, qui creabantur, 
prae multis aliis competitoribus totius populi suffragiis primus 
crearetur. Nee vana fuit populi de Ciceronis praetura ex- 
spectatio. Nam sicut summam diligentiam, humanitatem, 
prudentiam et honestatem in quaesturae aedilitatisque ob- 
eundis officiis probaverat, ita in Praetor is munere gerendo 
summae justitiae, aequitatis, sanctitatis et temperantiae laude 
excelluit. Dum Praetor erat Cicero, cum alias orationes 
habuit, turn inprimis orationem pro Lege Manilia. Nam 
quum Manilius, tribunus plebis, legem rogasset, qua Pompejo 
summum belli Mithridatici imperium decerneretur ; Cicero in 
oratione ilia Pompeji virtutes, summo duci proprias, tanta 
ubertate, gravitate atque elegantia descripsit et expos uit, ut, 
faciendum omnino esse, quod in lege Manilia suaderetur, om- 
nes ac singuli judicarent. 

14. Cicero post Praeturam. 

Praetura perfunctis provincia, quam Propraetores admims- 
trarent, decerni solebat. Sed Cicero, neque divitiarum in 
provincia parandarum, neque rerum foris gerendarum admo- 
dum cupidus, detrectata provincia, Romae manere, et ibi re- 
rum civilium scientiae et earum artium, quibus viam ad con- 
sulatum sibi aperiret, operam navare maluit. Itaque per duos 
post praeturam annos, (tantum enim temporis a pnetura usque 
ad consulatus petitionem intercedere debebat,) quolibet officio- 
rum genere populi favor em colligere, et hujus collecti favoris 
aura vela quasi sua ita implere studuit, ut fieri non posset, 
quin metam, h. e. consulatum, secundo cursu attingeret. 

15. Cicero Consul. 

Cicero igitur, tanto studio tantaque virtutum laude ad sum- 
mos honores grassatus, aetatis anno quadragesimo tertio, quo 
secundum leges consulatum peti licebat, non tabellis, quibus 
alias suffragia in comitiis Consularibus dari solebant, sed vo- 
ce universi populi Romani honorificentissime Consul creatus, 
et sex aliis competitoribus, in quibus L. Sergius Catilina fuit, 
praelatus est. Consulatum gerere incipienti negotium facesse- 
bat P. Rullus, tribunus plebis, homo seditiosus, qui, dam legis 
agrariae rogationem, veterem istam gravissimarum discordia- 
rum causam, agitabat, non parum reipublicae infestus fieri 
coepit. Sed Cicero perniciosos Rulli conatus tribus oratio- 
nibus agrariis tanta sententiarum vi et gravitate repressit at- 



86 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

que retudit, ut ipse populus legi tarn populari, pauperiorum 
magis, quam universae reipublicae commodis respondenti forti- 
ter resisteret. 

16. Cicero detecta et compressa Caiilinae conjuratione servat 
rempublicam. 

L. Sergius Catilina, quern inter consulatus competitores 
fuisse modo commemoravimus, quum spe consulatus conse- 
quendi se dejectum videret, obnixe faciebat omnia, ut proxi- 
mis certe comitiis obtineret, quod frustra adhuc petierat. Sed 
Cicero, quum praeciperet animo, quantum malorum ab in> 
mensa Catilinae libidine dominandique cupiditate reipublicae 
immineret, nefandas artes atque callida consilia, quibus ille 
consulatum adfectabat, eludere atque irrita reddere studuit. 
Hinc tanta in Ciceronem accensus est ira Catilina, ut fere 
palam illi mortem minaretur. Et vere ipso die comitiali, 
quern caedi destinaverat, perpetraturus fuisset illud facinus, 
nisi Cicero re comperta sibi providisset et firmissimo se con- 
tra vim sibi paratam munivisset praesidio. Itaque quum lo- 
ricatus et fortissimorum virorum cohorte stipatus in Campum 
Marti um prodiisset, Catilina non solum a vi facienda prohibi- 
tus, sed etiam a consulatu, quern appetebat, repulsus est. 
Sed ne sic quidem a proposito deterritus est. Vi enim et ar- 
mis consecuturus, quod arte et consilio consequi non potuerat, 
sociis, in do.num Leccae cujusdam convocatis, rationem, qua 
ferro ignique rerum potirentur, descripsit atque proposuit. 
Ante omnia autem consilio Ciceronem e medio tollendi intentus 
fuit. Sed frustra fuerunt, quas Ciceronis vitae ^truxerat, insi- 
diae! frustra bellici ab uno conjuratorum, Manlio, in Etruria 
contra patriam facti apparatus ! frustra omnia, quae Catilina 
cum conjuratis inierat, consilia ! Ne multa ! unius Ciceronis 
prudentia et vigilantia gravissima calamitas a bonorum capi- 
tibus et ab universa civitate depulsa est. 

17. Cicero vir Consularis 

Cicero, postquam consulatu, tanta laude et gloria gesto 
abierat, vir consularis inter principes senatores, h. e. inter 
eos, qui primum in senatu rogarentur sententiam, locum ob- 
tinere, et in urbe publicae saluti invigilare maluit, quam 
Proconsul in provinciam sibi decretam discedere. Primum 
quidem misere vexabatur ab adversariis, nimiam inprimis po- 
testatem, qua ille Consul indicta causa cives supplicio afTe- 
cisset, in crimen vocantibus. Contra hos igitur, inprimis 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 87 

contra Metellum, egregie se defendit, et tela in se conjecta 
retudit. Nee de populi, quo fruebatur, favore quicquam de- 
tractum estadversariorum criminatione et invidia. Bello enim 
cum nonnullis gentibus Gallicis exorto, (V. C. DCXCIII.) 
quum inter legatos, qui quietos adhuc populos a bello dehor- 
tatum mitterentur, primus sorte electus esset Cicero; nullo 
modo vigilantissimum hunc publicae salutis custodem ex urbe 
mittendum esse, universus populus judicavit. 

18. Cicero scriptor el poeta. 

Eo fere tempore de gravioris momenti rebus in consulatu a 
se gestis, scripsit commentarios, et quidem oratione graeca, 
ad Isocratis scribendi genus conformata et composita. Hos 
commentarios non solum per Atticum siium, ad quern eos 
miserat, in Graecia vulgari cupiebat, sed eosdem communi- 
cavit cum Posidonio Rhodio, rogans eum, ut de iisdem rebus 
pulchrius quid et uberius scriberet. At Posidonius, se per- 
lectis illis commentariis magis deterritum esse respondebat, 
quam ut simile quid de illis rebus moliri auderet. Unde fa- 
cile, quanta Ciceroni in graece scribendi arte fuerit facultas 
atque peritia, intelligi potest. Post aliquod tempus latino 
quoque carmine rerum a se gestarum historiam complexus 
est ; quod opus interjecto demum aliquo tempore evulgavit. 
Paulo post, ut specimen ederet de ea, quam in rebus publi- 
cis et civilibus sibi parasset, peritia atque prudentia, potiores, 
quas Consul habuit, orationes, sub titulo Consulates, exire 
atque in vulgus emanare jussit. Sub eadem tempora edidit 
Arati, poetae Graeci, carmen de Sideribus, quod juvenis in 
latinum sermonem converterat. 

19. Cicero sponte in exsilium abit 

P. Clodius, nobili loco natus, sed ferox et procax adoles- 
cens, quum per Ciceronem inprimis in lucem protracta es- 
sent occulta ejus nagitia, tantam in eum concepit iram animo, 
ut ea non nisi illius ruina atque pernicie expiari posse vide- 
retur. Fraude igitur et malis artibus tribunus plebis factus, 
(quum enim patricius esset, in gentem plebejam, ut sic jus 
tribunatus petendi adipisceretur, se adoptandum curaverat,) 
rogavit legem, qua ei, qui civem Romanum, non populi ju- 
dicio damnatnm, supplicio affecisset, aqua et igni interdicere- 
tur. Aperte hac lege petebatur Cieero, qui de quibusdam 
Catilinae conjuratis, haud populi judicio damnatis, supplici- 
um sumserat. Itaque Cicero, ut, populi miseratione mota, 

PART II. 9 



88 BREVIS E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

poenam in lege ista constitutam a se amoliretur, sordidatus, 
ut reus, per vias incedebat, adolescentibus eum ex omni no- 
bilitate plus viginti millibus comitantibus. Q,uin ipse sena- 
tus pro Cicerone deprecabatur. Sed quum neque senatus, 
neque nobilium, neque populi studiis quicquam effici posset 
apud consul es, Pisonem et Gabinium, in Clodii partem in« 
clinantes ; sponte ille solum vertere constituit. Verum enim 
vero ne sic quidem Clodii ira deferbuit. Nam quum in ip- 
sum Ciceronem saevire non posset, in absentis domum et vil- 
las incendio saeviit. 

20. Cicero exsul. 

Quum Cicero in exsilium abiret, primum iter dirigebat in 
Siciliam, turn Brundusium et inde in Graeciam, ubi navem 
ad Dyrrhachium appulit. Inde se contulit Thessalonicam 
in Macedonia, ubi a Cn. Plancio admodum benigne exceptus 
et quovis humanitatis et liberalitatis genere per septem men- 
ses ornatus et cumulatus est. Interea Romae totus fere po 
pulus ingenti desiderio flagitare coepit Ciceronis reditum 
Post acerrima igitur, quibus senatus populusque Romanus 
contra Clodium exsurrexerant, certamina, Cicero tandem se- 
cundum peculiarem legem, a Lentulo rogatam, et insigni po- 
puli favore jussam, revocatus est in patriam. Nihil autem 
per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, acci- 
dit jucundius. Quocunque enim veniebat, voces ei acclama- 
bantur laetissimae, et, quum ipsi urbi propior factus esset, 
omnes fere incolae obviam ei ruebant, et suam de ejus reditu 
laetitiam faustissimis declarabant significationibus. 

21. Cicero post reditum ex exsilio. 

Cicero, quum in urbem rediisset, sicuti statim domos vil 
lasque suas, nefario scelere a Clodio direptas atque dirutas 
reflciendas atque restituendas curavit, ita pristinum de re- 
publica et aliis bene merendi studium retractare et de integro 
exercere coepit. Quicunque eum consuleret, vel ejus in 
causa aliqua patrocinium peteret, hunc tarn consilio suo, 
quam eloquentia sustentavit, et tutum ab injuria praestitit. 
Gtuinquaginta et quatuor annos natus in Collegium Augurum 
adoptatus est. Paulo post P. Clodius, Ciceroni infestissi- 
mus, in fortuito concursu a Milone interfectus est. Defen- 
debat quidem Cicero accusatum de hac caede Milonem, sed 
ejus eloquentiam adeo pervincebat et obtundebat ferox et 
incondita Clodii sociorum vociferatio, ut, quo minus in exsi- 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 89 

lium exigeretur Milo, haud impedire posset. Ciceronis, quae 
adhuc exstat, pro Milone oratio, scripta demum est turn, quum 
is jam exsul viveret Massiliae. 

22. Cicero Proconsul in provinciam proficiscitur. 

Cicero, ut supra commemoravimus, repudiavit, quam post 
consulatum statim administraret, provinciam. Sed duodecim 
ferme annis post ex senatusconsulto provinciae Ciliciae et fini- 
timis locis Proconsul praeesse jussus est. tiuum in provinciam 
proficisceretur, et ad Ephesum in terram escenderet, ingens 
Graecorum, tantum virum videre gestientium, undiqueconfluxit 
copia. Inde properavit in provinciam, ubi, quum variis rebus 
melius rectiusque constituendis egregiam dedisset operam, 
tanto successu contra Parthos dimicavit, ut non solum Impe- 
ratoris nomine ornaretur, sed in ejus honorem etiam suppli- 
catio Romae decerneretur. Exacto anno exprovincia, Quaes- 
tori Coelio tradita, Romam decessit. 

23. Ciceronis post reditum ex provincia studia. 

Cicero, in urbem ex provincia redux, suavissime quidem 
afficiebatur insigni illo, quo totus populus Romanus eum ac- 
cipiebat, favore et observantia, sed ejusdem simul animus 
rerum, quae turn Romae movebantur, consideratione graviter 
perturbabatur. Tantae enim inter Julium Caesarem et Pom- 
pejum ortae erant inimicitiae, ut res non nisi bello dirimi 
posse videretur. Cicero quidem studiose et obnixe faciebat 
omnia, ut utrumque inter se reconciliaret, et a belli civilis 
calamitatibus deterreret ; sed quum neutrum ad pacem in- 
eundam permovere posset, Pompeji partes amplexus cum op- 
timatum exercitu in Graeciam profectus est. Mox in campis 
Pharsalicis commissum est memorabile illud proelium, non 
exercitui tantum Pompeji, sed ipsi quoque, paulo post occiso, 
funestissimum. Cicero igitur prudenter reditum acceleravit 
in Italiam, ubi, omni rerum publicarum cura ex animo dimis- 
sa, sibi et litteris vivere constituit. Turn primum rhetoricam 
et philosophiam latinae orationis luce illustrare coepit, scrip- 
sitque cum alia, turn Partitiones Oratorias ; Brutum sive de 
claris oratoribus ; tres libros de Orator e ; Catonem sive Lau- 
dem M. Catoms XJticensis. — Sexaginta et duos annos natus 
de filiae dilectissimae, Tulliae, morte dolorem suscepit longe 
acerbissimum. Primum quidem dolor ille omnia sapientiae 
praecepta ex ejus pectore excussisse videbatur, sed deinde, 
quum sensim sensimque eum ferre didicisset, conscripsit li- 



90 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

brum de Consolatione, qui tamen, quod valde dolendum, tern- 
poris injuria nobis ereptus est. Nam liber ille, qui sub hoc 
nomine in quibusdam Ciceronis editionibus exhibetur, satis 
aperte alienam manum prodit. Eodem fere tempore plura, 
quae ad philosophiam spectant, commentatus est, e quibus 
quinque libri de Finibus bonorum et malorum et totidem Tus- 
culanarum Quaestionum ad nostra tempora propagati sunt. 

24. Cicero post caedem Caesaris. 

Caesare interfecto, Cicero cum ejus interfectoribus, a quo- 
rum societate et consiliis prudenter adhuc refugerat, se con- 
tulit in Capitolium. Post tres dies, quum inde descendisset, 
venit in senatum, et, quicquid ad pacem quietemque ser van- 
dam conferre videretur, gravi oratione suasit et proposuit. 
Sperans igitur, fore, ut eorum, quae suasisset, a senatu po- 
puloque haberetur ratio, secessit ex urbe in Tusculanum 
suum, ibique fessus pertaesusque publicarum curarum omne 
tempus in litterarum studiis contrivit. Ad ea, quae litteris 
consignavit in otio illo rusticano, referendi sunt libri: de 
Natura Deorum ; de Divinatione ; de Senectute ; de Amici- 
tia; de Officiis. 

25. Cicero Antonii lacessitur insolentia. 

Quumnovi motus Romae concitarentur, Cicero imminentem 
tempestatem itinere, quod in Graeciam facturus erat, efTugere 
tentavit. Sed idem deinde, praesentia sua fortasse motus istos 
componi posse ratus, ex itinere jam incepto Romam regressus 
est. Vix autem eo venerat, quum insolenter et contumeliose trac- 
taretur a consule Antonio. Quod quidem tarn aegre tulit Cice- 
ro, ut in prima Oratione Philippica graviter in consulis insolen- 
tiam et inhumanitatem invectus de moderatione erga se adhi- 
benda ageret. Sed tantum abfuit, ut haec oratio mitigaret mu- 
taretque Antonii animum, ut public e nunc se Ciceronis inimi- 
cum profiteretur. Turn Cicero ex urbe in villam suam ad Nea- 
polin se recepit, ibique secundam orationem Philippicam, in 
qua omne virus acerbitatis in Antonium efTudisse videtur, com- 
posuit. Sed brevi tempore post quum Antonius, ut Dec. Brutum 
e Gallia Cisalpina pelleret, ex urbe profectus esset, Cicero, ut, 
hac liberius agendi occasione usus, labefactato liberae rei- 
publicae statui, quae posset, fulcra subderet, celeri pede Ro- 
mam reversus est. Et vere paulo post, Antonio ad Mutinam 
victo, nova spes liberae reipublicae affulgere coepit ; sed in 
breve tantum tempus. Octaviano enim et Q,. Pedio consuli- 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES 91 

bus notissimus iste triumviratus inter Antonium, Octavianum 
et Lepidum in quinque annos junctus atque constitutus est, 
eo consilio, ut pari potestate conjunctim imperium exercerent, 
et liberae reipublicae defensores, inprimis Ciceronem, e medio 
tollerent. 

26, Cicero occiditur. 

Cicero jam expers publicarum curarum et toto ammo in lit- 
terarum studiis defixus in Tusculano suo delitescebat, quum, 
se inter proscriptos relatum esse, audiret. Q,uo nuntio primum 
quidem ejus animus adeo perculsus est, ut inops consilii modo 
hue modo illuc fugere tentaret ; dein, quurn paululum se re- 
cepisset ejus animus, eapto consilio cum vetere amico Bruto 
se conjungendi, navem, qua in Macedonian! veheretur, con- 
scendit. Verum enim vero ne in hoc quidem exsequendo per- 
stitit consilio. Nam quum subiret eum cogitatio, se honestius 
in patria vitam depositurum esse, nave ad Cajetam appulsa in 
villain suam Formianam se contulit. Ibi placide aliquamdiu 
dormientem servi, qui procul manum militum, dominum exqui- 
rentium, conspexerant, e somno excitabant, eumque parti m vi, 
partim precibus, in lectica collocatum, ut vitae periculo eripe- 
rent, littus versus portabant. Sed in media via opprimebantur 
ab Antonii militibus. Cicero, quum intelligeret, se periculum 
effugere non posse, lecticam deponi jussit. Mox, conspecto 
horum militum duce, Popilio Laenate, novam salutis spem con- 
cepit animo. Hunc enim, quern aliquando in causa capitali a 
supplicio liberaverat, vix tarn inhuman um fore existimabat, ut 
ei vitam sustineret eripere, cui suam debebat. Sed ille veteris 
beneficii immemor caput et manum dextram Ciceroni vel ipse 
detruncavit, vel milites suos detruncare jussit, et utrumque, ut 
perpetratae caedis mercedem acciperet, Romam ad Antonium 
deportavit. Turn Antonii uxor, Fulvia, ira et furore abrepta* 
summi oratoris linguam acu perfodit ; Antonius autem Cice- 
ronis caput atque manum, tanquam tropaeum aliquod, publico 
in Rostris conspectui hominum exponi jussit 

9* 



92 CAPUT PRIMUM. 



CAPUT PRIMUM. 

NARRATIONES BREVIORES EX CICERONIS OPERIBUS EX- 
CERPTAE. 

1. Verae divitiae. 

1. Nunquam ego bona perdidisse dicam, si qui pecus aut 
supellectilem amiserit ; neque non laudabo sapientem ilium, 
Biantem, qui numeratur in septem ; cujus quum patriam Pri- 
enen cepisset hostis, caeterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis 
rebus secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut 
idem ipse faceret : Ego vero, inquit, facio ; nam omnia mea 
porto m,ecum. Ille haec ludibria fortunae, ne sua quidem puta- 
vit, quae nos appellamus etiam bona. (Paradoxa c. 1.) 

2. Socrates in pompa quum magna vis auri argentique fer- 
retur, quam multa non desidero, inquit. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

3. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei 
talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis 
praesertim, maxima, abduxit legatos ad coenam in Acade- 
miam : iis apposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo apparatu. 
Q,uum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari juberet, quid? vos 
hesterna, inquit, coenulanon intellexistis, me pecunia none gere? 
Gluos quum tristiores vidisset, triginta minas accepit, ne asper- 
nari regis liberalitatem videretur. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

4. At vero Diogenes liberius, ut Cynicus,Alexandro roganti, 
ut diceret, si quid opus esset, nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a 
sole! Offecerat videlicet apricanti. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

5. Et hie quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum 
vita fortunaque superaret ; sibi nihil deesse ; illi nihil satis un- 
quam fore ; se ejus voluptates non desiderare, quibus nunquam 
satiari ille posset; suaseum consequi nullo modo posse. (Tusc. 
Qu. V. 32.) 

6. Themistocles quum consuleretur, utrum bono viro pau- 
peri, an minus probato diviti filiam collocaret, ego, inquit, mala 
virum qui pecunia egeat, quam pecuniam quae viro. (De Offic. 
II. 20.) 

II. Sapientiae praestantia. 

1. Xenocratem ferunt, nobilem imprimis philosophum, 
quum quaereretur ex eo, quid adsequerentur ejus discipuli. 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 93 

respondisse, ut id sua sponte facerent, quod cogerentur facere 
legibus. (De Republ. I. 2.) 

2. Eleus Hippias quum Olympiam venisset, maxima ilia 
quinquennali celebritate ludorum, gloriatus est, cuncta paene 
audiente Graecia, nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium, quod 
ipse nesciret, nee solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae 
atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, littera- 
rum cognitionem et poetarum, atque ilia, quae de naturis re- 
rum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de republica diceren- 
tur, sed annulum, quern haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soc- 
cos, quibus indutus esset, sesua manu confecisse. (De Ora- 
tor. III. 32.) 

3. Scipioni interroganti Laelium, quid 1 Laeli, turn quum 
tu es iratus, permitiis illi iracundiae dominatum animi tui ? 
Non mehercule, respondit ille, sed imitor Archytam ilium Ta- 
rentinum, qui quum ad villam venisset, et omnia aliter offen- 
disset ac jusserat, te infelicem, inquit villico, quern necassem 
jam verberibus, nisi iratus essem. (De Republ. I. 38.) 

4. Publium Scipionem, eum, qui primus Africanus appel- 
latus est, dicere solitum scripsit Cato, qui fuit fere ejus aequa- 
lis, nunquam se minus otiosum esse, quam quum otiosus esset. 
Magnifica vero vox et sapiente digna, quae declarat, ilium et 
in otio de negotiis cogitare, et in solitudine secum loqui soli- 
tum ; ut neque cessaret unquam, et interdum colloquio alteri- 
us non egeret. Itaque duae res, quae languorem afFerunt 
caeteris, ilium acuebanr, otium et solitudo. (De Offic. III. 

i ) . 

5. Diogenes Cynicus projici se jussit inhumatum. Turn 
amici : volucribusne et feris? Minime vero, inquit ; sedbacil- 
lum propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris? illi ; 
non enim senties. Quid mihi igitur ferarum laniatus oberit, 
nihil sentienti? (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) 

6. Praeclare Anaxagoras ; qui quum Lampsaci moreretur, 
quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid 
accidisset, auferri ? nihil necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad 
inferos tantundem viae est. (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) 

III. Exempla Fortitudinis. 

1. Lacedaemonius quidam mortem tantopere contemsit, 
ut quum ad earn duceretur, damnatus ab ephoris, et esset 
vultu hilari atque laeto, dixissetque ei quidam inimicus, con- 
temnisne leges Lycurgi 1 responderet, ego vero illi maximam 
gratiam habeo, qui me ea poena multaverit, quam sine mutua- 
tione et sine versura possem dissolvere. O virum Sparta dig- 



94 CAPUT PRIMUM. 

num ! ut mihi quidem, qui tarn magno animo fuerit, innocens 
damnatus esse videatur. (Qu. Tusc. I. 42.) 

2. Tales innumerabiles nostra civitas tulit. Sed quid duces 
et principes nominem, quum legiones scribat Cato saepe aia- 
cres in eum locum profectas, unde redituras se non arbitra- 
rentur? (Tusc. Qu. I.e.) 

3. Pari animo Lacedaemonii in Thermopylis occiderunt, 
in quos Simonides : 

Die, hospes, Spartae, nos te hie vidisse jacentes, 
Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur. 

E quibus unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset glo- 
rians : Solem prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non 
videbitis. — In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimus. (Tusc. 
Qu. 1. c.) 

4. Viros commemoro: qualis tandem Lacaena? Quae 
quum filium in proelium misisset, et interfectum audisset, id- 
circo, inquit, genueram, ut esset, qui pro patria mortem non 
dubitaret occumbere. (Tusc. Qu. 1. c.) 

5. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia 
quae conarentur prohibiturum, quaesiverunt : num se esset 
etiam mori prohibiturus ? (Qu. Tusc. V. 15.) 

6. Fortes et duri Spartiatae ; magnam habet vim reipubli- 
cae disciplina. Quid? Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosophum 
non ignobilem, nonne miramur? Cui quum Lysimachus rex 
crucem minaretur, istis, quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare 
purpuratis tuis ! Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine an 
sublime putrescat. (Tusc. Qu. I. 43.) 

7. Illustris mors Epaminondae, illustris Leonidae. Quo- 
rum alter quum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam si- 
mulque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, ut primum 
dispexit, quaesivit, salvusne esset clypeus ? Quum salvum 
esse flentes sui respondissent, rogavit, essentne fusi hostes ? 
Quumque id quoque, ut cupiebat, audivisset, evelli jussit 
earn, qua erat transfixus, hastam. Ita multo sanguine profuso 
in laetitia et in victoria est mortuus. Leonidas autem, rex 
Lacedaemoniofum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos, quos 
eduxerat Sparta, quum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo 
riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. Praeclarae mortes sunt impe 
ratoriae. (De Finib. II. 30.) 

8. Clarae mortes pro patria oppetitae, non solum gloriosae 
rhetoribus, sed etiam beatae videri solent. Repetunt ab 
Erechtheo, cujus etiam filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro 
vita civium : Codrum, qui se in medios immisit hostes veste 
famulari, ne posset agnosci, si esset ornatu regio ; quod ora- 



NARRATTONES BREVIORE. 95 

culum erat datum, si rex interfectus esset, victrices Athenas 
fore. Menoeceus non praetermittitur, qui oraculo edito largitus 
est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia Aulide duci se immo- 
landam jubet, ut hostium sanguis eliciatur suo. Veniunt inde 
ad propiora. Harmodius in ore et Aristogiton, Lacedaemo- 
nius Leonidas, Thebanus Epaminondas vigent. Nostros non 
norunt ; quos enumerare magnum est : ita sunt multi, quibus 
videmus optabiles mortes fuisse pro patria. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 48 
ei 49.) 

9. Quam me delectat Theramenes ! quam elato animo est! 
etsi enim flemus quum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir 
clarus emoritur. Qui quumconjectus in carcerem triginta 
jussu tyrannorum, venenum ut sitiens obduxisset, reliquum 
sic e poculo ejecit, ut id resonaret ; quo sonitu reddito, arri- 
dens, propino, inquit, hoc pulchro Critiae ; qui in eum fuerat 
teterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis solent nominare, cui 
poculum tradituri sint. Lusit vir egregius extremo spiritu, 
quum jam praecordiis conceptam mortem contineret: vereque 
ei, cui venenum praebiberat, mortem est earn auguratus, quae 
brevi consecuta est. (Tusc. Qu. I. 40.) 

IV. Opiniones de Diis impietatisque ezempla. 

1. Natura duce intelligebant veteres deum esse, sed non 
conveniebat inter illos, quid deus esset. Itaque quum tyrannus 
Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, non poeta solum suavi, verum 
etiam docto sapienteque, quid deus esset, deliberandi causa sibi 
unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, 
biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum dierum, 
admiransque Hiero requireret, cur itafaceret, quia quanto, in- 
nuit, diutius consider 'o, tanto mihi res videtur obscurior. (De 
Nat. Deor. I. 22.) 

2. Protagoras Abderites, sophistes temporibus belli Pelo- 
ponnesiaci vel maximus, quum in principio libri sui sic posu- 
isset : de Diisnequeut sint, nequeutnon sint, habeo dicer e, Athe- 
niensium jussu urbe atque agro est exterminatus, librique ejus 
in concione combusti. (De Nat. Deor. I. 23.) 

3. Diagoras quum Samothraciam venisset, Atheos [*&**} 
ille qui dicitur, atque ei quidam amicus, tu qui deos putas 
humana negligere, nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulis pictis, 
quam multi votis vim tempestatis efTugerint, in portumque sal- 
vi pervenerint ? Ita sit, inquit : illi enim nusquam picti sunt, qui 
naufragiafecerunt, inmariqueperierunt. — Idemquequum ei 
naviganti vectores, ad versa tempestate timidi et perterriti, dice- 
rent, non injuria sibi illud accidere, qui ilium in eandem navem 



96 CAPUT PRIMUM. 

recepissent: ostendit eis in eodemcursu multas alias laboiantes; 
quaesivitque, num etiam in his navibus Diagoram vehi crede- 
rent. (De Nat. Deor. III. 37.) 

4. Diogenes Cynicus dicere solebat, Harpalum, qui tem- 
poribus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium 
dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tarn diu viveret. (De Nat. Deor. 
III. 34.) 

5. Dionysius quum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, 
navigabat Syracusas : isque quum secundissimo vento cur- 
sum teneret, ridens, videtisne, inquit, amici, quam bona a diis 
immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur 1 Idem quum ad Pe- 
loponnesum classem appulisset, et in fanum venisset Jovis 
Olympii, aureum ei detraxit amiculum grandi pondere, quo 
Jovem ornarat ex manubiis Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo. 
Atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum 
amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum pallium injecit, quum 
id esse ad omne anni tempus diceret. Idemque Aesculapio 
Epidauri barbam auream demi jussit : neque enim convenire, 
barbatum esse filium, quum in omnibus fanis pater imberbis 
esset. (De Nat. Deor. 1. c.) 

6. Mensas argenteas idem de omnibus delubris jussit au- 
ferri: in quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inscriptum es- 
set, Bonorum Deorum, uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. 
Idem Victoriolas aureas, et pateras coronasque, quae simula- 
crorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione tolle- 
bat, eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat. Esse enim stulti- 
tiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab iis porrigentibus et danti- 
bus nolle sumere. 

7. Eundemque ferunt haec, quae dixi, sublata de fanis in 
forum protulisse, et per praeconem vendidisse, exactaque 
pecunia edixisse, ut, quod qu isque a sacris haberet, id ante 
diem certam in suum quod que fanum referret. Ita ad im- 
pietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam. (De Nat. 
Deor. 1. c.) 

V. Exempla praesagiorum de rebus futuris. 

1. Apud Agathoclem scriptum inhistoria est, Hamilcarem 
Carthaginiensem, quum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse au- 
dire vocem, se postridie coenaturum Syracusis ; quum autem 
is dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in castris ejus inter 
Poenos et Siculos milites esse factam : quod quum sensissent 
Syracusani, improviso eos in castra irrupisse, Hamilcaremque 
ab iis vivum esse sublatum. Ita res somnium comprobavit 
(De Divinat. I. 24.) 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 97 

2. Simonides quum ignotum quendam projectum mortuum 
vidisset, eumque humavisset, haberetque in animo navem 
conscendere, moneri visus est, ne id faceret, ab eo, quern se- 
pultura afFecerat: si navigasset, eum naufragio esse peritu- 
rum. Itaque Simonidem rediisse dicunt, periisse caeteros, qui 
turn navigassent. (De Divinat. I. 27.) 

3. Midae Phrygio, quum puer esset, dormienti formicae 
in os tritici grana congesserunt. Divitissimum fore praedic- 
tum est : quod evenit. At Platoni quum in cunis parvulo dor- 
mienti apes in labellis consedissent, responsum est, singulari 
ilium suavitate orationis fore : ita futura eloquentia provisa in 
infante est. (De Divinat. 1. 36.) 

4. Quid 1 amores et deliciae tuae, Roscius, num aut ipse, 
aut pro eo totum Lanuvium mentiebatur? Qui quum esset 
in cunabulis, educareturque in Solonio, qui est campus agri 
Lanuvini, noctu, lumine apposito, experrecta nutrix animad- 
vertit puerum dormientemcircumplicatumserpentisamplexu: 
quo adspectu exterrita clamorem sustulit. Pater autem Ros- 
cii ad haruspices retulit : qui responderunt, nihil illo puero 
clarius, nihil nobilius fore. (De Divin. I. 36.) 

5. L. Paullus consul iterum, quum ei bellum ut cum rege 
Perse gereret obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum 
rediit, filiolam suam Tertiam, quae turn erat admodum parva, 
osculans animadvertit tristiculam. Quid est, inquit, mea Ter- 
tia ? quid tristis es 1 Mi pater, inquit, Persaperiit. Turn ille 
arctius puellam complexus, accipio, inquit, meafilia, omen. 
Erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. (De Divin. I. 46.) 

6. Bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii 
summa inter se contentione gesserunt, Pericles ille et auctori- 
tate et eloquentia et consilio princeps civitatis suae, quum ob- 
scurato Sole tenebrae factae essent repente, Atheniensiumque 
animos summus timor occupavisset, docuisse cives suos dici- 
tur, id quod ipse ab Anaxagora, cujus auditor fuerat, accepe- 
rat, certo illud tempore fieri et necessario, quum tota se Luna 
sub orbem Solis subjecisset ; idque fieri non posse nisi certo 
intermenstruo tempore. Quod quum disputando rationibus- 
que docuisset, populum liber avit metu: erat enim tunc haec 
nova et ignota ratio, Solem Lunae oppositum solere deficere ; 
quo Thaletem Milesium primum vidisse dicunt. (De Republ. 
I. 16.) 



98 CAPUT PRIMUM. 

VI. Graecorum studia. 

1. Honos alit artes, omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria, 
jacentque ea semper, quae apud quosque improbantur. Sum- 
mam eruditionem Graecia sitam censebant in nervorum vo- 
cumque cantibus. Igitur et Epaminondas, princeps meo ju- 
dicio Graeciae, fidibus praeclare cecinisse dicitur. Themisto- 
clesque aliquot ante annis quum in epulis recusasset lyram, 
habitus est indoctior. Ergo in Graecia musici floruerunt, dis- 
cebantque id omnes, nee qui nesciebat satis excultus doctrina 
putabatur. (Tusc. Quaest. I. 2.) 

2. Secundis suis rebus unusquisque volet mori : non enim 
tarn cumulus bonorum jucundus esse potest, quam molesta 
decessio. Hanc sententiam significare videtur Laconis ilia 
vox, qui, quum Rhodius Diagoras, Olympionices nobilis, uno 
die duo suos filios victores Olympiae vidisset, accessit ad se- 
nem, et gratulatus, morere, Diagora, inquit, non enim in coe- 
lum adscensurus es. — Magna haec, et nimium fortasse Graeci 
putant, vel turn potius putabant ; isque qui hoc Diagorae dixit, 
permagnum existimans, tres Olympionicas una e domo pro- 
dire, cunctari ilium diutius in vita, fortunae objectum, inutile 
putabat ipsi. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 46.) 

VII. Acute dicta nonnulla. 

1. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab 
ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset, domi non esse : Nasi- 
ca sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Pau- 
cis post diebus quum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a 
janua quaereret : exclamat Nasica : se domi non esse. Turn 
Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, inquit, tuam ? — Hie 
Nasica : homo es impudens : ego quum te quaererem, ancillat 
tuae credidi, te domi non esse : tu mihi non credis ipsi ? (De 
Orator. II. 68.) 

2. Scipioni majori coronam sibi in convivio ad caput ac- 
commodanti, quum ea saepius rumperetur, P. Licinius Varus, 
noli mirari, inquit, si non convenit : caput enim magnum est. 
(De Orator. II. 61.) 

3. Orator quidam malus quum in epilogo misericordiam 
se movisse putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum: vide- 
returne misericordiam movisse? Ac magnam quidem, in- 
quit : neminem enim puto esse tarn durum, cut non oratio tua 
miser anda visa sit. (De Orator. II. 69.) 

4. Q,u. Catulus quum a Philippo inter rogaretur, quid latra- 
ret? fur em se videre, respondit. (De Orator. II. 54.) 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 99 

5. Theophrastus moriens accusasse naturam dicitur, quod 
cervis et cornicibus vitam diutumam, quorum id nihil interes- 
set, hominibus, quorum maxime interfuisset, tarn exiguam 
vitam dedisset: quorum si aetas potuisset esse longinquior, 
futurum fuisse, ut omnibus perfectis artibus, omni doctrina 
hominum vita erudiretur. Querebatur igitur, se turn, quum 
ilia videre coepisset, exstingui. (Q,u. Tusc. III. 28.) 

6. Siculus quidam, cui praetor patronum causae dabat 
hospitem suum, hominem nobilem, sed admodum stultum: 
quaeso, inquit, praetor, adversario meo da istum patronum, de- 
lude mihi neminem dederis. (De Orator. II. 69.) 

7. Granius patrono malo, quum vocem in dicendo obtudis- 
set, suadebat, ut mulsum frigidum biberet, simulac domum 
rediisset : Perdam, inquit ille, vocem, si id fecero. — Melius 
est, inquit, quam reum. (De Orator. II. 70.) 



CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 

I. Generosus Fabricii animus. 

Quum rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset, 
quumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac 
potente ; perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii, eique est pol- 
licitus, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se, ut clam venisset, 
sic clam in Pyrrhi castra rediturum, et eum veneno necatu- 
rum. Hunc Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum : id- 
que factum ejus a senatu laudatum est. (De Offic. III. 22.) 

II. Athenienses auctore Aristide honest at em utilitati praefe- 

runt 

Themistccles post victoriam ejus belli, quod cum Persis 
fuit, dixit in concione : se habere consilium reipublicae sa- 
lutare, sed id sciri opus non esse. Postulavit, ut aliquem po- 
pulus daret, quocum communicaret. Datus est Aristides. 
Huic ille: classem Lacedaemoniorum, quae subducta esset 
ad Gythium, clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemo- 
niorum opes necesse esset. Q,uod Aristides quum audisset, 

Part II.— 10 



100 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

in concionem magna cum exspectatione venit, dixitque: per 
utile esse consilium, quod Themistocles afferret, sed minime 
honestum. Itaque Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, 
id ne utile quidem putaverunt, totamque earn rem, quam ne 
audierant quidem, auctore Aristide repudiaverunt. (Offic. 
III. 11.) 

III. Titi Torquati pietas. 

Lucio Manlio, quum Dictator fuisset, Marcus Pompomus 
tribunus plebis, diem dixit, quod is paucos sibi dies ad Dic- 
taturam gerendam addidisset. Criminabatur etiam, quod Ti- 
tum fllium, qui postea est Torquatus nominatus, ab homini- 
bus relegasset, et rure habitare jussisset. Quod quum audi- 
visset adolescens filius negotium exhiberi patri, accurrisse 
Romam, et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. 
Cui quum esset nuntiatum, quod ilium iratum allaturum ad se 
aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexite lectulo,remotisque 
arbitris, ad se adolescentem jussit venire. 

At ille, ut ingressus est, confestim gladium destrinxit, ju- 
ravitque, se ilium statim interfecturum, nisi jusjurandum sibi 
dedisset, se patrem missum esse facturum. Juravit, hoc co- 
actus terrore, Pomponius. Rem ad populum detulit : docuit, 
cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset : Manlium missum fe- 
cit. Tantum temporibus illis jusjurandum valebat. (Offic. 
IIL31.) 

IV. Reguli in jurejurando conservando religio. 

Attilius Regulus, primo Punico bello captus a Poenis, ju- 
ratus missus est ad senatum Romanum, ut, nisi redditi essent 
Poenis captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Is, 
quum Romam venisset, in senatu mandata exposuit, sed red- 
di captivos, negavit esse utile : illos enim adolescentes esse, 
et bonos duces, se jam confectum senectute. Cujus quum 
valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt: ipse Carthaginem 
rediit ; neque eum caritas patriae retinuit, nee suorum. Ne- 
que vero turn ignorabat, se ad crudelissimum hostem, et ad 
exquisita supplicia proficisci : sed jusjurandum conservandum 
putabat. (Offic. III. 26.) 

V. Studio et disciplines vinci possunt innata vitia. 

Stilponem, Megareum philosophum, acutum sane homi- 
nem et probatum temporibus illis accepimus. Hunc scri- 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 101 

bunt ipsius familiares, et ebriosum et mulierosum fuisse : ne- 
que hoc scribunt vituperantes, sed potius ad laudem. Vitio- 
sam enim naturam ab eo sic edomitam et compressam esse 
doctrina, ut nemo unquam vinolentum ilium, nemo in eo li- 
bidinis vestigium viderit. Quid? Socratem, nonne legimus, 
quemadmodum notarit Zopyrus, physiognomon, qui se pro- 
fitebatur hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vul- 
tu, fronte pernoscere ? Stupidum esse Socratem dixit et bar- 
dum, quod jugula concava non haberet ; addidit etiam, mulie- 
rosum: in quo Alcibiades cachinnum dicitur sustulisse. Haec 
ex naturalibus causis vitia nasci possunt : exstirpari autem et 
funditus tolli, ut is ipse, qui ad ea propensus fuerit, a tantis vi- 
tiis avocetur, non est id positum in naturalibus causis, sed in 
voluntate, studio, disciplina. (Fat. 5.) 

VI. Lahore et studio superantur impedimenta naturae. 

Orator futurus imitetur ilium, cui sine dubio summa vis di- 
cendi conceditur, Atheniensem Demosthenem, in quo tantum 
studium fuisse tantusque labor dicitur, ut primum impedimenta 
naturae diligentia industriaque superarit ; quumque ita balbus 
esset, ut ejus ipsius artis, cui studeret, primam litteram non 
posset dicere, perfecit meditando, ut nemo planius eo locutus 
putaretur: deinde quum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum 
continenda anima in dicendo est assecutus, ut una continua* 
tione verborum (id quod ejus scripta declarant) binae ei con- 
tentions vocis et remissiones continerentur : qui etiam, ut 
memoriae proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa voce 
versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat, neque id 
consistens in loco, sed inambulans, atque adscensu ingrediens 
arduo. (De Orat. I. 61.) 

VII. Exemplum spectatae amicitiae. 

Damonem et Pythiam, Pythagoreos, ferunt hoc animo inter 
se fuisse, ut, quum eorum alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem ne- 
cis destinavisset, et is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi 
dies commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus 
sit alter ejus sistendi ; ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum 
esset ipsi. Qui quum ad diem se recepisset admiratus eorum 
fidem tyrannus petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium ascribe- 
rent. (Offic. III. 10.) 



102 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 



VIII. Timothei de coena apud Platonem judicium. 

Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis, et principem civita- 
tis, ferunt, quum coenavisset apud Platonem, eoque convivio 
admodum delectatus esset, vidissetque eum postridie, dixisse, 
vestrae quidem coenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam pos- 
tero die jucundae sunt. (Tusc. Qu. V. 35.) 

IX. Philippus filio suo Alexandro largitionem exprobrat. 

Praeclare epistola quadam Alexandrum filium Philippus ac- 
cusat, quod largitione benevolentiam Macedonum consectetur. 
Quae te, malum, inquit, ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos 
tibi fideles putares fore, quos pecunia corrupisses ? An tu id 
agis, ut Macedones non te regem suum, sed ministrum et 
praebitorem sperent fore? (De Offic. II. 15.) 

X. Socratis de beatitudine sententia. 

Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdic- 
cae filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum 
putaret ? haud scio, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocu- 
tus sum. — Ain 7 tu ? an tu aliter id scire non potes ? — Nullo 
modo. — Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes 
dicere, beatusne sit? — An ego possim, quum ignorem, quam 
sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? — Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam bea- 
tam putas ? — Ita prorsus existimo, bonos, beatos ; improbos, 
miseros. — Miser ergo Archelaus? — Certe, si injustus. (Qu. 
Tusc. V. 12.) 

XL Phormio coram Hannibale de imperatoris officio disputat. 

Quum Hannibal Carthagine expulsus Ephesum ad Antio- 
chum venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna 
apud omnes gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phor- 
mionem, peripateticum, si vellet, audiret ; quumque se non 
nolle dixisset ; locutus esse dicitur homo copiosus, aliquot ho- 
ras de imperatoris officio, et de omni re militari. Turn, quum 
caeteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, quae- 
rebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judi- 
caret. Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respon- 
disse fertur, multos se deliros senes saepe vidisse : sed qui 
magis, quam Phormio, deliraret, vidisse neminem. Neque 
mehercule injuria. Quid enim aut arrogantius, aut loquacius 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 103 

fieri potuit, quam Harmibali, qui tot annos de imperio cum po- 
pulo Romano omnium gentium victore certasset, Graecum 
hominem, qui numquam hostem, numquam. castra vidisset, 
numquam denique minimam partem ullkis publici muneris 
attigisset, praecepta de re militari dare? (De Orat. II. 18.) 

XII. Cibi et potionis condimenta fames et sitis. 

Quis non videt, desideriis condiri epulas? Darius in fuga, 
quam aquam turbidam, et cadaveribus inquinatam, bibisset, 
negavit umquam se bibisse jucundius. Numquam videlicet 
sitiens biberat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat : cui quum 
peragranti Aegyptum, co*mitibus non consecutis, cibarius in 
casa panis datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius. 
Socratem ferunt, quum usque ad vesperum contentius ambu- 
laret, quaesitumque esset ex eo, quare id faceret ; respondis- 
se, se, quo melius coenaret, opsonare ambulando famem. 
Quid ? victum Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus? 
ubi quumtyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit se jureillo 
nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia 
coxerat: minime mirum: condimenta enim defuere. Quae 
tandem? inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eu- 
rotam, fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epu- 
lae condiuntur. (Qu. Tusc. V. 34.) 

XIII. Splendida tyrannorum miseria. 

Dionysius major, Siciliae tyrannus, ipse indicavit, quam 
esset beatus. Nam quum quidam ex ejus assentatoribus, 
Damocles, commemoraret, in sermone copias ejus, opes, ma- 
jestatem dominatus, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam aedi- 
um regiarum, negaretque, unquam beatiorem quemquam fu- 
isse : visne igitur, inquit, Damocle, quoniam haec te vita de- 
lectat, ipse eandem degustare, et fortunam experiri meam? 
Quum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hominem in au- 
reo lecto, strato pulcherrime textili stragulo, magnificis ope- 
ribus picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque 
caelato. Turn ad mensam eximia forma pueros delectos jus- 
sit consistere, eosque nutum illius intuentes diligenter minis- 
trare. Aderant unguenta, coronae: incendebantur odores, 
mensae conquisitissimis epulis exstruebantur. Fortunatus 
sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio apparatu fulgentem 
gladium, e lacunari seta equina aptum, demitti jussit, ut im- 
penderet illius beati cervicibus. Itaque nee pulchros illos 
ministratores adspiciebat, nee plenum artis argentum : uec 
10* 



104 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

manum porrigebat in mensam. Jam ipsae denuebant coro- 
nae. Denique exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret, quod jam 
beatus nollet esse. Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius, 
nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliquis terror impendeat? 
(Tusc. Qu. V. 21.) 

XIV. Dionysii tyranni ingenium. 



Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fuit 
Dionysius, quum quinque et viginti annos natus dominatum 
occupavisset. Qua pulchritudine urbem, quibus opibus prae- 
ditam servitute oppressam tenuit civitatem! Atqui de hoc 
homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, summam 
fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam, in rebusque gerendis virum 
acrem et industrium, eundem tamen malericum natura et in- 
justum. Ex quo omnibus, bene veritatem intuentibus, videri 
necesse est miserrimum. Ea enim ipsa, quae concupierat, 
ne turn quidem, quum omnia se posse censebat, consequeba- 
tui. Qui quum esset bonis parentibus atque honesto loco 
natus (etsi id quidem alius alio modo tradidit,) abundaretque 
aequalium familiaritatibus et consuetudine propinquorum : 
credebat eorum nemini ; sed iis, quos ex familiis locupletum 
servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse detraxerat, 
et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris, corporis custodiam 
committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem in 
carcerem quodammodo se ipse incluserat. Q,uin etiam, ne 
tonsori collum committeret, tondere fllias suas docuit. Ita 
sordido ancillarique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae, 
tondebant barbam et capiilum patris. Et tamen ab iis ipsis, 
quum jam essent adultae, ferrum removit, instituitque, ut 
candentibus juglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capiilum 
adurerent. Quumque duas uxores haberet, sic noctu ad eas 
ventitabat, ut omnia specularetur, et perscrutaretur ante. Et, 
quum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque 
fossae transitum ponticulo ligneo conjunxisset: eum ipsum, 
quum forem cubiculi clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque quum 
in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, concionari 
ex alta turri solebat. Atque is, quum pila ludere vellet (stu- 
diose enim id factitabat) tunicamque poneret : adolescentulo 
tradidisse gladium dicitur. Hie, quum quidam familiaris 
jocans dixisset : Huic quidem certe vitam tuam commiitis, ar- 
risissetque adolescens : utrumquejussitinterfici: alter um, quia 
viam demonstravisset interimendi sui, alterum, quia id dictum 
risu approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, ut nihil gravius 
tulerit in vita. Quern enim vehementer amarat, occiderat 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 105 

Sic distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentium cupiditates. 
(Tusc. au. V. 20.) 

XV. Mors ad divina praemia refertur. 

Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Biton, filii praedicantur. Nota 
fabuia est. Quum enim illam ad solemne et statum sacrificium 
curru vehi jus esset, satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, moraren- 
turque jumenta : tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste 
posita, corpora oleo perunxerunt, ad jugum accesserunt. Ita 
sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum currus esset ductus a filiis, 
precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium daret pro pietate, quod 
maximum dari posset homini a deo. Pjst, epulatos cum ma- 
tre adolescentes, somno se dedisse, mane inventos esse mor- 
tuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi dicun- 
tur : qui quum Apollini Delphis templum aedificavissent, ve- 
nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem ope- 
ns et laboris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. 
Quibus Apollo se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei 
diem tertium: qui ut illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. (T. Qu. I. 
47.) 

XVI. Pythii foeneratoris calliditas. 

C. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus et satis litteratus, 
quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat,) non ne- 
gotiandi causa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos aliquos 
velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine in- 
terpellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei 
quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit, venales 
quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere uti Canio, si veliet, 
ut suis : et simul ad coenam hominem in hortos invitavit in 
posterum diem. Quum ille promisisset, turn Pythius, qui es- 
set, ut argentarius, apud omnes ordines gratiosus, piscatores 
ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos post- 
ridie piscarentur ; dixitque, quid eos facere veliet. Ad coe- 
nam tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum con- 
vivium : cymbarum ante oculos multitudo : pro se quisque, 
quod ceperat, adferebat ; ante pedes Pythii pisces abjicie- 
bantur. Turn Canius : Quaeso, inquit, quid est hoc, Pythi ? 
taniumne'piscium, tantumne cymbarum? Et ille: quid mirum? 
inquit, hoc loco est, Syracusis quidquid est piscium : haec aqua- 
tio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius cu- 
piditate contenclit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. 
Quid multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti 



106 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

quanti Pythius voluit, et emit instructos ; nomina facit, nego- 
tium conficit. Invitat Camus postridiefamiliaressuos : venit 
ipse mature: scalmum nullum videt. Gluaerit ex proximo 
vicino, num. feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nul- 
los videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille ; sed hie piscari 
nulli solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomacha- 
ri Canius. Sed quid faceret % nondum enim Aquillius protu- 
lerat dedolo malo formulas. (Off III. 14.) 

XVII. De insigni Themistoclis memoria. 

Fertur incredibili quadam magnitudine consilii atque inge- 
nii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles : ad quern quidam 
doctus homo, atque imprimis eruditus accessisse dicitur, eique 
artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, pollicitus 
esse se traditurum. Q,uum ille quaesisset, quidnam illaars 
efficere posset ? dixisse ilium doctorem, ut omnia memirrisset ; 
et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratius sibi ilium esse fac- 
turum, si se oblivisci, quae vellet, quam si meminisse, docu- 
isset. Videsne, quae vis in homine acerrimi ingenii, quam 
potens et quanta mens fuerit ? qui ita responderit, ut intelli- 
gere possemus, nihil ex illius animo, quod semel esset infu- 
sum, unquam emuere potuisse : quum quidem ei fuerit opta- 
bilius, oblivisci posse potius, quod meminisse nollet, quam, 
quod semel audisset vidissetve meminisse. (De Orat. II. 
74.) 

XV III. Inventor artis memoriae Simonides. 

Gratiam habeo Simonidi illi Ceio, quern prirnum ferunt ar- 
tem memoriae protulisse. Dicunt enim, quum coenaret 
Crannone in Thessalia Simonides apud Scopam, fortunatum 
hominem et nobilem, cecinissetque id carmen, quod in eum 
scripsisset, in quo multa ornandi causa, poetarum more, in 
Castorem scripta et Pollucem fuissent, nimis ilium sordide 
Simonidi dixisse, se dimidium ejus ei, quod pactus esset pro 
illo carmine, daturum : reliquum a suis Tyndaridis, quos ae- 
que laudasset, peteret, si ei videretur. Paulo post esse fe- 
runt nuntiatum Simonidi, ut prodiret : juvenes stare ad 
januam duos quosdam, qui eum magnopere evocarent : sur- 
rexisse ilium ipsum, prodiisse, vidisse neminem. Hoc in- 
terim spatio conclave illud, ubi epularetur Scopas, concidis- 
se: ea ruina ipsum oppressum cum suis interiisse. Quos 
quum humare vellent sui, nee possent obtritos internoscere 
ullo modo : Simonides dicitur ex eo, quod meminisset, quo 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 107 

eorum loco quisque cubuisset, demonstrator uniuscuj usque se- 
peliendi fuisse. Hac turn re admonitus invenisse fertur, or- 
dinem esse maxime, qui memoriae lumen afferret. (De Orat. 
II. 86.) 

XIX. Delus insula. 

(Memoriae ae Uteris proditum est,) Latonam ex longo erro- 
re, et fuga, gravidam, et jam ad pariendum vicinam, tempori- 
bus exactis, confugisse Delum, atque ibi Apollinem Dianam- 
que peperisse. Q,ua ex opinione hominum ilia insula eorum 
deorum sacra putatur: tantaque ejus auctoritas religionis et 
est, et semper fuit, ut ne Persae quidem, quum bellum toti 
Graeciae, diis hominibusque, indixissent, et mille numero 
navium classem ad Delum appulissent, quidquam conarentur, 
aut violare, aut attingere. (In Verr. Act. II. I. 18.) 



XX. Lautumiae Syracusanae. 

Lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis: plerique nostis. 
Opus est ingens, magnificum, regum, ac tyrannorum. Totum 
est ex saxo, in mirandam altitudinem depresso, et multorum 
operis penitus exciso. Nihil tarn clausum ad exitus, nihil tarn 
septum undique, nihil tarn tutum ad custodias, nee fieri, nee 
cogitari potest. In has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi 
sunt, etiam ex caeteris oppidis Siciliae deduci imperantur. 
(In Verr. Act. II. V. 27.) 

XXI. Mithridates, ex Ponto profugiens, cum Medea corn- 
par atus. 

Ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto 
Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur : quam praedicant in 
fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequere- 
tur, dissipavisse, ut eorum collectio dispersa, moerorque pa- 
trius, celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates 
fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti, pulcherrimarumque 
rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus acceperat, et ipse bello 
superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, 
in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia 
diligentius, rex ipse e manibus eflugit. Ita ilium in perse- 
quendi studio moeror, hos laetitia, retardavit. (Pro Leg. 
Manil. 9.) 



108 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 



XXII. Caedes etfurtum miro indicio deteguniur. 

Strato medicus domi furtum fecit et caedem ejusmodi: 
Gluum esset in aedibus armarium, in quo sciret esse nummo- 
rum aliquantum et auri : noctu duos conservos dormientes 
occidit, in piscinamque dejecit : ipse armarii fundum exsecuit, 
et sestertium CL et auri quinque pondo abstulit, uno ex servis 
puero, non grandi, conscio. Furto postridie cognito, omnis 
suspicio in eos servos, qui non comparebant, commovebatur. 
Q,uum exsectio ilia fundi in armario animadverteretur, quaere- 
bant homines, quonam modo fieri potuisset ? Gluidam ex ami- 
cis Sassiae recordatus est, se nuper in auctione quandam vi- 
disse in rebus minutis aduncam, ex omni parte dentatam, et 
tortuosam, venire serrulam, qua illud potuisse ita circumse- 
cari videretur. Ne multa : perquiritur a coactoribus. Inveni- 
tur ea serrula ad Stratonem pervenisse. Hoc initio suspicion- 
is orto, et aperte insimulato Stratone, puer ille conscius perti- 
muit : rem omnem dominae indicavit ; homines in piscina in- 
vent]* sunt : Strato in vincula conjectus est, atque etiam in ta- 
berna ejus nummi, nequaquam omnes, reperiuntur. — Hoc uno 
modo saepe multorum improbitate depressa Veritas emergit, 
et innocentiae defensio interclusa respirat : quod aut ii, qui ad 
fraudem callidi sunt, non tantum audent, quantum excogitant; 
aut illi, quorum eminet audacia atque projecta est, a consiliis 
malitiae deseruntur. Quod si aut confidens astutia, aut calli- 
da esset audacia, vix ullo obsisti modo posset. (Pro Cluentio 
64. et 65.) 



NOTES 



Page 

1. Assyrii, a people of Western Asia. Assyria is now Kurdistan. 1 

2. Bactriana, an extensive country of Northern India, on the 
river Oxus. 

3. Magicas artes. The Magi were abody of priests amongthePer- 
sians, to whom the care of worshipping the gods was consigned. 

4. Morem vestis, i. e. vestitum. 

5. Exinde, ab eo inde tempore. 

6. Semiramis (ob virilem vestitum) pro filio Ninya est habita. 

7. Babylonia, the capital of the province Babylonia, on the Eu- 
phrates. 

8. Cocto latere {later), " of bricks." 

9. Aetkiopia, a general name for the southern parts of Africa, as 
India for the eastern countries of Asia. 

10. Rerum potita, not rebus. Potiri governs a genitive as well as 
an ablative, especially in the phrase rerum potiri, " to obtain su- 
preme dominion." 

11. Media, an extensive country between Assyria, Armenia, the 
Caspian sea, and Persis,then a province of the Assyrian monarchy. 

1. Feminae, i. e. regi, feminae simillimo. £ 

2. Negat, &c. i. e. dixit, se non posse obedire ejusmodi regi. 

3. Descendit, Scil. pervenit imperium. 

4. Enatam, (the participle instead of the infinitive,) depends upon 
vidit. 

5. The original race of the Persians was a pastoral people in the 
mountainous parts of Persis, a country of moderate extent between 
Media, the Persicus Sinus, and Carmania. 

1. Altero servato, i. e. alterumque (filium Mandanae) servaret. 3 

2. Pro, <c instead of." 

3. lngenui. Slaves only were allowed to be beaten, at least ac- 
cording to the custom of the Greeks and Romans. 

4. Tempora, quibus ipse puerum exponi jusserat. 

5. Suo, Harpagi. 

6. Pronam, i. e.facilem patentem, nullis dijjicultatibus impeditam, 

7. Nihil, instead of non. 

8. Fecissent, scil. ii. qui convocati erant. 

9. Si conditio esset proposita, i. e. si optio data esset. 

1. Summam belli, " the direction of the whole war, the chief com- 4 
mand." 

2. Oblitus, i. e. immemor. 

3. Hyrcania. a province on the eastern coast of the Caspian sea. 

4. I/ydia, a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegean. 

5. Nullo negotio, i. e. facile, levi opera. 

6. Cauponias artes exercere, Gr. Ka-rr^sveiv, " to exercise a petty 
retail trade." 



110 NOTES. 

Page 

4 7. Artes ludicras, i.e. ad luxuriant magis, quum ad vitae necessi- 
tatem pertinentes. 

8. Araxes, a river of Armenia, which empties itself into the Cas- 
pian sea. 

9. Omissis, i. e. neglectis, hostibus. 

10. Insuetos, scil. vini, non adsuetos vino. 

5 1. Cum liac exprobratione, i. e. hac exprobrahone adjecta. 

2. Quern sitisti, i.e. cujusfuisti sitiens. Sitire sanguinem } as sitire 
honor es, instead, of, vehementer cupere, avidum esse sanguinis. 

3. Offensus super stitionibus. The Persians abhorred the Egyptian 
custom of worshipping beasts, as indeed all idolatry, since they of- 
fered their adoration only to the Sun, the Moon, and the Elements. 

4. Apis, a god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an 
ox. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis. 

5. Templum. A sacred place in an Oasis of the Libyan desert, 
a resting-place for the caravans, and a famous oracle. 

6. Per quietem, i. e. dormiens, somnians. 

7. Parricidium, " the murder of any near relation." 

8. Cunctantesque,ne. Understood before ne, praemetu. The idea 
of apprehension is conveyed by the word cunctanies. 

6 1. Fortuna ita regente, i. e. fortuna per cussoris ictum ita moderante, 
ut Gobryae corpus non tangeret, sed magwn interficeret. 

2. Haec res, i.e. equi hinnitus ad solis ortum. 

3. Nihil ncgotii superesse existima, i. e. jam totum illud negotium 
sic uti optas, actum et transactum puta. 

4. Pridie const, diem, i. e. pridie ante const, diem. 

5. Ad eundum locum, where the experiment was to be made. 

6. Firmaturus. Eo consilio, utfirmaret regnum, matrimonio juncto 
cumfilia regis, rcgni Persarum auctoris seu conditoris. 

7. Regi se inopin. offert, i. e. in conspectum regis venit, qui nihil 
tale suspicatus fuerat. 

8. Transfugae titulo, i. e. se transfugam esse simulans. 

9. Defide, i.e. de veritate eorum, quae narrabat. 

T 1. Scythis. The north of Asia was known to the Greeks and Ro- 

mans by the generic name of Scythia, and divided into Scythia 
intra and extra Imaum, that is, on either side of Mount Imaus. 

2. Ister, the Greek name for the river which the Romans called 
Danubius. The former name was used especially to denote the 
eastern part of the river. 

3. Trepidus, magna cum festinatione, nee timoris expers. 

4. Ionibus. The Ionians were a Grecian colony in Asia Minor, 
on the coast of the Aegaean. 

5. Narrabitur. See within, C. cap. 5, 6. 

6. Campus Marathonius, a plain in Attica. 

7. Et in regno et ante regnum, "both during his reign and pre- 
vious to its commencement." 

8. Susceptis, i.e. natis et educatis. 

9. Domi, i. e. privatim, not before the usual tribunal. 

10. Contentio. Haec contentio tarn fraterna (i. e. tarn fraternis 
animis decertata) fuit. 

11. Eique apparatur, i.e. eique parando . 

12. Dux, emphatically, a leader, such as he ought to be. 

13. Thermopylae, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locns, 
Phocis, and the southern parts of Greece. It has a part of the chain 
of MountOeta on the west,and the sea on the east,withdeep and dan- 
gerous marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. 



NOTES. Hi 

Page 

1 . Hortatur, recedant. After hortari and similar verbs ut is often 8 
omitted. 

2. Ante congressionem, i. e. antequam cum Graecis nuvali praelio 
congrederetur. 

3. Delphi, in Phocis, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, one of the 
most celebrated oracles in Greece. 

4. Quam nullae, &c. ut homines intelligerent, quam vanae nuLlius- 
que momenti hominum vires essent adversus deos. 

5. Thespiae and Plataeae, towns in Boeotia. 

6. Athenae, the capital of Attica. 

7. Non potemt, scil. grassari. 

8. Salamis, an island in the Saronicus Sinus (now the Gulf of 
Engia), near the coast of Attica. 

9. Statuta, i. e. in statione collocata. 

10. Halicarnussus, a town of Caria, in the south-west of Asia 
Minor ; it was governed by kings,and was tributary to the Persians. 

11. Cumrege, i. e. cumregiis copiis conjuncti. 

12. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a strait between Asia and 
Thrace, connecting the Propontis with the Aegaean. Xerxes had 
built across this a bridge of boats. 

1. Abydos, a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont ; Sestos 9 
was opposite. 

2. Mycale, a promontory of Ionia. 

3. Cimon, son of Miltiades. 

4. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, tributary to the Per- 
sians. 

5. Phoenicia, a country on the coast of the Mediterranean. A 
great part of the Persian fleet consisted of Phoenician ships. 

6. Pausanias, the conqueror of Mardonius at Plataeae. 

1. Darius, an older son of Xerxes. lO 

2. Qui, i. e. hie autem. 

3. Recogniturus, i. e. simulans, se recogniturum esse. 

4. Vindicare caedem is equivalent to ulcisci : vindicare se ab insi- 
diis, is equivalent to servare se, et insidias vitare. 

5. Inclinari, i. e. ad ruinam vergere. 

6. Patris judicium : haec patris suprema voluntas, testamento pro* 
dita, qua Artaxerxes, patre adhuc privato genitus, ipse praeferebatur. 

7. In praelio, near Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from 
Babylon. 

8. Quidem — autem, like the Gr. \*iv — U. 

9. E qui fug a, i.e. velocitas. 

1. Revertuntur. This is the famous retreat of the ten thousand 1 1 
Greeks, (described by Xenophon), from the interior of Asia to the 
Aegaean, which they made through unknown and hostile nations, 
although constantly harassed by a Persian army. 

2. Parricidii, scil. quod molitus fuerat. 

3. Conjuges. It was customary among the Persians to put to 
death the families of traitors, together with the criminal himself. 

4. Cadusii, a people of the most northerly region of Media, on the 
Caspian sea. 

5. Decora, the consequence instead of the cause, as often laus for 
laudabile factum ; properly ob egregium hoc f acinus, quod ei laudem 
et decora paraverat. 

1. Incrementis, i. e. magnitudine sua, quafiorentibus jam rebus suis 12 
utebantur. 

PART II. 1 1 



112 NOTES. 

Page 

12 2. Sordibus. Justin may be considered as alluding here to the 
origin of the Roman state. 

3. Innata solo. They styled themselves avroxdoves, indigenae. 

4. Lanificii et old. The olive was first produced here by Miner- 
va, the tutelar goddess of the Athenians ; to her they were also in- 
debted for the art of weaving. 

5. Vini. Bacchus taught the mode of cultivating the vine to the 
Athenian Icarius. 

6. Sererefrumenta. Triptolemus, son of Celeus, king of Eleusis, 
was taught agriculture by Ceres, and made it known throughout 
the world. Previously mankind had subsisted on acorns and other 
wild fruits. 

7. Glandem vesci, instead of glande vesci. 

8. Leges et civilis disciplina. These they considered also as the 
gift of Ceres, whence they styled her Qeafio^opog. 

9. Superfuerunt, etc. i. e. ii tantum servati sunt, qui in monies se re- 
ceperunt ; or, omnes perierunt,praeter eos, qui inmontes confugerunt. 

10. Aut. After aut understand qui. 

11. Tliessalia, an extensive country in the north of Greece, hav- 
ing on its northern boundary the Cambunii Montes, on the western 
the chain of Pindus, on its southern that of Oeta, and in the north- 
west Olympus. 

12. Initio,, {teKt]) " the sacred rites, or mysteries, of Ceres." 

13. Nodes initiorum sacratae, i. e. mysteria, noctu habenda, insti- 
tuta sunt. 

14. Theseus was distinguished by many glorious actions, but es- 
pecially by the destruction of the Minotaur. 

15. Adversus Trojanos. Homer makes Menestheus, not Demo- 
phoon, leader of the Athenians in the Trojan war. 

16. Dorienses, a branch of the Hellenes, who originally dwelt in 
the north of Hellas near Mt. Oeta. 

17. Superior es, etc. instead of victoriam reportaturos esse (ni in- 
stead of nisi) si regem non occidissent. 

18. Custodia regis, i. e. ut caverent, ne regem Atheniensium occi- 
derent. 

19. Permutato, instead of deposito, alioque {pauperis hominis ha^ 
bitu) sumto. 

13 1. Regnavit, i. e. rexfuit. After the death of Codrus, the state 
was governed by perpetual Archons, of whom there were thirteen 
in succession. After the death of Alcmaeon, they were appointed 
for ten years; and finally nine archons, instead of one, were ap- 
pointed annually, (annui magistratus). 

2. Nullae leges. The institutions of Draco were not observed on 
account of their excessive severity, so that the state seemed desti- 
tute of laws. 

3. Deformis, instead of deformatus ; sumto habitu, quo deformis 
videretur. 

4. Vicissitudines. Pisistratus was more than once banished. 

14 1. Religione. The Lacedaemonians had agreed to send aid to 
the Athenians, but would not march before full moon. They be- 
lieved that this planet had a particular influence on their affairs, and 
could aid them only when in the height of its splendour. 

2. Campi Marathonii, the plains about the village of Marathon, 
a village situated on the eastern coast of Attica. 

3. Locus non aequus, i.e.iniquus; as tempus aequum instead of 



NOTES. 113 

Page 

4. Nee audaciae eventus defuit, i. e. res bene successit ; eventus 14 
audaci conatui respondit. 

5. Suppressae, i. e. demersae. 

6. Praemium. Combine thus, quale praemium hujus victoriae ) i.e. 
propter hanc victoriam Miliiadi sit tributum. 

7. Poecile, UoikiXti, the most remarkable of the Sroai, or porticoes, 
so called from the variety it contained of curious pictures, drawn 
by the greatest masters in Greece. 

8. Decern praetor es. Ten commanders, Erpar^ydf, were annually 
appointed, one from each tribe. They were employed not merely 
as leaders in war, but also for many other purposes in the state. 

9. Hortantis. In this picture Miltiades was placed in the front, 
milites hortans, i.e. eo habitu, ut milites hortari videretur, quum in eo 
esset, ut proelium committer et. 

10. Tenues, i. e. exigui. 

1. Demetrius Phalereus($a\r}p£vs), a celebrated philosopher and 15 
orator, who nourished B. C. 318, and became so popular in conse- 
quence of his munificence, that he was elected decennial archon. 
Notwithstanding this, his enemies raised a sedition against him, 
and he was sentenced to death. He escaped to the court of Ptolemy 
Soter, by whom he was kindly received ; but Philadelphus. whom 

he had displeased, after his father's death, detained him in strict 
confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his 
life by the bite of an asp, 284 B. C. 

2. Consuluissent, scil. Athenienses. 

3. Quo valeret, i. e. quid significaret. 

4. Salamina and Troezena y Greek accusatives. Salamis, see above 
B. cap. 17. 5. Troezen, a town in Argolis in the Peloponnesus. 

6. Arx, the Acropolis (dxporroXig, or i) awrroXis, " the upper city"), 
or the citadel of Athens, was built on a hill by Cecrops, from whom 
it was called Cecropia. On it the Parthenon, Hapdev&v, or temple of 
Minerva, and temples of the other gods, were built. 

7. Reliquum oppidum, that part of the city which was not fortified. 

8. Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea, on the north-western 
side of the island. The coast was called Artemisium littus. 

9. Euboea, a large island on the eastern coast of Greece. 

10. Classiariis regiis, instead of militibus classis regiae. 

11. Pari proelio, " with equal advantage." Aequo Mar te pug- 
nare, is similar in meaning. 

12. Ancipiti periculo, i. e. ab utraque parte hostium navibus cir- 
cumventi. 

13. De servis suis, quern habuitfidelissimum, i. e. servorum suorum 
fidelissimum. 

14. Suis verbis, " in his name." 

15. Longinquiore (more usually applied to space than time) tem- 
pore instead of major e temporis impendio. 

16. Confecturum. With this, and also oppressurum, understand 
esse, and also eum as the accusative of the subject. 

17. Hoc eo valebat, etc. i. e. hoc eo spectabat (eo consilio a Themis- 
tocle factum est) ut Graeci ingratiis, i. e. vel inviti, adpugnam coge- 
rentur. 

18. Barbarus, i. e. rex Persarurn, 

1. Alienissimo, i. e. iniquissimo. 16 

2. Quum Phal — uierentur, instead of quum Phalereus portuSj quo 
turn temporis utebantur, neque magnus, neque bonus esset. 

3. Piraei. Both Piraeus and Piraeeus were used. The former 



114 NOTES. 

Page 

16 is more usual in the ancient authors. The Greeks wrote TLsipaitfs, 
sometimes also to Helpaiov. 

4. Dignitate, i. e. splendore et magnificentia. 

5. Vitro. The Greeks, who had hitherto acted on the defensive, 
now commenced an offensive war. 

6. By zantium,now Constantinople, situate on the Bosphorus Thra- 
cius, which connects the Propontis with the Euxine. The Persians 
had taken possession of this city. 

7. Eretriensem, "of Eretria," a town of the island Euboea. 

8. Misit. The perfect is used in letters to express an action which 
is present to the writer, but considered as past in relation to the 
reader. Combine thus : Pausanias misit tibi eos, quos Byz. oepe- 
rat, postquam cognovit eos propinquos tuos esse. 

IT 1. Certum, i. e. cui confidere possit. 

2. Face (an old form instead of fac, which here renders the sen- 
tence more harmonious than/<zc would), mittas instead of curaut 
mittas, and this for mitte. 

3. Salute, i.e. libertate recuperata. 

4. Collaudat, i. e. valde laudat. 

5. Sifecerit, etc. i. e. si remperfecerit, nihil esse, quod a se non sit 
impetraturus. 

6. Chalcioecus, " the brazen temple," or, " that has a brazen house 
or temple." Quae refers either to aedes or Minerva, and the epi- 
thet x a ^ K ' i0lK °s applies as well to the goddess as to the temple. 

7. Ephbri, the most powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were 
first created by Lycurgus. They were five in number, and held 
their office for a year. They were much the same as the tribunes 
of the people at Rome, appointed to watch with a jealous eye over 
the liberties and rights of the populace. Hence their name Zfopot, 
" overseers," from i<popav "to oversee, inspect." 

8. Inprimis, etc. i.e. inter primos fuisse, qui lapides offer rent. 

9. Testarum suffragiis, " by the Ostracism" ('Oo-rpaKio^dj, " the act 
of voting with the shells," from bcrpaKov, testa, "a tile, a shell,") so 
called from the shells, or earthen tiles, on which the citizens wrote 
their votes. He, whose name was written on a majority of the tiles 
or shells given in, was banished from his country for ten years. 

10. Argos, (to "Ajuyoj, in the singular a neuter, in the plural a mas- 
culine), the principal city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 

11. Hoc crimine, i. e. hoc criminatione. 

12. In domum tuam, scil. in Xerxem, patrem tuum, et omnino in 
Persas. 

13. Ille expertus est, scil. Xerxes. 

14. De his rebus, i. e. quod attinet ad has res. 

15. Annum temporis, instead of tempus unius anni. 

18 1 . Animi magnitudinem.. the courage and resolution which he dis- 
played in throwing himself upon the protection of an enemy. 

2. Omne Mud tempus, the whole year allowed him. 

3. Commodius, i. e. disertius, major e facilitate et elegantia. 

4. Asia, Asia Minor. 

5. Magnesia, a town in Lydia. 

6. Desperaret. According to others, because his returning love 
for his native land prevented him from performing his promise. 

7. Acerbitatem, i. e. severitatem. 

8. Confirmavit, " he confirmed in their good will those who were 
well disposed towards the Athenians." 

9. Alienatas i " those who had separated from the Athenians." 



NOTES. 115 

Pace 

10. Scyros, an island in the Aegean, lying east of Euboea. 18 

11. Civibus, i.e. Atheniensibus eo missis. 

12. Thasos, an island near the southern coast of Macedonia, op- 
posite the mouth of the Nestus. 

13. His manubiis, a concise form of expression for praeda, in his 
expeditionibus facta. 

14. Qua, i. e. ea parte, qua. 

15. Quam, instead of in quam. The preposition is often omitted 
with the relative, when it has been a little before expressed with 
the demonstrative. 

16. Desiderium, scil. apud Athenienses. 

17. Post annum qulntum, quamexpulsus erat } i. e. quinto anno post- 
quam expulsus fuerat. 

18. Satius, i. e. melius, utilius. 

19. Contendere, i. e. se conferrc. 

'. 20. Sua sponte, opposed to publice, " without a public commis- 
sion, of his own authority." 

1. Incrementa invidentibus. Sparta envied the greatness and pro- 19 
gressive increase {incrementa) of Athens, her rival (aemula urbs), 

for precedence. 

2. Saepius susceptum et dep. est. The Peloponnesian war lasted, 
with various interruptions, from Olymp. 87. 1. to 01. 93. 3. a pe- 
riod of 27 years. 

3. Navaliproelio, offNaupactus, in the Sinus Corinthiacus (G. of 
Lepanto), under the command of Phormio. 

4. Postplures annos. In the ninth year of the war. 

5. Sociorum persona, instead of per socios. 

6. Catina or Catdna at the foot of Aetna. The inhabitants of 
this town were called Catanenses, Catinienses, and Catinenses. 

1. Secundo Marte, i. e.fclici successu. 20 

2. D8 belli inclinato statu, " concerning the unfavourable turn of 
the war." Inclinatus is used in opposition to rectus, firmus. 

3. Quo cognito. i. e. quod quum cognovissent. 

4. Graeciae bellum, i. e. bcllnm quod civitates Graeciae inter sege- 
rebant. 

5. Ex utraque parte, scil. Lacedaemoniorum et Atheniensium. 

6. Inter angustias maris, where the Athenian fleet could not ex- 
tend itself sufficiently. 

1. Elis, a town in a district of the same name in the Peloponnesus. 2 1 

2. Tkebae, the capital of Boeotia. 

3. Eumolpidae, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her fes- 
tivals of Eleusis. The Eumolpidae were descended from Eumolpus, 
a king of Thrace,who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king 
of Athens. The priesthood continued in the family for 1200 years. 

4. Decelia, AeiciXeia, on the boundaries of Boeotia and Attica. 

5. Tempus, scil. opportunum. opportunitatem. 

6. Regemfore. The accusative with the infinitive depends upon 
dixit, the idea of which is contained in persuadet. 

7. Ne jexternis vacet, i. e. ne otium Graecis suppetat ad externa bel~ 
la gerenda. 

8. Maligne, i. e.parce. 

9. Sam os, one of the Sporades, off the coast of Ionia. At that 
time almost all the Athenian fleet was stationed here. 

1. Imperiumtransfertur. This is the revolution of Pisander, which %% 
occurred, 01. 92. 1. By this revolution the government was taken 
from the people and committed to 400 tyrants, thereby changing the 

11* 



116 NOTES. 

Page 

22 previously existing democracy into an oligarchy. After a few 
months the oligarchy was in turn abolished, in the accomplishment 
of which the friends of Alcibiades were particularly active. 

2. Patria liberate, since he had abolished the oligarchy and re- 
stored the democracy. 

3. Viguerant, more expressive than, fuerant. 

4. Tribus navalibus, especially in that of Cyzicus, which made 
the Athenians masters of the Hellespont, and compelled the Lace- 
daemonians to abandon the whole sea. 

5. Consilio, i. e. prudentid, "by his prudent conduct." 

6. Adversas superior es, i. e. calamitateSj quibus superioribus tern- 
poribus afflicti essent. 

7. Coronis donabatur. Crowns were given, as marks of distinc- 
tion,^ citizens who had deserved well of their country. This seems 
to have been practised towards Olympic victors at their home,since 
a state thought itself peculiarly fortunate when one of its citizens 
obtained a prize in the higher games. It was usual in such cases, 
upon the entry of the victor, to heap upon him flowers and wreaths. 

S.Resacrare or resccrare, liber are ab i?nprecationibus,revocatisdiris. 

23 1. Dumpopuiatur. According to others, Alcibiades had left the 
fleet in order to procure subsidies, and the generals, whom he left in 
command, risked an engagement contrary to orders. 

2. Aegos flumen {Aiyds Trorapdg), i.e. "the goat's river," a stream 
in the ThracianChersonese, with a town called Aegos at its mouth. 

3. Jnclinata est, i. e. prostrata est. 

4. Nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium, instead of nee quidquam, quod 
in ditione Atheniensium fuit. 

5. Requirere. The infinitives currere, sciscitari, requirere, are 
used in place of the finite verb. This is called the historical infi- 
nitive, and is much employed in animated narration. 

6. Cum privatis casibus quer. pub. misc. instead of dum de suis 
quisque casibus queritur, etiam reipublicae calamitatem defiet. 

24 1. Decern viros, " decemvirates," ceKadapx'iai, by which the demo- 
cratical constitution was abolished, and an oppressive aristocracy 
introduced. 

2. Nomen Athen. a circumlocution for the Athenians, like nomen 
Romanum for the Romans. 

3. Negarunt, se passuros, i. e. dixerunt, se non passuros. 

4. Ex duobus oculis. Sparta and Athens were the two eyes of 
Greece. 

5. Longi muri brachia, to. aKtXr] tov naKpov ruxovg. So they called 
the double walls, which connected the Piraeus with Athens, and 
enclosed the way which led to it. 

6. Triginta rectores, as if a triple decemvirate. 

7. Mutari. Since the people had lost all their rights, the laws 
were given by an oligarchy, and the execution of their decrees was 
entrusted to mercenaries. 

8. A victoribus, i. e. Lacedaemoniis. 

9. Exhaustam, etc. urbem bello exhaustam caedibuset rapinis con- 
ficiunt. 

10. Theramenes had been very active in the transactions with 
Sparta, and above all, had co-operated in effecting the adoption of 
the hard conditions proposed by the Lacedaemonians, but at a later 
period resisted the violent measures of his colleagues. 

11. Domesticum terror em, scil. imminentia a tyrannis pericula. 

12. Pkrygia, a country of Asia Minor, of great extent. 



NOTES. 117 

Page 

13. Critias, the most active and oppressive of the thirty tyrants. 

14. Ratum, i. e. firmum,firmatum, " ratified, confirmed," opposed 
to irritum. 

1. Vicinitati, instead of vicinis ; qui homines illius regionis, ubi WZ 
Alcibiades habitabat, excitarent. 

2. Negotium dare, i. e. demandare, jubere. 

3. Inter ficerent. The plu ral is used in relation to the idea of plu- 
rality contained in the collective noun vicinitati. 

4. Subalare telum, " a dagger," a weapon which may be carried 
under the arm, (sub ala). 

5. Id quod vestimentorum, instead of omnia vestimenta i quae turn 
aderant. 

6. Mammae vim. The violence of the flames was checked for a 
moment by the clothes which were thrown upon them. 

7. Erectus ad spem, i. e. spem capiens, spe capta ; erigi and se erigere 
(opposed to dejici, dejectus) are used to denote reanimated courage. 

8. Adunatis, i. e. contractis. 

9. Infinibus Atticae. On the northern boundary,which separates 
Attica from Boeotia. 

10. Piraeus, the town connected with the harbour. The Piraeus 
is now called Porto Leone. 

11. Munychia, a port of Athens. 

12. Jacentem, i. e. interfectum et prostratum. 

13. Eos, qui nrbem tenebant, i. e. the army of the oligarchy. 

14. Redder etur depends upon ut, which is contained in the pre- 
ceding ne. 

1. Victoriam. This victory was gained near Cnidus ; by it the £6 
Lacedaemonians lost their naval superiority. 

2. Regi Spartanorum. The Peloponnesus was recovered by the 
Heraclidae about 80 years after the fall of Troy, and 1104 B. C. 
From this period two kings of the race of the Heraclidae reigned 
jointly. 

3. Pietas has reference especially to those duties which one 
owes to the gods, his country, and his friends. 

4. Principes adjust, imp. form. i. e. principes ita informavit, ut 
justa imperia exercerent. 

1. Compensatione mercium, " by an interchange of commodities." 2T 

2. In luxuria, i. e. in molli ignavia. 

3. Haec quon.—fingit. Quoniamintelligebat,haec initio dura vi- 
sum iri, ob mores praesertim hominum, luxuria solutos et corruptos t 
finxit, sibi has leges ab Apolline datas esse. Soluti mores is opposed 
to adstricti and severi. Lycurgus had his laws confirmed by the 
oracle at Delphi. 

4. Cretan large island of the Mediterranean,between the Pelopon- 
nesus and Africa ; from it Lycurgus had derived a part of his laws. 

5. Messenia, a province of the Peloponnesus, lying west of Laco- 
nia. Its capital was Messene. 

6. Poenarum, i. e.malorum et calamitatum. 

7. Carmina, in quibus conscrips. Carmina, in quibus Spar- 

tanos ad virlutem hortabatur, propter damna, quae perpessi erant, 
solabatur, consilia, denique dabat, quomodo bellum gerendum esset. 
Some of these poems are still extant. 

1. Unumque, scil. the Peloponnesian war. 2S 

2. Hunc adversus, instead of adversus hunc. Versus and tenus 
are placed after their cases. 



118 NOTES. 

Page 

£8 3. Boeotios. The inhabitants of Boeotia were called Boeotii and 

Boeoti. So in Greek Boiconoi and BokotoL 
4. Institutis patriae, i. e.the laws which required that he should 

obey the command of the Ephori. 
£9 1. Ex eo, scil. Agesilao. 

2. Debilitatae viderentur, instead of debilitatae essent. 

3. Insolentia gloriae, instead of insolenti gloriatione. 

4. Sector is, i. e. iis Graecorum, qui, quod se pacem existimabant 
habere, sine metu securi erant. 

5. Archidamus, son of Agesilaus. 

30 1. Princi'pio noctis, i. e. nocte appetente, primis noctis tenebris. 

2. Aciem, hostium exercitum impetumque eorum, quibus antea 
robur copiarum Lacedaemoniorum resistere non potuerat. 

3. Ex continenti, i. e. confestim, e vestigio. 

4. Victoria, in the battle fought near Mantinea in Arcadia. 
Olymp. 104. 2. 

5. Hunc ante, instead of ante hunc. 

6. Vir melior, instead of utrum vir melior. The omission of the 
first interrogative is not unusual 

7. Accipere, scil. ex honoribus. 

31 1. Muneris, i. e. beneficii a capris accepti. 

2. Aegae, from ai'£, aiyog, a goat. 

3. Mortis postrema, instead of mors, rerum omnium postrema ; as 
in the language of Homer, re\og dauarov. 

4. Praefatus, i. e. diccns. 

5. Stirpem, scil. stirpem re gum illius familiae. After the death of 
Alexander, the government of Macedonia devolved upon his gene- 
rals. 

6. Thracibus et lllyriis. The Thracians and Illyrians were the 
nearest neighbours of the Macedonians, the former on the east, the 
latter on the west. They were both rude and warlike nations. 

32 1. Begem, emphatically ; a king, such as he should be. 

2. Sustulit, i. e. suscepit et educavit. 

3. Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, in 
the district of Chalcidice, north of the peninsula of Pallene, and 
at the head of the Toronaicus Sinus, or Gulf of Cassandria. 

4. Occupatus fuisset, i. e. oppressus fuisset. 

5. Alexander occubuit. Diodorus (XV, 71) and others relate that 
he was murdered by Ptolemy Alorites,his younger brother, who held 
the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. 

6. Pari . . . decipitur. According to Diodorus (XVI, 2) and 
others he was slain by the Illyrians. 

7. Serumque . . . erat, i. e. neque exspectari poterat, donee puer 
adultus auxilium ferre posset. 

8. Hinc, i. e. ab una parte, scil. a matre Eurydice. 

9. Immaturam . . . urgeret, i. e. adolescentem immaturae adhuc 
aetatis premeret. 

S3 1. Redemit, i. e.pecunia data terminavit. 

2. Amphipolis, an Athenian colony on the Strymon, between 
Macedonia and Thrace. 

3. Bello . . . caedit. Philip with an army of 10,000 foot soldiers 
and 600 horsemen, slew 7,000 of 10 ; 000 foot soldiers and 500 horse- 
men, whom Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, had brought against 
him. Upon this a treaty of peace was made, by which Philip re- 
covered from the Illyrians all the cities that had been previously 
taken from the kingdom of Macedon, Diodor. XVI. 4. 



NOTES. 119 

Pag« 

4. Thessalorum equitum. The Thessalian horses were univer- 33 
sally esteemed. 

5. Methona, a town of Macedonia, on the Thermaicus Sinus, in 
the province of Pieria, above Pydna. Diodorus makes this to 
have been the third time that Philip had besieged this town. 

6. Jacta sagitta, by Aster, whose offer of his services had been 
slighted by Philip. 

7. Inter jectis diebus, i. e. post aliquot dies. 

8. Inferioribus, i. e. imbecillioribus. 

9. Coronas laureas, as tokens that they were devoted to the ser- 
vice of Apollo, to whom the laurel was sacred. 

10. Duos fratres ejus. Aridaeus and Menelaus, sons of Amyn- 
tas by his second wife. 

1. In Thracia. Especially in the vicinity of Crenides, after- 34 
wards called Philippi. 

2. Fratres duo, scil. Berisades and Amadocus, sons of Cotys, a 
Thracian king. 

3. Adhibitis, i. e. ad causam suam defendendam assumtis. 

4. Bellum deprecabantur, i. e. bcllum a se avertere conabantur. 

5. His, scil. Phocensibus. 

6. Veniam belli pollicetur, i. e. se bellum remissurum neque hostile 
quidquam in eos suscepturum promittit. 

7. Captos, i. e. deceptos. 

8. Pacta salute, i. e. facta pactione, ut eorum vitae parceret. 

9. Dardani y the northern neighbours of the Macedonians. 

10. Ckersonensium urbes, the towns of the Thracian Chersonese, 
which formed the western coast of the Hellespont, and consequent- 
ly commanded the navigation to the Propontis and Euxine. 

11. Auri argentique nihil. The Scythians led for the most part 
a pastoral life, and possessed no other wealth than their herds. 

1. Dissimulatum properly refers to the hostile intentions, which 35 
Philip had long entertained, but knew how to conceal until he 
found a convenient opportunity to declare open war against them. 

2. Atheniensibus. The Athenians had opposed him in many of 
his undertakings, and had baffled his designs in several instances. 

3. Legationibus Graeciam fat. i. e. plurimas legaiiones per tolam 
Graeciam mittunt. 

4. Chaeronaea, a town in Boeotia, on a small branch of the Ce- 
phissus. It was the birth-place of Plutarch. 

5. Adversis vulneribus, i. e. pectore, adverso corpore acceptis. 

6. Ita vicit, i. e. victoria ita usus est. 

7. Passus, i. e. expertus. 

8. Corinthus, one of the most celebrated cities of Greece, situate 
upon the isthmus which connects the Peloponnesus with Greece 
Proper. 

9. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus. 

10. Contender et, i. e. incederet. 

11. Attains, one of the generals of Philip, and uncle of his wife 
Cleopatra. 

1. Poterat, scil. exigere, which must be taken from the following 36 
exegit. 

2. Gaudere, the historical infinitive. 

1. Triballi, a people of Illyria. 3T 

2. Qua opinione, i. e. hoc nuntio, falso illo et inani. 

3. Bellum remisit. As above, cap. 8. belli veniam dedit ; i. e.beU 
turn haud ulterius prosecutus est, 



120 NOTES. 

Page 

3 7 4. Ita, i. e. hac conditione proposita. 

5. Ex continently i. e. vestigio, statim. 

6. Praefatus, i. e. dicens, addens. 

38 1. Suis rebus, i. e. regioni quam pro sua jam nunc haberet. 

2. In campis Adrastiae,a. plain near the Granicus,a river of Mysia. 

3. Asiae, i. e. of Asia Minor. 

4. Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was 
raised to the throne. He consecrated in the temple of Jupiter the 
wagon in which he was riding when saluted king. 

5. Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, the most southern orovince of Asia 
Minor. 

39 1. Indubitato, i. e. certo. 

2. Divitiarum, scil. quae illis expraeda hostium obventurae essent. 

3. Nee inven. &c. instead of nullas vires inventas esse pares illo- 
rum viribus. 

40 1. Sidoniae, scil. urbis. Sidon, the oldest and most powerful city 
of Phoenicia.five geographical miles north of Tyrus.on the sea-coast. 

2. Spretis, i. e. posthabitis. 

3. Ncputarent, i. e. ne cives hujus urbis existimarent, regem, 
ipsis datum, hoc beneficium nobilitati generis sui potius, quam Alex- 
andri voluntati debere. 

4. Tyrus, the great trading town of the Phoenicians. This com- 
mercial city consisted of two parts or towns ; one of them was built 
on the main land, and called Palaetyros ; the other, on a small island 
opposite to it. Its ancient Phoenician name, Tzur, is retained in 
the modern Sur. Hercules was the chief deity of the place 

5. Ammon. See above, B. cap. 9. note 5. 

6. Alexandria. See Part First, p. 56, n. 8. 

7. Babyloniam profugisset. After the battle of Issus. 

8. Faciat. Understand ut after precatur. 

9. Sua sibi dari, i. e. his oblaiis conditionibus nihil sibi offerri } 
quod non jam, teneret. 

10. Regni arbitria, i. e. arbitrium de regno, quam ejus partem 
ipse sibi servaturus, quamque Dario relicturus esset. 

11. Victori, emphatically, instead of sibi. 

41 1. Euphrates, one of the most considerable rivers in Asia, which 
rises in a part of the most northern branch of Taurus, and, flow- 
ing about 1400 British miles, finally empties itself into the Persian 
Gulf. In its course it washes the skirts of Syria, and divides Ara- 
bia, and also Chaldaea and Babylonia, from Mesopotamia. 

2. Gaugamela, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where 
Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Gaugamela 
being an obscure place, the battle was named after Arbela. 

3. Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire. 
The ruins of Persepolis, now EstaJcer, or Shehel-Minar, still as- 
tonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magnificence. 

4. Cognovit, i. e. audivit. 

42 1. Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, situate to the south of the 
eastern part of the Caspian sea. 

2. Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. 

3. Propter quae crimina, instead of ob hanc causam, quod ialibus 
in cum sermonibus esset usus. 

43 1. Ex quibus cognitojudicio, i. e. quumex his cognovisset judicium, 

2. Opinati fuerant, i. e. judicaverant. 

3. Consumiurus eos, i. e. eo consilio, ut hanc cohcrtem gravissimis 
periculis objiceret, in quibus periret. 



NOTES. 121 

Page 

4. Tanais. The proper Tanais, now the Don, formed the divi- 43 
sion line between European and Asiatic Sarmatia, and emptied it- 
self into the Palus Maeotis. The Iaxarles, a large river of Asia, 
rising in the chain of Mons Imaus, and flowing into the Sea of Aral, 
after a course of 1682 English miles, was confounded with the Ta- 
nais in the time of Alexander. The Iaxartes is here meant. 

5. Sogdia?ia, a country of Asia, north of Bactria, between the 
Oxus and Iaxartes. Its capital was called Maracanda, the famous 
Samarcand of Tartan history. 

6. Chorasrni et Dahae, nations of Scythia, on the Iaxartes. 

7. Argyraspidas, dpyvpaamdag. 

8. Liber, a name of Bacchus. 

1. Commisso praelio, at the river Hydaspes. 44 

2. Nicaea, from vCkti, victory. 

3. Bucephdlen. This city was built by Alexander in honour of 
his favourite horse Bucephalus, killed in the battle against Porus. 

4. Oslendere, the historical infinitive. 

5. Acesines, a large and rapid river of India, falling into the Indus. 

1. Gravior, i. e. major e cumpericulo conjuncta. 45 

2. Saluti redditus, i. e. vulnere sanabo in pristinam sanitatem res- 
titutus. 

3. Polyperchon, otherwise written Polysperchon. 

4. Oceano libamenta dedit ; Oceanum, ut deum, solemni libatione 
libi propitium reddere studuit. 

5. Praedixit, i. e. monuit. 

6. Testatus, i. e. dicens, affirmant. 

7. Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, the friend of Alexander. 

8. Commissatione, instead of compotatione. 

9. Domus, i. e. gentis. 

10. Aeacidarum. 01ympias,the mother of Alexander, was daugh- 
ter of NeoptoJemus, a king of the Molossi, who was descended from 
Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles ; Achilles was grandson of Aeacus. 

1. Acerrimus, i. e. vividissimi ingenii. 46 

2. Litterarurn studiis, a periphrasis for litteris. 

3. Victoriarum fiore, i. e. in media cursu victoriarum. 

4. Talentum, instead of talentorum. 

1. Adformandum rerum praesentium statum, i. e. ad capiendum 47 
consilium de formando rerum statu. 

2. Negat expectandum. i. e. dicebat, minime expectandum, 

3. Valetudinem, ob animi imbecillitatem. 

4. In tutorum ob se quia jur ant, i. e. jurant, se tutoribus illis obse- 
quium praeslituros esse. 

5. Nullas sibi consiliorum partes relidas, instead of se non in con- 
siliorum societatem esse vocatos. 

1. Inmercatu Olympia.co, at the Olympic games, which were at- 48 
tended with much traffic, (mercatu). 

2. Libertatem . . . fremebant, i. e. voces jaciebant, dicebant, liberta- 
tem, recuperatam, bello contra Macedonas suscepto tuendam esse. 

3. Lamia, a town of Thessaly, at the bottom of the Sinus Mali- 
acus or Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius. 

. 4. Discurrentibus, instead of discedentibus. 

5. In civilem sanguinem, instead of in cives. 

6. Ptolemaeus, Lagifilius, also styled Soler. 

7. Demetrius, surnamed Poliorceles, " destroyer of cities." 

8. Gamala, a town in Palestine. 

9. Instrumentum, i. e. omnem supellectilem, opes privatas. 

10. Familiam i i. e. servos. 



122 NOTES. 

Pago 

49 1. Navali praelio, near Salamis, Olymp. 118. 3. 

2. Iterato, adverbially instead of iierum. 

3. Bellumjinitimum, instead of cum Jinitimis. 

4. Callisthenes, a philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alex- 
ander ; he was tortured in the shocking manner here described 
for refusing to pay honours to the king. 

5. Propter constantiam tantae virtutis, i. e. propter tantam tamque 
constantem virtutem. 

50 1. Proelium. the battle of Ipsus, a town of Phrygia, fought 
Olymp. 119.4. 

2. Continuae mortes, i. e. quae se exiguo admodum intervallo tem- 
ports secutae fuerant. 

3. Ei, scil. Demetrio. 

51 1. Minimo natu ex filiis. To Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

2. Strenue, i. e. forti animo. 

3. Moritur. Lysimachus fell in a bloody battle, fought in Phry- 
gia, near the Hellespont. 

4. Ptolemaeus Ceraunus, son of Ptolemy Soter, was prevented 
succeeding to the throne of Egypt by his father's partiality for his 
younger brother Philadelphus. He fled to the court of Seleucus in 
Macedonia, and, notwithstanding the kindness of his reception, per- 
fidiously murdered his protector, and ascended his throne, B. C.280. 

5. Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. 

6. Antigonus Gonatas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

7. Campus Cirrhaeus, so called from Cirrha, a maritime town 
of Phocis, at the top of the Sinus Crissaeus, serving as a port to 
Delphi, and being 60 stadia distant from it. 

52 1. Romam incendit, after the battle fought at the Allia, in which 
the Romans were totally defeated, B. C. 387. See Part I. V. Lib. 
I. Cap. 32. 

2. Pamionia, a large country of Europe, bounded on the north 
by the Danube, east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, and 
west by Noricum. In the time of Antonine it was divided into 
Superior and Inferior, the former answering to part of Hungary % 
the latter to Sclavonia. 

3. Sa,ucii, i. e. ebrii. Saucius is used of every kind of hurt or 
damage ; thus it is applied to a drunken man, qui mente non est 
Integra. 

53 1. Diis antesignanis, i. e. diis ipsis ducentibus. 

2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 

3. Statuta, i. e. Constiluta, composita. 

4. Opinio, instead offama et existimatio. 

5. Ex Sicilia. See Part I. V. Lib. II. Cap. 5. et seqq. 
54: 1. Ptolemaei. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus is here meant. 

2. Affiuxisset, instead of insuper accepisset, supervenisset. 

3. Transitione militum destitutus, i. e. Militum ad hostes transe* 
untium defectione copiis destitutus, instead of solus relictus. 

SS 1. Antiochus, surnamed Hierax. 

2. Supra aetatem avidus, i. e. avidior quam pueri hac aetate esse 
Solent. 

3. Amisso regno. He had been for some time a prisoner in Par- 
thia. 

4. Doson, Aojgwv, Daturus, from his promising much, and giving 
nothing. 

5. Dardani, a northern tribe of Upper Moesia, inhabiting th© 
territory now called Servia. 



NOTES. 123 

Page 

1. Victi Lacedaemonii. This battle was fought in the vicinity 56 
of Sellasia, a town in Laconia, north-east of Sparta. 

2. Saluti. Instead of vitae. 

3. Ad Ptolew.aeum, to Ptolemy Evergetes, who had aided him 
against the leaders of the Achaean league. 

"4. Afilio ejus. The 4th Ptolemy, son of Evergetes, was surna- 
me d Philopdtor. 

5. Seleucus, the 3d, surnamed Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as he 
was a very weak and irresolute monarch. He was son of Seleu- 
cus the 2d, surnamed Callinicus. 

6. Antiochus, brother of Seleucus Ceraunus, though only 15 years 
old when he ascended the throne, rendered himself so celebrated 
that he acquired the name of Great. 

7. Philopdtor, by antiphrasis ; QiXott&twp, parentum avians. 

1. Imperium totius orbis spe complexi, i. e. sper antes, fieri posse, ul 57 
imperio orbis terrarum potirentur ; or, imperio totius terra/rum orbis 
inhiantes. 

2. Mi, (scil. regi PMlippo) i. e. inPhilippo gratiam: regno (in 
the ablative) a JRomanis occupato. So below. C. 68. Ut Rex Asia 
Romanis cederet. 

3. Gratius habiturus, &c. i. e. se matte socium (Pkilippuvi) quam 
hostes {Romanos) in imperii sui possessione videre. 

4. Minus negotii, i. e. id belluvi facilius projiigari posse. 

5. Trasimenus, or Trasymenus, or Thrasymenus, now the lake 
of Perugia^ lake of Italy near Perusia,celebrated for abattle fought 
there between Annibal and the Romans under Flaminius, B.C. 217. 

1. Injurias Philippi, instead of de injuriis a Philippo acceptis. 58 

2. T^ltulo, i. e. sub praetextu. 

1. Abstineret. Understand ut. 59 

2. Scripsit, i. e.per literas imperavit, ut. 

3. Assiduo colloquio, i. e. Crebris servionibus cum Hannibale mix- 
tis ; frequente cum eo colloquendi occasion* quaesita. 

4. Reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam, instead of reconci- 
liatum ejus cum Romanis animum ; vel, eum cum Rovianis in gra- 
tiam rediisse. 

5. Congressione, near Thermopylae in Greece. 

6. Praelium committitur ',nearPhocaea,on the coast of AsiaMinor. 

1. llion. Where formerly Troja (Ilium) stood. GO 

2. Post praelium commissum, near Magnesia, in Lydia. 

3. Ambiguo, i. e. utrimque imminente. 

4. Aetoli. The Aetolians rendered themselves conspicuous, as 
the allies of Rome, in the war against Philip of Macedon ; bat 
when they did not receive the whole of his kingdom as their re- 
ward, they went over to their former enemies. 

1. Velutin illo omne bellum confecissent, i. e. quasi illo capto, omne 61 
helium confectum esset. Philopoemen was one of the greatest gene- 
rals of his age. He has been styled the last of the Greeks. 

2. Quaesito. Ablative absolute ; i. e. qunm prius qvMesivisset. 

3. Consultum, i. e. provisum a for tuna. 

4. Pudorem, i. e. modestiam (awtppoavvriv). 

1. Invidiosum, i. e. haminum invidiae obnoxium. 62 

2. Omne serpentium genus. Instead of serpentes omnis generis. 

3. In pacem cogerent, i. e. a bello desistere juberent. 

4. Ne usu eveniret, quod accid/ti, i. e. ne idfieret, quod turn factum 
est, ut scil. Rornani ipsum comprehensum xenirent. Usu and usus 
venit, equivalent to fit, accidit. 

PART II. 12 



124 NOTES. 

Page 

62 5. Sensit, scil. Hannibal. 

6. Dimitteret, instead of amitteret, deponeret. 

7. Suspensa, i. e. quae adhuc dubia et ambigua fuerat. 

8. Lege victi, i. e. hand aliter ac si victus esset. 

9. Quam victo, quam si victus esset. 

63 1. Proelium. This battle was fought near Pydna, in Macedonia. 

2. Samothracia, now Samanaraki or Mandraki, an island in the 
Aegaean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of 
Thrace. 

3. Conspirationem. In a good sense, " unanimity.'' 1 

4. Praedam, non pi'oelium agitantes, i. e. non de proelio, sed de 
praeda cogitantes. 

5. Proelio commisso. Near Leucopetra,on the Isthmus of Corinth. 

64 1. Novarum rerum. A milder expression for seditionum. 

2. Attains, the third. He reigned only five years. 

3. Summittit. Instead of promittit. 

4. Parthia, the country of the Parthi, was a small province 
south-east of the Caspian sea. In this restricted sense, Parthia 
must not be confounded with what the ancients called the Parthian 
empire. This last was of vast extent, being bounded on the east 
by the Indus, on the west by the Tigris, on the south by the Mare 
Erythraeum, and on the north by Caucasus. 

5. Binisbellis. Orodes, a prince of Parthia, defeated Crassus, 
the Roman triumvir. His son and successor, Phraates the 4th, 
made war against M. Antony with great success, and obliged him 
to retire with much loss. 

6. Non pares solum, scil. Romanis. 

65 1. Suimoris, i. e. ipsis propria etpeculiaris. 

2. Fluida, " flowing, loose, very wide." 

3. Ut incautiores adversus vulnera insequentes habeant, i. e. earn 
ob causam, ut insequentes hostes minus a vulneribus caveant. The 
art which the Parthians possessed of discharging their arrows 
while retiring at full speed, gained them many victories. 

4. Carne nonn. ven. quaes, vesc. l. e. nulla came vescuntur nisi 
ferarum, quas venantes ceperunt. 

5. litis, scil. vectati. 

6. In supers, praec. amn. ven. est. i. e. quod ad eorum supersti- 
tiones attinet, amnes praecipue venerantur. 

7. Taciti, scil. homines, the idea of which is contained ingenti. 

8. Pudore, i. e. reverentia. 

9. Seleucus, king of Syria. 

66 1. Praeteritis, i. e. postpositis. 

2. Elymaei, the inhabitants of Elymais, a province of Persia, 
lying to the south of Media, and forming the northern part of the 
large district of Susiana. 
6T 1. Thogarii, a people of Scythia. 

2. Insultare, scil. sibi ; i. e. Confidentia virium suarum ipsum 
contemnere. 
68. 1. Ex dolor e in fur or em vertitur, properly, ejus dolor in fur or em 
versus est ; or, tantum animo dolor em concepit, ut nihil a furore 
abesset. 

2. Vbi dolor vocem laxaverat, i. e. ubi doloris vehementia nonnihil 
imminuta vocis edendae potestatem fecit. So Virgil (Aen. XI. 151.) 
says of Evander, who was overwhelmed with grief at the loss of 
his son ; Et via viz tandem voci laxata dolore est. 

3. Ad Caesarem. To Octavianus. 



NOTES. 125 

Paee 

1. Cum signis militaribus. These were the ensigns and stand- 69 
ards which the Parthians had taken from Crassus. 

2. Trinacria. So called from its three promontories (rpeis aKpai). 

3. Sicania. This name was derived from the Sicani, a people 
of Iberian origin, who came from Upper Asia. They settled first 
in Italy, whence they passed to Sicily, and took possession of the 
western parts of the island. 

4. Graeci nominis. A periphrasis for Graecos\ as Romanum 
nomen for Romani. The lower part of Italy was settled chiefly by 
Grecian colonies, whence the name of Magna Graecia. 

1. Romam incenderant. See above, E. cap. 51. TO 

2. Nexorum, i. e. captivorum. Nexi is sometimes used in a more 
limited sense for qui ob aes alienum nexi, i. e in servitutem detrusi 
sunt. 

3. Sollicitat, i. e. sibi conciliare studet. 

4. Dubitavit. Understand utrum. 

5. In quam rem miss. prim, in care. ret. i. e. quod quum Syracu- 
sani fecissent, principes que cives pads conciliandae causa ad eum 
misusent, Dionysius hos retinuit. 

1. Locri, called Epizephyrii, inhabited Magna Graecia, near Tl 
the promontory of Zephyrium, at the southern extremity of the 
Bruttiorum ager. 

2. Sine fide fuit, i. e. nemo ei fidem habuit ; omnibus suspectus fuit. 

■ 1. Murgantium, a town of Sicily, in the eastern part of the island. T 2 

2. Leontium vel Leontini, a town on the coast, north of Syracuse. 

3. Auxilio fugae ademto, i. e. ademta spe fugae, qua se periculis 
subtrakerent. 

4. Duo, scil. millia. 

5. Specularentur, scil. Carthaginienses, the idea of which is con- 
tained in the word Carthagine. 

6. Poeni . . . occidione caesi nuntiabantur, instead of nuntiatum 
est Poenos . . . occidione caesos esse. 

7. Auctus, scil. Agathocles. 

1. Err ore noctis, i. e. node et tenebris in err or em inductus. T3 

2. Ampliandi, i. e. augendi. 

3. Magnis viribus, i. e. multis cum copiis. 

4. Bellum gerebat. See Part First, V. Lib. II. cap. 5 — 9. 

1. Hiero, the 2d. The first of that name lived two centuries T4 
earlier. 

2. Ad spem majesiaiis, quae promittebatur, i. e. ad dignitatis fas- 
tigium, quod aruspices eum sperare jubebant. 

3. Hispanus, a son of Hercules. 

1. Nee summae tantum terrae bona, i. e. ea bona (those produc- T5 
tions) quae e superficie terrae nascuntur. 

2. Vineis campisque irrigui, instead of campos et vineas irrigantes. 

3. Ad inediam, i. e. ad famem preferendam. 

4. Extraneus, scil. hostis. 

5. Arma sanguine ipso cariora, i. e. sanguinem et vitam, quam 
arma, perdere malunt. 

6. Ipsi, scil. viri, 

7. Serviunt, i. e. operant dant. 

1. Gades, a flourishing commercial city of Spain, at the mouth T6 
of one of the arms of the Baetis, now Cadiz. It was founded by 

a Phoenician colony. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus i had here 
a celebrated temple. 

2. Ligures. This nation was settled on the southern coast of 



126 NOTES. 

Page 

76 Gaul. They gradually extended themselves into Italy, and ob- 
tained exclusive possession of that part of Gallia Cisalpina which 
lay between the Padus or Po on the north, the Ligusticus Sinus 
or G. of Genoa on the south, the river Macra on the east, and the 
Varus on the west. 
3. Illic, i. e. inter epulas. 

TT 1. Fatigabant, i. e. vexabant. 

2. In tantum, i. e. taniopere. 

3. Quandoque, instead of aliquando, inposterum. 

4. Domestico praesidio fortem, i, e. adjutam catulorum ) quos ad 
domus praesidium educaverat, auxilio. 

5. Floralia, games celebrated in honour of Flora. 

6. Apertae forent, scil. ab Us quos clam in urbem miser at. 

7. Sepultam, scil. opprcssam. 

8. Recognoscere, i. e. diligenter insp-lcere, num arma celarent aliave 
de causa suspecti essent. 

T8 1. Nomen Massiliensium, instead of Massilienses. 

2. Petitoque, the ablative absolute, instead of et quum petivisseL 

3. Eos ad cur. deor. imm. pert. i. e. eos deorum cur a haberi dig- 
nos, i. e. deos eorum cur am habere. 

4. Urb. Rom. incens. See Part First, V. Lib. I. cap. 32. 

5. Fhmere, i. e. luctu. 



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